Ferrous metals are those which contain iron, whilst non ferrous metals don’t have any iron content. There are, however, other differences between the two types of metal which have a strong bearing upon the tasks which they are usually called upon to perform.
The following are ferrous metals and the kind of uses to which they are usually put:
Mild Steel – Carbon content of 0.1 to 0.3% and Iron content of 99.7 – 99.9%. Used for engineering purposes and in general, none specialised metal products.
Carbon steel – Carbon content of 0.6 to 1.4% and Iron content of 98.6 to 99.4 %. Used to make cutting tools such as drill bits.
Stainless Steel – Made up of Iron, nickel and chromium.
These are the non ferrous metals and their uses:
Aluminium – An alloy of aluminium, copper and manganese. Very lightweight and easily worked. Used in aircraft manufacture, window frames and some kitchen ware.
Copper – Copper is a natural occurring substance. The fact that it conducts heat and electricity means that it is used for wiring, tubing and pipe work.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
| STRENGTH | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| The ability of a material to stand up to forces being applied without it bending, breaking, shattering or deforming in any way. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Modern construction material
Application of soldering and bonding in mechanical engineering increased by the widespread introduction of new structural
materials (such as plastics) and high-alloy steels, many of which are poorly welded. Examples of the use of solder in mechanical
engineering can serve as radiators of cars and tractors, the combustion chamber liquid propellant engines, turbine blades, fuel
and oil lines, etc.
Engineering plastics are used as structural materials for the manufacture of a variety of parts, and as friction and antifriction
material. Because plastics are made toothed and worm gears, bearings, brakes parts, container body of various transport
equipment, Details of pipelines, pumps and working bodies of the turbomachinery, tooling.
Metal cutting machines
machine tool is a machine for shaping or machining metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, boring, grinding, shearing,
or other forms of deformation. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have
some means of constraining the workpiece and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus the relative
movement between the workpiece and the cutting tool (which is called the toolpath) is controlled or constrained by the
machine to at least some extent, rather than being entirely "offhand" or "freehand".
Examples of machine tools are: Broaching machine Drill press Gear shaper Hobbing machine,Hone, Planer
Lathe Screw machines, Milling machine,Shaper, Saws, Stewart platform mills, Grinding machines
Combines.
The combine harvester, or simply combine, is a machine that harvests grain crops. The name derives from its combining three separate operations comprising harvesting—reaping, threshing, and winnowing—into a single process. Among the crops harvested with a combine are wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn (maize), sorghum, soybeans, flax (linseed), sunflowers, and canola. The waste straw left behind on the field is the remaining dried stems and leaves of the crop with limited nutrients which is either chopped and spread on the field or baled for feed and bedding for livestock.
Combine harvesters are one of the most economically important labor saving inventions, significantly reducing the fraction of the population that must be engaged in agriculture.
Agricultural machinery
The agricultural machinery industry or agricultural engineering industry is the part of the industry, that produces and maintain tractors, agricultural machinery and agricultural implements. This branch is considered to be part of the machinery industry.
The agricultural machinery industry produces agricultural machinery, machinery used in the operation of agricultural areas and farms. Main types are:
Tractors and power.
Machinery for tillage or soil cultivation.
Machinery for planting, seeding, fertilizing, pest control, irrigation.
Machinery for harvesting, haymaking, and post-harvest, such as produce sorters, and machinery for loading
Machinery for milking
Other agricultural machinery, for example grinder mixers, wool presses and windmills.
Types of tractors
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction.
Track Type Tractors
In these types of Tractors, instead of wheels one track is fitted on either side. This track gets drive from the sprocket run by real axle shaft.
Half Track Type
In these types of Tractors, a small track chain is fitted at the rear end only while tyres are fitted at the front axle.
Wheel Type Tractors
Their primary usage is in Agricultural tasks. They have fast running speed and the fitted tyres are able to absorb certain amount of field shock too.
The Types of Tractors in third classification depend upon the purpose for which they are used. They are further divided into broad categories listed below:
Utility Tractors
Row Crop Tractor
Orchard Type
Industrial Tractor
Garden Tractor
Rotary Tillers
Implement Carrier
Earth Moving Tractors
THE HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE
| consist of | состоятьиз |
| self-moving | самодвижущийся, самоходный |
| arise from | обуславливаться |
| Unprovided | необеспеченный |
| Rails | железнодорожныепути |
| substantially | значительно |
| adapt for | приспособить |
| Cease | перестать |
| luxury | роскошь |
| decisive factor | решающийфактор |
| solution | решение |
| development | развитие |
| roadmaintenance | содержание дорог |
| improvement | усовершенствование |
THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
| achievement | достижение |
| Single | один |
| attempt | попытка |
| mechanical power | механическаяэнергия |
| propel | приводить в движение |
| suggest | предлагать |
| military engineer | военныйинженер |
| steam-driven engine | паровойдвигатель |
| three-wheeled carriage | трехколесныйэкипаж |
| Brake | тормоз |
| gearbox | коробкапередач |
| opposition | сопротивление |
| Lag | отставать |
| restriction | ограничение |
| legi lative act | законодательный акт |
| outlaw | запрещать |
| Editor | редактор |
| Issue | издавать, выпускать |
| appear | появляться |
| escort | сопровождать |
| prosecute | обвинять |
THE CHANGING EXPECTATIONS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS
| automotive engineer | инженер-механик, инженер-автомобилист |
| to be associated with | бытьсвязанным с |
| suspension system | системаподвески |
| door handle | двернаяручка |
| venture | решиться, рисковать |
| add-ons | дополнительныеустройства |
| highligh t | Придаватьбольшоезначение |
| competitive quality | конкурентоспособноекачество |
| manufacturing capability | производственные (технологические)возможности |
| software development | Разработкапрограммногообеспечения |
| vehicle performance evaluation | оценка работы машины |
| prior to computer simulation | компьютерное моделирование |
| compliance | соответствие |
| regulations | технические нормы |
METALS
| Lattice | решетка |
| metalloid | металлоид,полу-металл |
| nonmetal | неметалл |
| boron бор polonium | полоний |
| copper | медь |
| Iron | железо |
| Lead | свинец |
| conductance | проводимость |
| valence band | валентная область (зона) |
| duct le | эластичный |
| malleable | ковкий |
| Alkali | щелочь |
| hydrochloric acid | хлористоводороднаякислота |
ALLOYS
| Alloy | Сплав |
| property | Свойство |
| homogeneous | Однородный |
| heterogeneous | Неоднородный |
| Tiny | Маленький |
| compound | Соединение |
| carbon | Углерод |
| hardening agent | О верждающийреагент |
| Brittle | Хрупкий |
| advent of furnaces | появлениепечей |
| Damascus steel | булатная сталь |
| tensile | Растяжение |
| stainless steel | нержавеющаясталь |
DEFINITIONS
| internal distribution of force | внутреннеераспределениесилы |
| tensor quantity | тензорнаяв личина |
| compressive stress | сжимающеенапряжение |
| uniaxial compression | одноосное, линейноесжатие |
| tensile stress | растягивающеенапряжение |
| tensile loading | растягивающая нагрузка |
| shearstress | касательное напряжение |
| compressivestrength | прочность при сжатии |
| compressive failure | разрушениеприсжатии |
| ductile failure | Пластическоеразрушение |
| brittle failure | хрупкоеразрушение |
| tensile strength | прочностьнарастяжение |
| tensile failure | разрушениеприрастяжении |
| displacement field | полеперемещений |
| Strain | напряжение, раст жение |
| quotient | Коэффициент, показатель |
| Hook's law | законГука |
| plasticity | Пластичность |
| irreversible transformation | необратимоепреобразование |
| viscosity | Вязкость |
| Creep | Ползучесть |
| elastic deformation (Viscoelasticity) | упругаядеформация |
| plastic deformation(Viscoplasticity) | пластичнаядеформация |
THE HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE
| Steam | Пар |
| tricycle | трехколесныйавтомобиль |
| prevail | Преобладать |
| appear | Появляться |
| storage battery | аккумуляторнаябатарея |
| forerunner | Предшественник |
| gasoline-powered engine | бензиновыйдвигатель |
| horseless carriage | самодвижущийсяэкипаж |
| hand-crank | заводнаярукоятка, ручка |
| mount | Устанавливать |
| steering | рулевоеустройство |
| Tiller | рулевойрычаг |
| Gear | Передача |
| Tire | Шина |
| rubber | Резина |
| smelly | Пахучий |
| shock absorber | Амортизатор |
| luxury | Роскошь |
| spark plug | свечазажигания |
| reliable braking | надежноеторможение |
| front suspension | передняяподвеска |
| large-scale production | крупномасштабноепроизводство |
| seat adjuster | регуляторположениясиденья |
| ignition system | системазажигания |
| fuel efficiency | топливнаяэкономичность |
| passenger safety | безопасность пассажиров |
| global positioning system (GPS) | глобальная навигационная спутниковая система |
| locatorbeacons | приводной маяк |
THE AUTOMOBILE LIFE CYCLE
| conclude | Заканчиваться |
| scrapping | сдача в лом |
| approximately | Приблизительно |
| account for | Составлять |
| environmental impact | воздействиенаокружающуюсреду |
| acquisition | Добывание |
| processing | Переработка |
| consumption | Потребление |
| copious amounts | огромноеколичество |
| involve | Включать |
| release | выделять, выпускать |
| assembly plant | сборочныйзавод |
| pollutant | загрязняющеевещество |
| coating | Покрытие |
| wastewater | сточные воды |
| Trash | Мусор |
| scrapmetal | Металлолом |
| emission | выброс, выделение |