Грамматический материал
В английском языке глаголы могут иметь два залога: действительный залог (the Active Voice) и страдательный залог (the Passive Voice). Глагол в действительном залоге обозначает действие, которое производится подлежащим:
I examined the patient. Я осмотрел больного.
Глагол в страдательном залоге обозначает действие, которое производится над подлежащим:
I was examined. Я был осмотрен/Меня осмотрели.
В английском языке глаголы делятся на объектные и необъектные. Необъектные глаголы выражают действия, которые не могут быть направлены на какой-то объект. Эти глаголы не имеют при себе дополнения и не могут употребляться в страдательном залоге.
Примером необъектных глаголов являются следующие глаголы: to go — идти, to live — жить, to come — приходить, to work — работать.
Объектные глаголы выражают действия, которые могут быть направлены на какой-нибудь объект. Они могут иметь при себе прямое, косвенное и предложное дополнение.
Примером объектных глаголов являются следующие глаголы:
to examine осматривать Я осматривал (кого? что?)
больного.
to give давать Он дает (кого? что?) урок.
to see видеть Мы видели (кого? что?) вас.
В страдательном залоге могут употребляться только объектные глаголы.
Времена страдательного залога группы Simple образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в Present, Past или Future Simple и причастия II смыслового глагола.
В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, причем в Future Simple на 1-ое место ставится вспомогательный глагол shall или will.
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола, при этом в Future Simple эта частица ставится после 1-го вспомогательного глагола shall или will.
Подлежащее в предложении, содержащем глагол в Passive Voice, является объектом действия, действующее же лицо в таком предложении выражается дополнением с предлогом by:
The operation was performed Операция была выполнена
by professor N. профессором Н.
Read the text and study vocabulary.
The Human Respiratory System
This system includes the lungs, pathways connecting them to the outside environment, and structures in the chest involved with moving air in and out of the lungs.
Air enters the body through the nose, is warmed, filtered, and passed through the nasal cavity. Air passes the pharynx (which has the epiglottis that prevents food from entering the trachea).The upper part of the trachea contains the larynx. The vocal cords are two bands of tissue that extend across the opening of the larynx. After passing the larynx, the air moves into the bronchi that carry air in and out of the lungs.
The lungs and alveoli and their relationship to the diaphragm and capillaries.
Bronchi are reinforced to prevent their collapse and are lined with ciliated epithelium and mucus-producing cells. Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes known as bronchioles. Bronchioles terminate in grape-like sac clusters known as alveoli. Alveoli are surrounded by a network of thin-walled capillaries. Only about 0.2 µm separate the alveoli from the capillaries due to the extremely thin walls of both structures.
The lungs are large, lobed, paired organs in the chest (also known as the thoracic cavity). Thin sheets of epithelium (pleura) separate the inside of the chest cavity from the outer surface of the lungs. The bottom of the thoracic cavity is formed by the diaphragm.
Gas Exchange in the Respiratory System
The condition of the airways and the pressure difference between the lungs and atmosphere are important factors in the flow of air in and out of lungs. Many diseases affect the condition of the airways.
The Alveoli and Gas Exchange
Diffusion is the movement of materials from a higher to a lower concentration. The differences between oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations are measured by partial pressures. The greater the difference in partial pressure, the greater the rate of diffusion. Respiratory pigments increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Humans have the red-colored pigment hemoglobin as their respiratory pigment. Hemoglobin increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood between 65 and 70 times. Each red blood cell has about 250 million hemoglobin molecules, and each milliliter of blood contains 1.25 X 1015 hemoglobin molecules. Oxygen concentration in cells is low (when leaving the lungs blood is 97% saturated with oxygen), so oxygen diffuses from the blood to the cells when it reaches the capillaries. Gas exchange across capillary and alveolus walls.
2. Put questions to the highlighted words:
1. All the tests will be taken tomorrow.
2. The patient’s lungs are auscultated carefully every day.
3. The patient will be given some heart drug as he complains of pain in the chest.
4. The stethoscope is kept in special cabinets.
5. Two or three lungs operations are performed in our clinic every day. 6. He will be admitted to the hospital in two days.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What does the term “respiration” mean?
2. How can you describe the process of external respiration?
3. How many per sent oxygen does inhaled air contain?
4. Do muscular efforts increase the number of respiration?
5. Why is respiration so important?
6. How many per sent oxygen does exhaled air contain?
7. What is the diaphragm?
8. What is the name of other structures connected with the respiratory system?
ТЕСТОВЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ПО ТЕМЕ С ЭТАЛОНАМИ ОТВЕТОВ
1. THESE INSTRUMENTS … NOW.:
1) are used;
2) have been used;
3) are involved;
4) is involved;
2. THE TOOTH … UNDER LOCAL ANAESTHESIA AND YOU WILL FEEL NO PAIN AT ALL.:
1) is extract;
2) are extracted;
3) is extracted;
4) has extracted;
3. WHEN WILL THE OPERATION …?:
1) is performed;
2) are performed;
3) was performed;
4) be performed;
4. THE DRUG … WHEN THE PATIENT WAKES UP.:
1) to inject;
2) will be injected;
3) will inject;
4) injects;
5. THESE PATIENTS … FROM OUR HOSPITAL.:
1) will discharged;
2) have been discharged;
3) is discharged;
4) discharges;
6. ON ADMISSION TO THE HOSPITAL PATIENTS … BY THE DOCTOR ON DUTY.:
1) to examine;
2) be examined;
3) is examined;
4) are examined;
7. HE … A NEW MORE EFFECTIVE DRUG.:
1) was prescribed;
2) have prescribed;
3) been prescribed;
4) will prescribes;
8. THE LECTURE … BY PROFESSOR SMIRNOV ON MONDAY.:
1) will be delivered;
2) be delivered;
3) is delivered;
4) were delivered;
9. THE CONCEPT OF RESPIRATION … DIRECTLY UPON THE WORK OF LAVOISIER.:
1) were based;
2) are basing;
3) was based;
4) have based;
10. BY THE DISCOVERY OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS ROBERT KOCH … ALREADY MUCH ….:
1) had been spoken;
2) was spoken;
3) is spoken;
4) will be spoken;