Trees are woody plants, but not all woody plants are trees. A tree usually grows upright to at least 15.5 metres at maturity and has a single stem, often called bole or trunk. The stem supports limbs and leaves, forming the crown. Other woody plants are vines and shrubs. Vines may have woody stems but do not have a distinct crown of upright branches. Shrubs may have several woody stems growing from a clump, and they usually are smaller than trees. Trees generally develop a typical shape when they grow in an open area. Trees that grow in crowded forests usually have trunks of greater clear length. The form of a tree is the result of many factors, including thin soils, limited growth periods, deep snows, and continuous exposure to strong winds. However, under favorable conditions, most species develop characteristic shapes. Several field trips with a good identification manual showing local species should enable an inexperienced person to become rather proficient in identifying trees. Identification features are also found in bud, flower, fruit, leaf, twig, and bark structure. The precise botanical characteristics by which trees are classified (primarily flower parts) are too small or fleeting to be useful in field identification for those with little experience. The gross features (shape, leaf, and bark structure, buds and twigs) are more useful for quick field identification. It is necessary to know that trees are divided into two main groups. These are the conifers or softwood trees and the broadleaf or hardwood trees. Conifers have mostly needle-like or scale-like leaves and bear their seeds in cones or cone-like structures. The conifers or evergreens do not shed all their leaves annually, with the exception of larch and bald cypress. Deciduous trees, those that shed all their leaves in the fall, generally are broad-leaved hardwoods. The term hardwood and softwood can be misleading because the wood of some hardwood trees is softer than that of some softwood trees. For example, the wood of yellow poplar and basswood is much softer than that of the longleaf pine.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА
Вариант 8
Задание 1. Образуйте множественное число существительных:
Dish, woman, glass, match, potato, bush, bus, tomato, photo, text-book.
Задание 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания па английский язык, употребляя притяжательный падеж:
Коньки моего брата, голос моей сестры, шляпа девушки, пластинки моих родителей, мамина сумка.
Задание 3. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и наречий:
Easy, comfortable, bad, expensive, charming, crowded, early, easily, thin, quiet.
Задание 4. Употребите прилагательные и наречия, данные в скобках, в нужной степени сравнения:
1) Chinese is (difficult) than English.
2) Spanish is (easy) than German.
3) She is not so (busy) as I am.
4) It is as (cold) today as it was yesterday.
5) She is not so (fond) of sports as my brother is.
Задание 5. Употребите нужную форму личных и притяжательных местоимений:
1) I’m afraid they will take (your, yours) words against (her, hers).
2) (Their, theirs) home is pretty but (our, ours) is prettier.
3) This is our car. It is (our, ours).
4) I know (she, her) and her sister very well.
5) You can't have this book. It is not (your, yours).
Задание 6. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в правильной форме.
1. Something awful (to happen). Her little daughter (to swallow) a coin.
2. She (to ask) me if I (to see) her backpack.
3. When I (to come) home yesterday, my brother (to sleep).
4. When you (to come) to see us? — I (to come) tomorrow if I (not to be) busy.
5. I (not to like) apples.
Задание 7. Употребите модальные глаголы can, may, must, could, should, can't, mustn't, needn't и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. You … read in the dark.
2. My grandfather is retired, so he … go to work.
3. The fridge is full, so we … go shopping.
4. Our employees … sign this agreement.
5. We … reserve a table in advance if we want to have dinner there.
Задание 8. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению.
Forest pathology is the study of diseases of trees.
Задание 9. Письменно переведите текст.
Text 9. Tree diseases
Trees, like people, are vulnerable to many diseases. Like people, trees are attacked in various places by different kinds of diseases. Forest pathology is the study of diseases of trees. Some foes work on the main body trunk, some on the roots, and some on the leaves. Vigorous trees are attacked less by diseases. The older, weak trees or young seedlings that are struggling to become established trees are the most susceptible. If a forest is managed correctly, seldom will disease be serious enough to require overt control. Well-managed forests are healthy and comparatively devoid of disease. Tree diseases are of two main types: nonparasitic and parastitic, often called environmental and organic. The nonparasitic diseases are caused by drought, sunscald, winter injury as from heavy ice storm and snow, improper nutrition of the trees, air pollution by smoke and gases, flooding, and soil pollution. The salt laid on the highways during winter months pollutes the nearby soil and in some instances kills trees. Ocean spray, which feels so good on ones face, is a prime cause of disease in the coastal area. This sea spray can be blown inland by hurricanes and result in tree damage far from the coast. The parasitic diseases are caused by organisms that live within various parts of nutrients from it while contributing nothing to the well-being of the tree. There are five groups of such organisms: viruses, bacteria, nematodes, mistletoes, and fungi. Viruses cause minor gall, a condition known as witches-broom, and the serious phloem necrosis in elms and locusts. A number of bacteria that are involved in many serious diseases of agricultural plants are of little importance in forest trees. Nematodes, a group of parasitic worms, can be a problem for tree seedlings. Mistletoes, parasitic seed-bearing plants, are widespread and cause serious damage. The most important cause of tree disease are the parasitic fungi. Saprophytic fungi decay dead tree and are important in the recycling of nutrients within the forest ecosystem. The parasitic fungi attack living trees and are serious problems in all forest regions. Considerably more timber is lost annually to fungal disease than is lost to fire.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА
Вариант 9
Задание 1. Образуйте множественное число существительных:
Story, city, country, dictionary, key, party, mouse, sheep, university, goose.
Задание 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания па английский язык, употребляя притяжательный падеж:
Машина моих друзей, спальня детей, журналы девочек, игрушка моей младшей сестры, жена моего брата.
Задание 3. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и наречий:
Expensive, large, near, fine, rainy, much, beautiful, big, small, bad.
Задание 4. Употребите прилагательные и наречия, данные в скобках, в нужной степени сравнения:
1) Today the weather is (cold) than it was yesterday.
2) This book is (interesting) of all I have read this year.
3) January is the (cold) month of the year.
4) My sister speaks English (bad) than I do.
5) Which is the (hot) month of the year?
Задание 5. Употребите нужную форму личных и притяжательных местоимений:
1) I’m afraid they will take (your, yours) words against (her, hers).
2) (Their, theirs) home is pretty but (our, ours) is prettier.
3) He explains the lesson to (we, us) each morning.
4) It's a good idea of (your, yours) to go to the bar tonight.
5) Are these (her, hers) shoes?