| 1. | Physical activity and sport support ………. initiative. | personal |
| economic | ||
| political | ||
| 2. | Physical education has become a compulsory subject for ………. | secondary schools |
| institutes | ||
| all types of schools | ||
| 3. | Active participation of the population annually produces………in savings. | hundreds |
| thousands | ||
| billions | ||
| 4. | The participation of citizens in physical activity is………forsociety. | unprofitable |
| profitable | ||
| 5. | Regular participation in physical activity ………sickness expenses. | increases |
| decreases | ||
| develops | ||
| 6. | Regular participation in physical activity………early retirement due to illness. | causes |
| leads to | ||
| prevents | ||
| 7. | Sport has ……. on everything people do. | little influence |
| great influence | ||
| no influence | ||
| 8. | People often ………about sports. | forget |
| talk | ||
| joke | ||
| 9. | Sports provide entertainment for people ………. | in separate countries |
| in Europe | ||
| throughout the world |
Ex.4. Translate the following text paying attention to the forms of the verbs.
The greatest English romantic poet Byron loved to swim more than anything else. While studying at Cambridge he dived five metres into the water and picked up objects from the bottom. He had only written a few ballads and waiting for his poetry acclamation he tried to reach fame as a swimmer. Several times a day he swam across the Thames.
At his castle in Newstead Byron built the first indoor swimming pool in the British Isles. It was in the castle’s cellars and the poet swam for hours without tiring.
Byron wrote: “I am an excellent swimmer, a decent rider and was sufficient of fencing – particularly of the broadsward”.
Byron twice tried to swim across the Dardanelles strait.
Remember:
dive прыгать в воду, нырять
pick up собирать (поднимать)
bottom дно
acclamationпризнание
castle зáмок
cellar подвал
tiring усталость
decent хороший
sufficient умелый
fencing фехтование
broadsward широкий меч.
Ex.5. Look through Text 1A and find nouns made from verbs by adding -ment, -ion, -ation,-ition.
Ex.6. Write down the extensive answers to the following questions to produce the topic “Physical activity and sport in the society”.
1. What impact do physical activity and sports have on the society?
2. How do physical activity and sport influence the development of children and adolescents?
3. Is physical education a compulsory subject for all types of schools?
4. How do physical activity and sport support the economy?
5. How does the government further and maintain the possibilities for physical activity and sports participation?
6. Where is citizens’ participation in physical activitiesprofitable?
7. What influence does sport have on everything people do?
8. Do physical activity and sports constitute an essential part of the world’s culture?
9. Do sports provide entertainment for people?
10. Do physical activity and sports mould a person?
11.What role do physical activity and sport play in your life?
Task 2. Check if these words and word combinations are known to you. If not, try to memorize them:
promoter n промоутер
degenerative process дегенеративный процесс
human body организм человека
endurance n выносливость
cycling n велоспорт
beneficial a полезный
disorder n нарушение, растройство
heart n сердце
hypertensive disorders n нарушениеартериального давления
strength exercises силовые упражнения
mobility exercises двигательные упражнения
musculoskeletal a костно-мышечный
premature a преждевременный (ранний)
jog n бег трусцой
physical working ability физическая работоспособность
suitable a подходящий
oxygen uptake потребление кислорода
be susceptible быть подверженным
hypodynamia n гиподинамия
neglect v игнорировать
cite v ссылаться
brace n ортопедический аппарат, фиксирующая скоба
Task 3. Read Text 1B to know the role physical activity and sport play in the human life.
Text 1B. Physical Activity and Sports inthe Human Life
The significance of physical activity and sport as a promoter of health was recognized very early. They make contribution to the battle against disease and degenerative processes in the human body.
Regular physical exercise performed in accordance with well defined rules can greatly improve the functioning of various body systems. Sometimes they are more effective than medicine.
Training, especially endurance training (running, cross-country skiing, swimming, cycling) has direct beneficial effect on the heart. The heart works more efficiently and is less stressed. Long-term endurance training of moderate intensity has a beneficial effect on various forms of hypertension and hypertensive disorders.
Regular strength and mobility exercises are also beneficial to health, especially to musculoskeletal system. They can prevent the premature appearance of postural defects.
According to the investigation, 78 of 1,000 men over 35 years of age are saved from coronary heart disease if they jog regularly five times a weak during a period of 30 minutes. In addition a total of 1,138 days of quality lifetime is gained.
If maintaining functional capacity could prevent 100 persons of working age from early retiring, society would have saved 10-20 million US dollars.
After people reach 45 years of age, they can lose 25per cent of their physical working ability in five years, or they can increase it by 25per cent in a few years if they exercise regularly in a suitable type of physical activity.
If older people improve their oxygen uptake by 20 per cent, they are able to live on their own eight to nine years longer. In addition older people who are in good condition are able to live independently almost until death.
Today man and women of the most diverse occupations are susceptible to hypodynamia, the disease of the age. Numerous studies make it clear that the only way to overcome hypodynamia is by training the body, by daily physical recreation or sport. Whoever neglects, this will very soon experience the symptoms of hypodynamia: first, barely noticeable functional disturbances1 (weight gain, rapid tiring, headaches, unpleasant sensations in the region of the heart2), then shortness of breath, palpitations of the heart occasioned by insignificant physical strain, and, finally, irreversible changes in the body3.
Physical activity and sport occupy a special place in rehabilitation programmes.
We can cite many cases in which physical activity and sport restored health and returned people to a full and active life.
For Wilma Rudolph (USA), the struggle for life began as a premature baby. She was 2.2kg at birth. Her childhood was difficult. She was one of eighteen brothers and sisters in a very poor family. After a series of illnesses she lost the use of her left leg. She had to wear a legbrace and was unable to walk. Wilma had spirit and determination and when she got a little older her brace was replaced with a special medical shoe. Wilma continued to walk and walk and walk, faster and faster. At the age of 11, to her mother’s amazement, she threw away her brace and her special shoe to play basketball. By 16 she was not only a star in basketball, but also in track.Atthe 1960 Olympics she was the star winning gold medals in the 100m, 200m and 4x100m relay races. Until her death in 1993, Wilma continued to tell students about how physical activity and sport had helped her become a happy married woman, mother and successful business person.
Physical activity and sport play the decisive role in all-sided and harmonious development of a person. The surest way to keep fit is to go in for sport all the life.
Notes:
1functionaldisturbance – функциональное нарушение;
2weight gain, rapid tiring, headaches, unpleasant sensations in the region of the heart – излишнийвес, быстраяутомляемость, головныеболи, неприятныеощущениявобластисердца;
3shortness of breath, palpitations of the heart occasioned by insignificant physical strain, and, finally, irreversible changes in the body –одышка, сердцебиениедажепринезначительныхнагрузках, и, вкоечномитоге, необратимыеизмененияворганизме.
Post-reading exercises
Ex.1. Find in the text the paragraphs describing:
- the contribution of physical activity and sportto the battle against disease;
- the beneficial effect training has on the heart;
- the beneficial effect long-term endurance training has on various forms of hypertension;
- the beneficial effect of strength and mobility exercises;
- the life the older people in good physical condition are able to live;
- the effect of physical activity and sport in rehabilitation programmes.
Ex.2. Choose any two paragraphs from the text 1B and translate them into Russian in written form.
Ex.3. Write questions to the following answers:
1. The significance of physical activity and sport as a promoter of health is great.
2. Sometimes physical activity and sport are more effective than medicine.
3. Strength and mobility exercises prevent the premature appearance of postural defects.
4. Endurance training has direct beneficial effect on the heart.
5. Training methods occupy a special place in rehabilitation programmes.
Ex.4. Read the statements below and agree to them saying “That’s right” or disagree saying “That’s wrong” and correct the mistakes.
1. Regular physical exercises are sometimes more effective than medicine.
2. Regular physical exercise performed in accordance with well defined rules cannot greatly improve the functioning of various body systems.
3. Hypodynamia is the desease of the age.
4. For Wilma Rudolf, the struggle for life began at the age of ten.
5. After a series of illnesses she lost the use of her right leg.
6. She had to wear a legbrace but was able to walk.
7. At the age 12 she threw away her brace and shoe to play volleyball.
8. By 16 she was not only a star in basketball, but also in track.
9. At the 1960 Olympics she won silver medals.
10. Wilma Rudolph died in 1995.
Ex.5. Write your comments on the role of physical activity and sport in the human life.
Task 4. Learn the following medical terms you will come across in Text 1C.
| body n torso n limb n forehead n eyebrow n eyelash n cheek n lip n chin n neck n chestn shouldern blade n waistn hipn thighn calfn kneen shin n heel n sole n instepn ball n toe n upperarm n elbow n forearm n wrist n joint n palm n finger n cell n brain n tissue n lung n abdomen n stomachn kidney n urinary bladder gland n skull n spinal cord rib n ligament n tendon n contract v sprain v ankle n skin n | тело, организм туловище конечность лоб бровь ресница щека губа подбородок шея грудь плечо лопатка талия бедро, поясница бедро икра колено голень пятка подошва подъем подушечка пальца палец (на ноге) плечо локоть предплечье запястье сустав ладонь палец на руке клетка мозг ткань легкое живот желудок почка мочевой пузырь железа череп спинной мозг ребро связка сухожилия сокращать растянуть лодыжка кожа |
Task 5. Skim Text 1C to understand how the human body is built. Time your reading. It is good if you can read it for ten minutes (70 words per minute).
Text 1 С. Human Body
Physical education teachers and coaches need to know how the human body is built. The human body can perform amazing acts of strength and grace.
People sometimes call the human body a machine – the most wonderful one ever built. Of course, the human body is not a machine. But it can be compared to one in many ways. Like a machine, the body is made up of many parts. The main parts of it are a head, a torso and limbs.
The forehead, eyes, eyelashes, nose, mouth, cheeks and chin make the face. We see with eyes and hear with ears.
The neck joins the head to the torso.
The main parts of the torso are the chest, the shoulders, the blades, the back, the waist and hips. The leg consists of a thigh, a calf, a knee, a shinand a foot. The foot in its turn consists of a heel, a sole, an instep, a ball and toes.
The arm consists of an upper arm, an elbow, a forearm and a hand. The wrist is the joint which unites the arm with the hand.
The hand consists of a palm, a back of the hand and five fingers.
Each part of the body, like each part of a machine, does special jobs. But all the parts work together and so make the body or the machine run smoothly. Also like a machine, the body needs energy to work. In such a machine as a car, the energy comes from petrol. In the body, it comes from food and oxygen.
Although the human body can be compared to a machine, it is far more amazing than any machine. It can do things that no machine can do. For example, the body can grow. The body starts out as one cell. In time, this tiny cell develops into a body consisting of trillions of cells.
The most remarkable part of the human body is the brain. The human brain is so highly developed that it makes people different from all other living things. Their magnificent brain makes people able to think.
Each kind of cell has special features and jobs. Cells of the same type form tissues. The body has four chief kinds of tissues: connective, epithelial, muscle and nervous tissue.
A human has organs. Every organ consists of two or more kinds of tissues joined into one structure that has a certain task.
The skin is the largest outer organ of the body. If the skin of a 68-kilogram person was spread out flat, it would cover about 2 square metres.
The main human internal organs are: a heart, lungs, a stomach, kidneys, a urinary bladder, glands.
Groups of organs form organ systems. Each organ system carries out a major activity in the body.The skeleton forms a strong framework that supports the body. It also helps protect the internal organs. For example, the brain is shielded by the skull, the spinal cord by the spinal column, and the heart and lungs by the ribs. The skeleton system includes more then 200 bones.
The skeleton works together with the muscles in enabling the body to move.
Ligaments and tendons consist of connective tissue. Ligaments connect one bone to another. Tendons connect a muscle to a bone. When the muscle contracts, the tendon pulls the bone to which it is attached.
Every part of human body and organ has its own duty which it performs without difficulty as long as the human takes care of his (her) health.
If we are not careful enough we may sprain an ankle, pull a muscle, break an arm or a leg, etc.
Post-reading exercises
Ex.1. Continue the list of the main parts of:
human body: head, …
face: eyes, …
torso: chest, …
leg: foot, …
arm: elbow, …
hand: finger, …
Ex.2. Match the name of the organ on the left with its duty on the right.
| 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. | skin brain heart lungs stomach kidneys urinary bladder | 1. | makes people able to think |
| 2. | is a powerful pump | ||
| 3. | are organs of breathing | ||
| 4. | covers the human body | ||
| 5. | removes various wastes from the blood andflushes them from the body | ||
| 6. | produces an acid and enzyme that break downmuch of the food | ||
| 7. | is a hollow storage organ |
Ex.3. How much of the picture can you label without looking at the list of words.
рис.
Ex.4. Find 30 parts of the human body in the following chart (horizontally,vertically or diagonally).
| C | F | O | O | T | Z | M | E | Q | W | O | T | abdomen ankle arm body cheek chest chin ear elbow eyebrow | eyes face finger foot forehead hand hip heel lip nose | palm rib shoulder skin thigh tissue toe torso wrist waist | |
| H | I | P | H | A | N | K | L | E | A | S | I | ||||
| I | N | I | F | A | C | E | B | A | I | H | S | ||||
| N | G | W | G | O | J | T | O | R | S | O | S | ||||
| H | E | Y | E | B | R | O | W | B | T | U | U | ||||
| T | R | H | T | C | H | E | E | K | O | L | E | ||||
| P | W | E | S | K | I | N | H | A | N | D | E | ||||
| V | A | E | A | B | D | O | M | E | N | E | Y | ||||
| Y | G | L | I | P | O | S | P | Q | A | R | E | ||||
| X | A | R | M | C | H | E | S | T | Y | D | S |
Ex.5. Complete in written form the statements with information corresponding to the contents of the text:
1. Physical education teachers and coaches need to know ….
2. People sometimes call the human body ….
3. Like a machine the body is made up ….
4. The main parts of the body are made up ….
5. The main parts of the torso are ….
6. The leg consists of ….
7. The foot consists of ….
8. The arm consists of ….
9. The hand consists of ….
10. The most remarkable part of the human body is ….
11. A human has ….
12. The skin is the largest outer ….
13. The main human internal organs are ….
14. The skeleton forms a strong framework ….
15. Ligaments connect ….
16. Tendons connect ….
17. Every part of human body and organ has its own ….
18. If we are not careful enough we may ….
Ex.6. Look through the text once more and write why it is necessary for physical education teachers and coaches to know how the human body is built.
Task 2. Check if these words and word combinations from Text 1D are known to you. If not, try to memorize them.
| compulsory a competition n syllabus n master v fundamentals n extracurricularsports group student of extra-mural education syn. correspondent student study by correspondence lecture schedule tutorial n estimate students’ knowledge course paper examination session take exams credit test | обязательный соревнование учебныйплан совершенствовать основы внеклассныеспортивнаясекция студентзаочнойформыобучения учитьсязаочно расписание лекций консультация оценивать уровень знаний студента курсовая работа экзаменационная сессия сдавать экзамены зачет |
Task 3. Read Text1Dtofindanswersto the questions given before the paragraph.
Text 1D. Sport in My Life
1. What must PE teachers know?
Speaking about my sport biography I think back to my school years as the beginning of my sporting career. My road to sport started from the school gymnasium.
The PE lessons are compulsory for all the students (except those whohave problems with health). The schoolchildren are coached by PE teachers whose standards are high. They know the theory of sport and can solve problems related to the training process: they know how to dose physical loads1, organize competitions, etc.
Most PE teachers are thegraduatesofBelarusian state university of physical culture,departments of physical education of regional universities, orspecialized colleges.
2. What is the instruction in physical education based on?
Classes are taught according to the syllabus with an obligatory minimum of theory and practice.Instruction in physical culture is based on mastering the fundamentals of athletics2, gymnastics, skiing; swimming and sporting games. Members of extracurricularsports groups not only take part in the school competitions but are included in school teams to participate in district, city and republican tournaments. The most gifted youngsters have an opportunity of being coached in their spare time in special sports schools.
3. What were your results in sport?
That was my PE teacher who brought me to sport. As the most schoolchildren of our school I was fond of sports and went in for track-and-field athletics. My favourite event3 was sprint. At first my performance level4was not very high but I tried to improve it and practised5 hard. Soon a good coach noticed me and I started to attend my practices willingly. I got acquainted with the fundamentals of sport. In a while I demonstrated good performance in sprint. Certainly, they were not anything near records.But I was so fond of sport that I continued to go in for it.
Athletes are ranked6 as third, second or first class, or awarded the titles7 of Candidate Master of Sports8, Master of Sports9, Master of Sports International Class10 and Merited Master of Sports11. Having participated in competitions,first Iqualified12for the third, then the second and the first sports categories13.
4. What University didyou enter?
When at school I decided to become a PE teacheror a coach. So after completing school I entered the Belarusian state university of physical culture. Now I am a student of extra-mural education. It is interesting for me to study by correspondence.
5. How are the students taught by correspondence?
At the beginning of each academic year correspondent students get theirlecture schedule.They are alsoprovided with tutorials,educational instructions and recommended literature on all subjects.
The teachersestimate these students’ knowledge by checking their written tests and course papers.
Two times a year an examination session takes place. During this period the students attend lectures on the main topics of the subjects and have practice, take exams and credit tests. Besidestheyare offered lectures on subjects of the next academic year.
At present I am a part-time coach assistant14 at the local recreationcentre. But my dream is to become a highly skilled specialist in physical culture and sports to be able to train the national team as a head coach in the future.
Notes:
1 to dose physical loads – дозироватьфизическиенагрузки;
2athletics – легкая атлетика;
syn. track-and-field athletics
3event – дисциплина, видспорта;
4 performancelevel – уровень мастерства;
5 practise – тренироваться
6 rank – классифицировать, ranking - спортивный разряд
7awardthetitle – присуждать звание;
8CandidateMasterofSports – кандидатвмастераспорта;
9 Master of Sports – мастерспорта;
10MasterofSportsInternationalClass – мастерспортамеждународногокласса;
11 Merited Master of Sports – заслуженныймастерспорта;
12 qualify – зд. выполнитьнормынаразряд;
13 sportscategory – спортивныйразряд;
14part-timecoachassistant – помощник тренера, работающий неполный рабочий день.
Post-reading tasks
Task 1. Find a key sentence in each paragraph.
Task 2. Entitle each paragraph. You will have the plan for the topic “My sport biography”.
Task 3. Write your sports biography.
Task 4. Write a story about the role of sport in any famous athlete’s biography.
Task 5. Look through Texts A, B, C, D again. Write down the answers to the following questions to form the topic “Sport in my life”.
1. What impact do physical activity and sport have on people and the society?
2. What role do physical activity and sport play in your life?
3. When and where were you born?
4. When did your sporting career begin?
5. How were your PE lessons organized?
6. Who brought you to sport?
7. What is your sport?
8. Who is your coach?
9. How are athletes ranked?
10. What sports title or ranking do you have?
11. What university did you enter and when?
12. Do you study by correspondence?
13. How are correspondent students taught?
14. What are your plans for the future?
Check Up Your Skills
1. Put the words and word combinations in one of the boxes below:
| hypodynamia; endurance training; degenerative processes; weight gain; strength exercises; headache; hypertension; shortness of breath; cycling; mobility; exercises; physical; recreation; jogging; coronary; heart disease; postural defects; cross-country; skiing |
| Health disorders | Physical activities |
II. Match the nouns to the verbs and translate the word combinations:
| A D C D E F | prevent have decrease promote mould attend | 1. sickness expenses 2. person 3. a disease 4. physical activity/health 5. an impact (on) 6. sporting events |
III. Complete in the chart with the correct form of the verb.
| Indefinite | Past Tense | Past Partisiple |
| I | II | III |
| know | ||
| was (were) | ||
| do | ||
| lead | ||
| swam | ||
| won | ||
| run | ||
| study | ||
| play | ||
| participate | ||
| practised |