try to memorize them:
staple n основа
alongside adv. бок о бок; рядом
goose-riding гусиные забеги
cock-fighting петушиные бои
curlingn керлинг
slidev (slid) скользить, кататься
stonen камень
ancestorn предок
vigorousadj. энергичный
drawv (drew, drawn) привлекать, привлечь
drawupcоставлять, составить; оформить
flockv собираться группой
coden кодекс, свод законов; нормы
urbanadj. городской
embracev обнимать
governv управлять
governingbody руководящий орган
governmentn правительство
employern работодатель
fair-mindedadj. справедливый
expansionn расширение, экспансия
distinguished adj. выдающийся
Task 3. Read Text 4 B to know the British sporting traditions:
Text 4 B. From the History of the Sporting Traditions
Games and sports had long been a staple of life in the British Isles. Alongside goose-riding and cock-fighting there were also early versions of more familiar activities. Curling, the sliding of stones over ice – was played on Scottish lochs, from at least the 1500’ s. Hurling – an ancestor of modern field hockey – was very popular in Highland Scotland and the west of Ireland. In Wales there was “cnappen” a vigorous variant of the old – age game of street football.
There was also a long tradition of watching sport. Even in the 18th century cricket drew large crowds. Some 10,000 spectators attended the Artillery Ground, Finsbury for a match in 1743. People flocked to watch classic horse races such as the St Leger (established in 1776) and the Derby (1780). And from 1829 supporters lined the banks of the Thames to enjoy the annual Boat Race between Oxford and CambridgeUniversities.
By 1860 Britain had become a highly industrial mainly urban country. Established activities like racing, boxing and cricket were reorganized. Ancient forms of football and tennis were completely transformed. New codes of play were drawn up and regulatory organizations formed. These transformations enabled sportsmen or teams to compete with others from all over the country.
Sport in turn helped to mould a new kind of popular culture, embracing both players and spectators. By 1890 for example, there were 203 amateur football clubs in Liverpool and professional football matches were attended by millions of Englishmen through the year. National governing bodies such as the Football Association (1863), the Rugby Union (1871) and the Amateur Athletic Association (1881) were founded by former public schoolboys.
At that period governments,employers and trade unionists played a surprisingly small part in the organization of competitive British sports. Most of the initiative came from private individuals of every social class, and from the clubs, associations and governing bodies which they founded.
Organized sport was an essential part of the 19th century public-school curriculum. Schoolmasters made use of sport to teach both discipline and morality. Team games in particular were believed to develop cooperation and fair-minded competition. Love of healthy sport and exercise was a good way to each pupil not only to control themselves but also to govern others.
With the expansion of the British Empire, there were increasing numbers of people to be governed. Imperial officers and administrators spread organized sport wherever they were posted. So the era of modern international sport began, a continuing era of more than a hundred years during which British sportsmen and women were to play a large and distinguished part.
Post-reading exercises
Ex.1. Find in the text the paragraphs describing:
– old-age games and sports in the British Isles;
– a long tradition of watching sports;
– the Great Victorian transformation of sports;
– the apperance of the first national governing bodies;
– organized sport at the 19th century public schools;
– the spread of the English sports and games with the expansion of the
British Empire.
Ex.2. Choose any of the 2 paragraphs from the text and translate them in
written form into Russian.
Ex.3. Write questions to the following answers:
· Curling, hurling and cnappen were early versions of sports and games inthe British Isles;
· Watching sports has a long tradition in Great Britain;
· Cricket matches and horse races drew large crowds of spectators;
· The annual Boat Race-between Oxford and CambridgeUniversities wasorganized in 1829;
· Sporting activities like racing, boxing, cricket, football and tennis had been reorganized and transformed by the beginning of the 20th century;
· New codes of play and regulatory organizations enabled sportsmen andteams to compete with others;
· Sport helped to mould a new kind of popular culture in Great Britain;
· Sport was used by schoolmasters to teach children discipline, morality andcooperation;
· British sportsmen and women played a large and distinguished part in the
· development of modern international sport.
Ex.4. Read the statements below and agree to them saying “That’s right”
or disagree, saying “That’s wrong”. Correct the mistakes.
· Games and sports had always played an important part in the life of the
· British people.
· The tradition of watching sports appeared only in the 20th century.
· The most popular spectator events in Great Britain in the 18th century werecricket matches and horse races.
· The Boat Race on the Thames between Oxford and CambridgeUniversitieswas established after World War II.
· Ancient forms of football, cricket and tennis were reorganized and transformed in the years between 1860 and World War I.
· Different codes of play and the absence of regulatory organizations didn’t enable British sportsmen or teams to compete with one another in the 19thcentury.
· The organization and development of the British competitive sports were due to the efforts of the British Governments.
· Organized sport wasn’t included into the public-school curriculum in the 19th century.
· The era of modern international sport began with the expansion of theBritish Empire.
Ex.5. Write your comments on the following statement: “Sport in turn helped
to mould a new kind of popular culture, embracing both players and
spectators”.
Task 4. Learn the following words and word combinations you will come across
inText 4 C:
differentaдругой, разный
differv (from) отличаться, различаться
joggingn бег трусцой
participatorysportsзанятияспортом
syn. participant sports
ant. spectator sports - зрелищныйспорт, посещениеспортивных
соревнований
handlev владеть мячом
originn начало, происхождение
state государственный
nationallevel национальный уровень
internationalмеждународный
TV audience телезрители
pastime развлечение, приятное времяпрепровождение
Task5. Skim Text 4 С to know about the most popular American participatory
and spectator sports. Time your reading. It is good if you can read it
for 5 minutes (70 words per minute).