КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ
1. Косвенная речь – это передача прямой речи другого человека. В английском языке основное правило при передачи прямой речи в косвенную следующее: все настоящие времена переходят в прошедшие, прошедшие времена не меняются, а will меняется на would. Рассмотрим подробно
| прямая речь | косвенная речь | примеры |
| Present Simple (V) | Past Simple (V2) | ‘Ineed a credit card’, said Tom. Tom said he needed a credit card. |
| Present Continuous (is, am, are +Ving) | Past Continuous (was, were +Ving) | ‘I’m takingLizzie shopping’, said Tom. Tom said he was taking Lizzie shopping. |
| Present Perfect (has, have +V3) | Past Perfect (had +V3) | ‘I’ve boughtTim a present’, said Tom. Tom said he’d boughtTim a present. |
| Present Perfect Continuous (has, have been +Ving) | Past Perfect Continuous (had been +Ving) | ‘I’ve been thinkingof buying a car’, said Tom. Tom said he’d been thinkingof buying a car. |
| Past Simple (V2) | Past Perfect (had +V3) | ‘I spent six euros’, said Tom. Tom said he’d spent six euros. |
| Past Continuous (was, were +Ving) | Past Perfect Continuous (had been +Ving) или остается Past Continuous) | ‘I was hoping to find a new jacket’, said Tom. Tom said he’d been hoping/ was hoping to find a new jacket. |
| Past Perfect (had +V3) | Past Perfect (had +V3) | ‘I’d lookedeverywhere for my credit card before I found it’, said Tom. Tom said he’d lookedeverywhere for his credit card before he found it. |
| Past Perfect Continuous (had been Ving) | Past Perfect Continuous (had been Ving) | ‘I’d been lookingfor that book for weeks before I found it’, said Tom. Nom said he’d been lookingfor that book for weeks before he found it. |
| will | would | ‘I’ll need a credit card’, said Tom. Tom said he would need a credit card. |
| am, is, are going to | was, were going to | ‘I’m going togo shopping’, said Tom. Tom said he was going to go shopping. |
| can | could | ‘I can take Lizzie shopping’, said Tom. Tom said he couldtake Lizzie shopping. |
| must / have to | had to | ‘I must go to the supermarket’, said Tom. Tom said he had to go to the supermarket. |
| may | might | ‘I may go shopping later’, said Tom. Tom said he might go shopping later. |
Примечание:
Нет необходимости придерживаться этих правил при передаче в косвенной речи научных или общеизвестных фактов, например: ‘Most banks charge interest’, said Tom. Tom sais most banks charge interest.
При переводе прямой речи в косвенную меняются следующие местоимения:
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my – his/her
this/that + сущ. – the/that
this/that + глагол – it
these/those + сущ. – the/those
these/those +глагол – they
глагол + these/those – them
Также меняются слова:
here – there
now, at the moment – then, at that moment
tomorrow – the next/following day
tonight – that night
next – the following
yesterday – the day before/the previous day
last week – the week before/the previous week
ago – before/previously
Примечание:
Не меняются в косвенной речи слова или выражения, если сказанная информация все еще верна на момент речи.
2. Косвенные вопросы.
При передаче вопросительных предложений в косвенной речи необходимо знать следующее:
1) в таких вопросах существует прямой порядок слов, как в обычном предложении (уходят глаголы do, does, did);
2) также времена меняются согласно таблице, приведенной выше;
3) если вопрос начинался со вспомогательного или модального глагола, то вместо него ставится слово if или whether)
Примеры:
‘ Can you get me an ice cream, Tom?’ asked Tim. Tim asked Tom if / whether Tom could get him an ice cream.
‘ Why did you buy these shoes7’ asked Tim. Tim asked me why I had bought those shoes.
Глаголы, употребляющиеся для замены косвенной речи.
Во многих случаях нам не нужно пересказывать чьи-то слова обязательно в косвенной речи. Для передачи таких слов используются следующие речевые образцы:
| глагол + существительное | |
| глаголы | примеры |
| deny – отрицать say – сказать suggest – предложить tell – сказать (в опред. фразах) | Katie denied the accusation. When Angie said the price, I couldn’t believe it! I suggest the blue suit for the wedding. He told the joke about the banker. |
| глагол + that | |
| claim – заявлять deny – отрицать say – сказать state – заявлять suggest - предлагать | She claimed (that) she wasn’t a shoplifter. She denied (that) she was a shoplifter. She said (that) she wasn’t a shoplifter. She stated (that) she wasn’t a shoplifter. The police suggested (that) she was a shoplifter. |
| глагол + Ving | |
| deny – отрицать suggest - предлагать | She denied stealing the chocolate biscuits. The police suggested checking the security video. |
| глагол + to V | |
| agree – соглашаться claim – заявлять refuse - отказываться | She agreed to empty her pocket. She claimed to be innocent. The police refused to believe her. |
| глагол + кто-то + to V | |
| ask – просить beg – умолять command – приказывать order – приказывать tell – говорить, приказывать | The police asked her to empty the pockets. She begged the police to believe her. The judge commanded her to replace the biscuits. The judge ordered her to replace the biscuits. The judge told her never to steal again. |
| глагол + to кто-то + for Ving | |
| apologise - извиняться | She apologized to everyone for causing so much trouble. |
| глагол + кто-то + прилаг. | |
| ask – просить tell – говорить (в опред. фразах) | The judge asked her a question. She told the judge the truth. |
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