РЕСПУБЛИКА КАЗАХСТАН
АЛМАТИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ
Кафедра «Иностранные языки»
СЕМЕСТРОВАЯ РАБОТА №2
Тема:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Приняла: Имрамзиева С.Д.
«______»_____________2016 г.
Выполнил: Абдильман Айбек
Специальность: ЭЭФ
Группа: БЭк-13-6
Алматы 2016
Annotation
Everyday, the world produces carbon dioxide that is released to the earth’s atmosphere and which will still be there in one hundred years time.
By 2050, one-third of the world's energy will need to come from solar, wind, and other renewable resources. Who says? British Petroleum and Royal Dutch Shell, two of the world's largest oil companies. Climate change, population growth, and fossil fuel depletion mean that renewables will need to play a bigger role in the future than they do today.
Alternative energy refers to energy sources that have no undesired consequences such for example fossil fuels or nuclear energy. Alternative energy sources are renewable and are thought to be "free" energy sources. They all have lower carbon emissions, compared to conventional energy sources. These include biomass energy, wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, hydroelectric energy sources. Combined with the use of recycling, the use of clean alternative energies such as the home use of solar power systems will help ensure man's survival into the 21st century and beyond.
This increased content of carbon dioxide increases the warmth of our planet and is the main cause of the so called “Global Warming Effect”. One answer to global warming is to replace and retrofit current technologies with alternatives that have comparable or better performance, but do not emit carbon dioxide.
The topic of this work is about alternative energy. It gives a brief explanation of each so-called renewable energy sources and also says about benefits of using these sources.
Reference
This text involves the topic of alternative energy resources. This topic is very relevant because today we use traditional sources of energy that are not renewed ones. In this text I have considered different types of alternative sources of energy. Each source (traditional or alternative) has its own advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of alternative resources are the facts that they are free and renewed, and they also don't pollute the environment. But they have disadvantages as well. Alternative sources are known as inconstant, and the installations that are needed for producing the energy are very expensive. Nevertheless, the future belongs to alternarive sources of energy because nowadays the main goal is to save the ecology and its improvements.
Alternative energy
Alternative energy encompasses all those things that do not consume fossil fuel. They are widely available and environment friendly. They cause little or almost no pollution. There have been several alternative energy projects running in various countries to reduce our dependence on traditional fossil fuels. There are many impressive options that you can take into consideration. Here in you will learn more about alternative energy sources that you can take into consideration.
Solar Energy
Solar is the first energy source in the world. It was in use much earlier before humans even learn how to light a fire. Many living things are dependent on solar energy from plants, aquatic life and the animals. The solar is mostly used in generating light and heat. The solar energy coming down to the planet is affected by the orbital path of the sun and its variations within the galaxy. In addition, it is affected by activity taking place in space and on the sun. It was this energy that is believed to have been responsible for the breaking of ice during the ice age, which creates the separation of lands and sea.
Solar energy is one the alternative energy source that is used most widely across the globe. About 70% of the sunlight gets reflected back into the space and we have only 30% of sunlight to meet up our energy demands. While solar energy is used for producing solar energy, it is also used for drying clothes, used by plants during the process of photosynthesis and also used by human beings during winter seasons to make their body temperature warm. Solar energy can be extracted either by Solar Thermal or by using Photovoltaic (PV) Cells.
Solar energy does not create any pollution and is widely used by many countries. It is renewable source of power since sun will continue to produce sunlight all the years. Solar panels, which are required to harness this energy can be used for long time and require little or no maintenance. Solar energy proves to be ineffective in colder regions which don’t receive good sunlight. It cannot be used during night and not all the light from sun can be trapped by solar panels. Solar energy advantages are much more than its disadvantages which make it as a viable source of producing alternative energy.
Wind Energy
This is one of the energy sources that have been in use for a very long time and for centuries. It was used in powering sailing ships, which made it possible for explorers to sail around their trade routes in distant lands. A single windmill can power the crop irrigation, and the family energy needs, water pumping and electric lights. However, in the present time there are several windmills that are used to generate required energy mostly for industrial uses. Many of the wind turbines can capture much power all at once before feeding it to the power grid. This is commonly know as wind farms and has been in use for many years all round the world. It is only the United States that is going slow in terms of accepting this alternative energy source.
Wind power is renewable source of energy and reduces our alliance on foreign countries for supply of oil and gas. It does not cause any air pollution and have created several jobs in last few decades. Advancement in technologies has brought down the cost of setting up wind power plant. Wind energy can only be used in areas which experience high winds which mean that it cannot be used as a source to extract energy anywhere on earth. They sometimes create noise disturbances and cannot be used near residential areas. These disadvantages have made the use of wind energy to particular regions only.
Geothermal Energy
‘Geo’ means Earth and ‘thermal’ means energy. Geothermal energy means energy drawn or harnessed from beneath the earth. It is completely clean and renewable. Geothermal energy has been in used since last several years. The earth contains a molten rock called magma. Heat is continuously produced from there. The temperature increases about 3 degrees Celsius, for every 100 meters you go below ground. Below, 10,000 meters the temperature is so high, that it can be used to boil water. Water makes its way deep inside the earth and hot rock boils that water. The boiling water then produces steam which is captured by geothermal heat pumps. The steam turns the turbines which in turn activates generators.
Geothermal energy can be found anywhere on the earth. Most countries tap this energy to generate electricity and power millions of homes. The areas which have high underground temperatures are the ones which are the ones which are prone to earthquakes and volcanoes. The United States produces more Geothermal electricity than any other country in the world. Most hot water geothermal reservoirs are located in the western states, Alaska, and Hawaii. Geothermal energy is totally renewable as earth will continue to produce heat as long as we are all are here. If these resources are tapped and are utilized effectively, they can provide solution to the world’s power problems.
Hydroelectric Energy
Solar energy is produced by sun and wind energy is produced by moving of winds. The heat caused by sun drives the wind. The movement of winds is then captured by wind turbines. Both wind and sun cause water to evaporate. The water vapor then turns into rain or snow and flows down to sea or oceans through rivers or streams. The energy of the moving water can then be captured and called as hydroelectric power. Hydroelectric power stations capture the kinetic energy of moving water and give mechanical energy to turbines. The moving turbines then convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through generators. Dams around the world have been built for this purpose only. Hydropower is the largest producer of alternative energy in the world.
There are different types of hydropower plants. The selection of hydropower plant depends on many volume and flow of water. Hydropower is renewable, constant, predictable and controllable source of energy. They emit no greenhouse gases and are environment friendly. On the negative side, they may cause adverse effect on aquatic life, reduce flow of water which may affect agriculture, require huge costs to build and may cause havoc if they get breakdown.
Ocean Energy
The earth promises many power sources. Just like the geothermal and solar energy, which have long been used in heating homes and lighting as well when harnessed. Even in the last century these forms of energy was in use. Due to massive size of oceans, this energy can be used on much wider scale than other alternative sources of energy. The waves produced by the ocean and tides that hit the sea shore has enormous potential in them. If they are harnessed with full capacity they can go a long way in reducing world’s energy problems.
Tidal power basically involves using kinetic energy from the incoming and outgoing tides. The difference in high tides and low tides are also important in this respect. There is a lot of energy that can be harnessed from waves for use. It is another form of hydropower. The rise and fall of ocean tides are captured by tidal energy generators which turn turbines. The movement of turbines is responsible for producing electricity. In short, tidal energy generator captures the kinetic motion of the tides and converts them into electrical energy. The main advantage of tidal energy is that it is completely renewable and are much more predictable than wave energy.
Термины
Electricity - электричество
Generator - генератор
Geothermal energy – геотермальная энергия
Hydroelectric power station – гидроэлектрическая станция
Kinetic energy – кинетическая энергия
Magma - магма
Photovoltaic cells – ячейки для преобразования солнечной энергии
Pump - насос
Solar panels – солнечные панели
Turbine - турбина
Windmill – ветреная установка
Герундий
Solar energy can be extracted either by Solar Thermal or by using Photovoltaic (PV) Cells.
Интернациональные слова
Carbon dioxide, alternative energy, project, options, source, photosynthesis, variations, seasons, panel, industrial, region, geothermal energy, magma, generator, reservoirs, electricity, volcano, resource, utilize, turbine, problem, hydroelectric, mechanical, agriculture, ocean, massive, thermal, kinetic energy, dam.
Предложения с модальными глаголами
1.There are many impressive options that you can take into consideration.
2.Here in you will learn more about alternative energy sources that you can take into consideration.
3.Solar energy can be extracted either by Solar Thermal or by using Photovoltaic (PV) Cells.
4.It cannot be used during night and not all the light from sun can be trapped by solar panels.
5.A single windmill can power the crop irrigation, and the family energy needs, water pumping and electric lights.
6.Many of the wind turbines can capture much power all at once before feeding it to the power grid.
7.Wind energy can only be used in areas which experience high winds which mean that it cannot be used as a source to extract energy anywhere on earth.
8.Below, 10,000 meters the temperature is so high, that it can be used to boil water.
9.Geothermal energy can be found anywhere on the earth.
10.If these resources are tapped and are utilized effectively, they can provide solution to the world’s power problems.
11.The energy of the moving water can then be captured and called as hydroelectric power.
12.Due to massive size of oceans, this energy can be used on much wider scale than other alternative sources of energy.
13.If they are harnessed with full capacity they can go a long way in reducing world’s energy problems.
14.There is a lot of energy that can be harnessed from waves for use.
Глоссарий
Electricity – is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge.
Generator – a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy for use in an external circuit.
Geothermal energy – is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter.
Hydroelectricity – is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.
Kinetic energy – is the energy that it possesses due to object’s motion.
Photovoltaic cells – is the cells used to convert solar energy into direct current electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon commonly studied in physics, photochemistry and electrochemistry.
Solar panels – a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating.
Turbine – is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.
Windmill – is a type of engine. It uses the wind to make energy.
Электронный ресурсы:
1) https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/AlternativeEnergySources.php
2) https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki