Education in Australia is regulated by the individual state governments. Generally education in Australia follows the three-tier model which includes Primary education (Primary Schools), followed by Secondary education (Secondary Schools/High Schools) and Tertiary education (Universities and TAFE Technical and Further Education Colleges).
In Australia, the classification of tertiary qualifications is governed in part by Australian Qualification Framework, which attempts to integrate into a single classification all levels of tertiary education, from trade certificates to higher doctorates.
In Australia, higher education awards are classified as follows:
• Certificate and Associate Degrees, which take 1 - 2 years to complete and consist primarily of coursework;
• Bachelors degrees, generally the university degree undertaken, which takes 3 - 4 years to complete consist primarily of coursework;
• Masters degrees, which are undertaken after the completion of one or more Bachelor degrees. Masters degrees deal with a subject at a more advanced level than Bachelors degrees, and can consist either of research, coursework, or a mixture of two;
• Doctorates, most famously Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), which are undertaken after a Honours Bachelors or Masters degree, by original research project resulting in a thesis or dissertation.
• Higher Doctorates, such as Doctor of Science (DCs) or Doctor of Letter (DLitt), which are awarded on the basis of a record of original research or of publications, over many years (often at least 10).
Australian Universities tend to award more named degrees than institutions in some other countries. Most Australian Universities offer several different named degrees per faculty. This is primarily for marketing purposes. Universities try to outdo each other by offering the degree titled with a popular major.
Topical Vocabulary
to regulate - регулировать
the three-tier model - трехъярусная модель
tertiary education - образование третьей ступени
to govern - управлять
certificate - сертификат
Associate Degrees - диплом
coursework - курсовая работа
Bachelors degrees - степень бакалавра
Masters degrees - степень магистра
Doctorate - докторская степень
Higher Doctorates - высшая учёная степень доктора наук
Doctor of Science - доктор наук
Doctor of Letter - доктор литературы
marketing purposes - маркетинговые цели
My research
Let me introduce myself to you. My name is Z.N. I am an assistant at the chair of entrepreneurship and business at the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. I am interested in problems of economics and my scientific interest is....
I study at the post-graduate course and now I am taking candidate exams. I have been working on my problem for 2 years. My scientific supervisor is....
My scientific problem is not deeply studied now, but it is very important for our Russian economy. I am conducting research now. Research in general is defined as the systematic gathering, recording and analyzing of data. The five basic steps in research are:
- defining the problem;
- collecting secondary data;
- collecting primary data;
- compiling and collating the data;
- analyzing and interpreting the results.
I have already defined my problem. It is.... Now, I am collecting secondary data. It is information easily obtained through examination of company records or through library research. I have already studied the books on my problem, such as... by... They give different views on my problem.
The next step for me is collecting primary data. There are three basic methods for collecting primary data.
- observation method;
- experimental method;
- survey method.
Experimental method is the basic approach used in science. Before introducing the results of my research into economy, it is necessary to test them in a limited location.
Survey method is also very important.
The next stage will be compiling and collating the data. I plan to process my data using the electronic data processing equipment. There is special software which can be used now, for example...
The final step is interpreting the results. It involves using the data after it has been analyzed. It is very important as it exerts great influence on management decision relating to the original problem.
There are different ways of scientific material development:
- the first way is material development by listing. Here the author gives arguments, ideas and facts proving or rejecting the given statement.
- the second way is material development by examples. It is the example of method of listing, but here the examples are illustrated by tables, graphs, schemes and photos;
- the third way is material development by comparison. There are 2 ways of comparison. In the first case you alternate the examples relating to the phenomenon A with the examples relating to the phenomenon B. In the second case, first, you analyze all the examples relating to the phenomenon A, then - to the phenomenon B.
- the fourth way is material development by contrast. It is realized by collating heterogeneous aspects or qualities of two objects or phenomena, which differ greatly.
- the fifth way is material development by definition. It is used to introduce new terms, descriptions or concepts.
- the sixth way is material development by space and time. It is used with the equipment, connected with the analysis of changing space and time relations.
- the seventh way is material development by process description. It is used for describing steps of scientific experiments.
- the eighth way is material development by cause and effect.
- the ninth way is material development by generalization. Here first we analyze the examples proving the author's idea and then draw the generalized conclusion.
Topical Vocabulary
chair - кафедра
entrepreneurship - предпринимательство
scientific supervisor - научный руководитель
to conduct research - проводить научное исследование
to compile data - собирать данные (материал)
to collate data - сопоставлять данные
survey - обзор
to process data - обрабатывать данные
to exert great influence - оказывать большое влияние
to alternate - чередовать
heterogeneous - разнородный
to interpret results - объяснять, комментировать результаты
to draw a conclusion - делать вывод
Management
My specialty is management. Management has as many definitions as there are managers. Many people consider it to be an art of how to motivate people to give of their best. Others think that management is a science. In practical business management is the art and science of getting things done through other people. But management also includes those personnel who have the right to make decisions that influence company's affairs.
The overall responsibility for decision-making encompasses the following managerial functions: planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling. Any managerial system at any managerial level is characterized in terms of these general functions.
There are different types of management; the most important of them are production management, financial management, human resources management, marketing management.
There are three management levels in the organization: top management, middle management and operating management. Top management includes the president, vice-president and the general manager. Middle management includes department managers, plant managers, and production superintendents. Operating management includes supervisors, foremen, etc.
Moving into managerial role involves making changes from the way you perform as a specialist. It is the transition from "doing the job" to "an uncertain supervisory role"; from "using technical skills" to "placing emphasis on people"; from "doing delegated tasks" to "having to delegate them to other people"; from "controlling the output" to "being judged on the output and quality".
Any manager can be successful only if he has his own team. Successful teams have several things in common. Here are 8 characteristics, which will help you to analyze the "health" of the team. They are as follows:
1. A mission
2. Common objectives
3. Interdependence of members
4. An effective relationship to the environment
5. A decision-making system
6. Well motivated members
7. An effective leader
8. Well-organized, effective meetings
If you want to be a successful manager, try to use all the above mentioned ideas in practical work.
Topical Vocabulary
an art of - искусство (чего-то)
to motivate - мотивировать
to make a decision - принимать решение
to influence company's affairs - влиять на дела компании
to be characterized in terms of - характеризоваться с точки зрения...
management levels - уровни управления
to include - включать
to move into managerial role - переходить в роль менеджера
uncertain supervisory role - неопределенная роль контролера
to place an emphasis - перемещать внимание
Примерные вопросы для беседы
1. What's the purpose of your present study?
2. What are the aims and tasks of your science?
3. What are the aims of the science in general?
4. What's the purpose of the English course?
5. What's the aim of your attending this course?
6. Are there any difficulties in your research work?
7. Is there any solution to your problem?
8. Do you sometimes try new methods?
9. Do you often deal with complicated problems?
10. Do you discuss your results with your supervisor?
11. Are your results published?
12. Is your problem studied anywhere else?
13. Are additional investigations required to solve this problem?
14. Are outstanding results often reported in the literature?
15. Are theories always built up on experimental work?
16. Are all scientific theories taken for granted?
17. Are statistical methods widely used in your field?
18. Are all observations in your research made directly?
19. Whose works are best known in your field of research?
20. How is data evaluation usually made?
21. At what stage of your research will final conclusion be made?
22. How often are international conferences held in your field?
23. Did you publish any papers last year?
24. Did you obtain good results?
25. Why do you prefer this field of science to any other?
26. What new questions were raised at the last meeting with your supervisor?
27. How much time was devoted to the discussion of each problem?
28. What problems were considered most pressing?
29. What results were presented and discussed?
30. What new ideas were suggested and considered?
31. What points were particularly emphasized?
32. What plan was finally adopted?
33. Did you think of becoming a scientist in your childhood?
34. Did you write your first research paper at the institute/university?
35. Whose works laid the foundation for your field?
36. Whose ideas had a profound influence on the development of your field?
37. When did you first think of becoming a scientist?
38. When did you write your first research paper?
39. Where did you write that paper?
40. What subject did you take for your thesis?
41. When did you do your first independent research?
42. How long will it take you to write your thesis?
43. Why did you choose this particular subject for your thesis?
44. What contribution will you make by your research to that particular branch of subject?
45. What outstanding discoveries were made in a given field in the last century?
46. What important discoveries were made in the nineties?
47. What are you going to do in the near future?
48. What problems are you going to take up next?
49. What are your plans for the coming year?
50. What will your thesis contain?
51. How many sections will your thesis have?
52. What problems will be considered in your thesis?
53. What results will be reported?
54. What questions will be considered in detail?
55. What questions will only be outlined?
56. What techniques will be discussed?
57. Whose works will be mentioned in the text?
58. What references will be given?
59. What sort of figures will be given in the text?
60. How are you going to conclude your thesis?
61. Where will the figure captions be given?
62. What conclusions will be drawn from the results presented?
63. How long will it take you to write the thesis?
64. What journals will your paper be published in?
65. When will the journal with your paper come out?
66. How many reprints of your paper are you going to have?
67. Has your research been successful?
68. Have you ever thought of changing your occupation?
69. Have you worked on your thesis much lately?
70. Have you written many scientific papers?
71. Have you made any progress in English?
72. Have you ever been to English speaking countries?
73. Have you spoken with native English speakers?
74. Have you read many English books?
75. Have you had any practice in English lately?
76. Have you ever taken a leave of absence to work at a lab abroad?
77. Have you had any difficulties in your work lately?
78. Have you resolved all your difficulties?
79. Have you ever met famous scientists?
80. Have you ever attended international conferences?
81. Have you made any discoveries in your science yet?
82. Has your supervisor been helpful in your research?
83. Has your supervisor seen your recent results yet?
84. Does he often discuss your work with you?
85. What scientific conferences have been held in your field recently?
86. What results have been obtained from recent studies?
87. What new studies have been undertaken by you recently?
88. What research is being carried out by you now?
89. Is similar work being done anywhere else?
90. Are any changes being made in the organization of research work recently?
91. Are computers being widely used in research now?
92. How long might you work at the present subject?
93. What preliminary conclusions can be drawn from your work?
94. What results are to be expected from your work?
95. How long might it take you to complete the work?
96. Do you have to work day and night at you thesis?
97. What part of work is to be done this year?
98. What improvements should be introduced in the research process?
99. What is it necessary to make your work more effective?
100. What should be done to bring your work to conclusion?
101. What should be done to encourage further research in your field?
102. What is it necessary to broaden and deepen one’s knowledge of the subject?
103. What should be done to further develop international contacts among scientists?
104. Why do scientists exchange reprints of their papers?
105. Why are scientific conferences held regularly?
106. Why should scientists exchange views and information?
107. Why are abstracts of papers published prior to a conference?
108. What results do you expect when you complete the work?
109. What will you do when your work is successfully completed?
110. Where do you expect to apply your knowledge of English when you complete this course?
111. To what journal will you send your paper when you finish writing it?
112. What questions will you discuss with your foreign colleagues when you see them?
113. When will you consider your work completed?
114. When are you going to write another paper?
115. When do you expect conclusive results?
116. Will you write a paper if you get new results?
117. Will you give up your research if it is not successful?
118. Will you be satisfied if you complete the work successfully?
119. To what journal will you send your paper if you write one?
120. What will you do if your results prove invalid?
121. What will you do if you encounter great difficulties?
122. What will you do if someone asks you to give a lecture on your subject?
123. What is the motive force of progress in science?
124. What will you do if someone asks you to write a popular scientific article?
125. What is the "correspondence principle" and how does it work in your field of research?
126. Can science do without theories and hypotheses?
127. Give a definition of science.
128. What does science study and how does it differ from technology?
129. What are the necessary components of science?
130. What are the aims and means of science?
131. What was the role of individual in the progress of science?
132. How is an individual’s research correlated with group of studies?
133. What is scientific intuition and how much depends on "good luck"? Give an example of scientific discoveries and tell how they were made.
134. What was man’s attitude to nature throughout the history? What is now and why?
135. What are the effects of technical progress on nature and human life?
136. What are the dangers of uncontrolled technical development?
137. What measures could be taken to solve certain problems mankind is faced with, for instance, air and water pollution? Illustrate your accounts with concrete examples?
138. What would you do to acquire a deeper and broader knowledge in your field?
139. What would you do to get a comprehensive knowledge in adjacent areas?
140. What would you suggest for improving the state of research in your field?
141. What would you suggest for upgrading research in your area?
142. Would you accept a failure?
143. Would you take the risk of criticizing an authority?
144. Would you do any popular writing now?
145. Would you give up your scientific career now?
146. Do you think you could make a discovery in science?
147. Could you describe the state of research in your field?
148. Could you give a review of current literature on your subject?
149. Would you be able to solve your research problem in the near future?
150. What recent discoveries could you name in your area of research?
151. Which of the recent works would you consider outstanding?
152. Could scientists solve their problems better if the studied them jointly?
153. Scientific information is accumulating so rapidly. I wonder what scientists are going to do in some years from now?
154. In ancient times there was just one science, philosophy; now there are scores of them. I wonder what science will look like in one hundred years from now.
155. There are no sharp boundaries between sciences nowadays. I wonder if it will eventually come to one big science again.
156. I wonder if there are any limits to human inventiveness and resourcefulness.
157. What qualities should a researcher possess today and why?
158. Is collaboration important in research and how is it realized?
159. What are the ways of exchanging scientific information?
Примерные ответы на экзаменационные вопросы
Вопрос № 1. What's the purpose of your present study?
Ответ: The purpose of my present study is to investigate the problems of enterprise financial condition and the problems of ownership relations because the subject of my research is enterprise financial condition as the form of ownership relations realization.
Вопрос № 2. What are the aims and tasks of your science?
Ответ: My science is economics. Economics is the study of how people choose to allocate scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. So, the aim of my science is studying the ways of allocating scarce resources for satisfaction of people's needs. The main problem in economics is the question of allocating scarce resources between competing users. So, the tasks of my science are to find out what, how and for whom to produce.
Вопрос № 3. What are the aims of science in general?
Ответ: Science in general is the system of knowledge about different phenomena of objective reality and laws of their development. The tasks of science are to observe, to describe, to explain and to forecast the phenomena in definite fields. 2 main features of science are the ability to prove and the ability to systematize.
Вопрос № 4. What's the purpose of the English course?
Ответ: The purpose of my English course is to get skills of reading scientific literature in the original for using new information in my research and future work. For many years science in Russia and abroad developed in own ways. There are different approaches to one and the same problem. So, to understand everything in detail it is necessary to know foreign languages.
Вопрос № 5. What's your aim in attending this course?
Ответ: My aim in attending this course is to improve my level of English as it is very important for my future research. I am going to analyze the enterprises and their financial condition not only in Russia but also abroad.
Вопрос № 6. Are there any difficulties in your research?
Ответ: Any research can be defined as the systematic gathering, recording and analyzing the data. The five basic steps in any research are:
• defining the problem;
• collecting secondary data;
• collecting primary data;
• compiling and collating the data;
• analyzing and interpreting the results.
It is a long and complex process, I have just started my research, so I am collecting secondary data now and it's rather difficult to compare Russian and foreign relations of ownership and to understand the ways of ownership relation realization.
Вопрос № 7. Is there any solution to your problem?
Ответ: I think that there is the solution of my problem, but I should work hard to find it - I should read much literature, use different methods of research, such as observation method, balance method, graph method, average figures methods, experiment method, modeling and others.
Вопрос № 8. Do you sometimes try new methods?
Ответ: I think I'll try some new methods in future. I hope to find some new methods when I read foreign literature.
Вопрос № 9. Do you often deal with complicated problems?
Ответ: I have just started my research, I am collecting secondary data now and so far I haven't dealt with very complex problems.
Вопрос № 10. Do you discuss your results with your supervisor?
Ответ: My scientific supervisor is... He is a professor of this University. As we have just defined the subject of my research there are not many results received to discuss.
Вопрос № 11. Are your results published?
Ответ: My results are not published yet, but the results of my diploma project which I defended two years ago in Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University are installed in production in Krasnoyarsk Joint Stock Company Dairy Plant № 1.
Вопрос № 12. Is your problem studied anywhere else?
Ответ: My problem is studied abroad, for example in Deakin University of Australia. Some years ago the scientists of Deakin University organized special seminar on market development problems. And some lectures were given on the problems of ownership in Australia. This problem is also studied in Moscow Financial Academy, which is located in Leningradsky Avenue.
Вопрос № 13. Are additional investigations required to solve this problem?
Ответ: Some additional investigations are required to solve my problem. I must study and analyze balance sheets of foreign companies, compare them with balance sheets in Russian. I must also study laws and regulations defining the structure of relations between companies with different forms of ownership.
Вопрос № 14. Are outstanding results often reported in literature?
Ответ: I don' think that outstanding results are often reported in literature because today it is rather difficult to get outstanding results. But almost every week we can get some information about new discoveries in different fields of science - in medicine, chemistry, genetics etc.
Вопрос № 15. Are theories always built up on experimental work?
Ответ: I think that all theories must be built up on experimental work as only practice can prove the right to exist for any theory.
Вопрос № 16. Are all scientific theories taken for granted?
Ответ: No, not all scientific theories are taken for granted. Very often after a long period of investigation some theories proved to be wrong. And some theories, which were denied, became true.
Вопрос № 17. Are statistical methods widely used in your field?
Ответ: Some statistical methods are used in my field. They are: observation method, method of grouping, average figures method, method of indexes, balance method, graph method, etc.
Вопрос № 18. Are all observations in your research made directly?
Ответ: Not all observations in my research are made directly, as it is very difficult to observe some phenomena.
Вопрос № 19. Whose works are best known in your field of research?
Ответ: Many scientists work on the problems of ownership relations and problems of financial condition of the enterprises. But best known are names of… And their works…
Вопрос № 20. How is data evaluation usually made?
Ответ: Data evaluation can be made manually or by means of a computer. There are special computer programs for calculating electronically. This way provides a rather fast way of calculating. But if the analysis is being done manually, it is time-consuming and very expensive.
Вопрос № 21. At what stage of your research will final conclusions be made?
Ответ: Final conclusion of my research will be made at the stage of compiling and collating the data and interpreting the results. These are the last stages of any research.
Вопрос № 22. How often are international conferences held in your field?
Ответ: I don't know if international conferences are often held in my field. But I hope they are held rather often.
Вопрос № 23. Did you publish any papers last year?
Ответ: I didn't publish any papers last year./ Yes, I did. I published two articles last year.
Вопрос № 24. Did you obtain good results?
Ответ: I didn't obtain good results as I have just started my research.
Вопрос № 25. Why do you prefer this field of science to any other?
Ответ: I prefer economics to any other field of science as Russia is in a very difficult condition now - inflation, decline in production, and disparity of prices - all that influences the life of people in the country so I think it is necessary to work out theories which can improve the situation. So I plan to work out recommendations for improving the structure of ownership relations.
Вопрос № 26. What new questions were raised at the last meting with your supervisor?
Ответ: My supervisor is Lyachin V.I., the professor of this University. During our last meeting we were discussing the questions of taking candidate exams in English and philosophy and my plan of research.
Вопрос № 27. How much time was devoted to the discussion of each problem?
Ответ: About 30 minutes were devoted to the discussion of every question.
Вопрос № 28. What problems were considered most pressing?
Ответ: Most people consider the questions of collecting secondary data most pressing. This information is easily obtained through the analysis of documents, balance sheets and cash flow statements.
Вопрос № 29. What results were presented and discussed at the meeting?
Ответ: No results were represented at our last meeting as now I am collecting secondary data and getting ready for my candidate exams.
Вопрос № 30. What new ideas were suggested and considered?
Ответ: Some new ideas were suggested and considered. For example, the idea of solving different conflicts among owners.
Вопрос № 31. What points were particularly emphasized?
Ответ: Some points were particularly emphasized - for instance special attention should be given to different types of proprietorship, existing in Russia and abroad.
Вопрос № 32. What plan was finally adopted?
Ответ: The plan of my research was finally adopted: we had already defined my problem of research so I have to study different books, articles, balance sheets, statements and records, compare Russian and foreign materials, analyze laws regulating relations of ownership.
Вопрос № 33. Did you think of becoming a scientist in your childhood?
Ответ: Yes, I did. I thought of becoming a scientist in my childhood as my mother and my uncle are teachers and my husband is interested in physics. All of them wanted me to become a scientist. They believed in my talent and intellect.
Вопрос № 34. Did you write your first research paper at the institute/university?
Ответ: Yes, I did. I wrote 2 articles at the University, and I also wrote and defended my diploma project.
Вопрос № 35. Whose works laid the foundation for your field?
Ответ: My field of research is… There are a lot of outstanding scientists in my field of research. But the works of … laid the foundation in this field of research.
Вопрос № 36. Whose ideas had a profound influence on the development of your field?
Ответ: My science is … It has been in existence for a very long period of time since… There are a lot of outstanding specialists in this field, but the works of…had a profound influence on the development in this field.
Вопрос № 37. When did you first think of becoming a scientist?
Ответ: I thought of becoming a scientist when I was a student of Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. I took part in many scientific and research conferences and worked a lot with books, magazines and journals. I understood that it was interesting for me and I decided to continue my research experience in the post-graduate course.
Вопрос № 38. When did you write your first research paper?
Ответ: I wrote my first research paper when I was a student. It was an article devoted to the problems of… and I wrote it for the student scientific conference in 2005.
Вопрос № 39. Where did you write that paper?
Ответ: I studied in Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University and wrote this article there.
Вопрос № 40. What subject did you take for your thesis?
Ответ: The subject of my research is… and I am going to defend my thesis in 3 years. This subject is of great importance today because the solution of this problem will help our economy develop successfully.
Вопрос № 41. When did you do your first independent research?
Ответ: I did my first independent research when I studied at the University. But I can't say that it was absolutely independent because my scientific supervisor helped me greatly.
Вопрос № 42. How long will it take you to write your thesis?
Ответ: I think it will take me about 3 years to write my thesis. I have just started collecting secondary data because it is information easily obtained through examination of the company records and library research. I am taking candidate exams this spring and I am going to write some articles with the results of my research next year.
Вопрос № 43. Why did you choose this particular subject for your thesis?
Ответ: I studied this problem while writing my diploma paper and I understood its importance for Russian economy. So, I would like to make my contribution into the solution of this problem.
Вопрос № 44. What contribution will you make by your research to that particular branch or subject?
Ответ: I studied this problem while writing my diploma paper and I understood its importance for Russian economy. So, I would like to make my contribution into the solution of this problem. My contribution will be the elaboration of the…
Вопрос № 45. What outstanding discoveries were made in a given field in the last century?
Ответ: I know such outstanding discoveries in my field of research as…
Вопрос № 46. What important discoveries were made in the nineties?
Ответ: In the nineties some very important discoveries in my field of research were made. They are...
Вопрос № 47. What are you going to do in the near future?
Ответ: There are a lot of plans for the near future. First of all I am going to defend my thesis. After that I am planning to buy a car, to take a trip to any foreign country because I have improved my English greatly and I am going to start my own business - maybe a private research center.
Вопрос № 48. What problems are you going to take up next?
Ответ: Next I am going to take up a problem of instilling the results of my research not only in the limited location, but in all Krasnoyarsk region and maybe whole Russia.
Вопрос № 49. What are your plans for the coming year?
Ответ: I am planning to buy a car, to take a trip to any foreign country because I have improved my English greatly and I am going to start my own business - maybe a private research center.
Вопрос № 50. What will your thesis contain?
Ответ: My thesis will contain the following parts: introduction, body of the paper, consisting of 2 or 3 chapters, conclusions, some new ideas and recommendations for improving the condition of agriculture, list of references, appendix.
Вопрос № 51. How many sections will your thesis have?
Ответ: It will have the following parts: introduction, body of the paper, consisting of 2 or 3 chapters, conclusions, some new ideas and recommendations for improving the condition of agriculture, list of references, appendix.
Вопрос № 52. What problems will be considered in your thesis?
Ответ: The problems of agricultural condition perfection will be considered in my thesis.
Вопрос № 53. What results will be reported?
Ответ: The results of my research and the results of my ideas implementation will be reported in my thesis.
Вопрос № 54. What questions will be considered in detail?
Ответ: Innovation questions will be considered in detail.
Вопрос № 55. What questions will only be outlined?
Ответ: All the rest questions will be outlined.
Вопрос № 56. What techniques will be discussed?
Ответ: The techniques used in my research and the techniques of my ideas implementation will be discussed in my thesis.
Вопрос № 57. Whose works will be mentioned in the text?
Ответ:The works of founders of my branch and of the greatest specialists in my field of research will be mentioned in my thesis.
Вопрос № 58. What references will be given?
Ответ: The references to the outstanding books will be given in my thesis.
Вопрос № 59. What sort of figures will be given in the text?
Ответ: Different results of my research in the form of figures will be given in my thesis.
Вопрос № 60. How are you going to conclude your thesis?
Ответ: I am going to give the results of my research and the interpretation of these results at the end of my thesis.
Вопрос № 61. Where will the figure captions be given?
Ответ: These figure captions will be given in the appendix.
Вопрос № 62. What conclusions will be drawn from the results presented?
Ответ: Good conclusions and recommendations for our agriculture will be drawn from the results presented.
Вопрос № 63. How long will it take you to write the thesis?
Ответ: I hope to finish my thesis in 3 years. Now I have just started my research and I am collecting secondary data. Next year I am going to collect primary data and publish my results in some scientific journals and then defend my thesis.
Вопрос № 64. What journals will your paper be published in?
Ответ: My materials will be published in such journals as…
Вопрос № 65. When will the journal with your paper come out?
Ответ:I hope it will take place in a year or two.
Вопрос № 66. How many reprints of your paper are you going to have?
Ответ: I am going to have at least 50 reprints - for my scientific supervisor, for opponents and members of the scientific board in which I am going to defend my thesis.
Вопрос № 67. Has your research been successful?
Ответ: I hope it will be successful, but now I have just started my research and I am collecting secondary data - it is information easily obtained through examination of the company records and library research. I am taking candidate exams this spring and I am going to write some articles with the results of my research next year.
Вопрос № 68. Have you ever thought of changing your occupation?
Ответ: No, I have never thought of changing my occupation. I have just started my scientific career and I like it very much. I hope to be in science and scientific research all my life.
Вопрос № 69. Have you worked on your thesis much lately?
Ответ: Yes, I have been working much both on my thesis and on my candidate exams, because I am planning to defend my thesis in 3 years.
Вопрос № 70. Have you written many scientific papers?
Ответ: I published 2 articles when I studied at the University and I have published 2 articles this year - one of them is in English.
Вопрос № 71. Have you made any progress in English?
Ответ: I hope so. I attended a lot of classes of English at the post - graduate course and I see good progress - now I am going to travel abroad, to take part in the international conferences and to write articles in English.
Вопрос № 72. Have you ever been to English speaking countries?
Ответ: I have never been to any English speaking countries, but I am going to visit some of them as I have improved my English greatly. I am also planning to take part in some international conferences.
Вопрос № 73. Have you spoken with native English speakers?
Ответ: Yes, I have spoken with native English speakers at the international conferences.
Вопрос № 74. Have you read many English books?
Ответ: I can not say that I have read many English books but I have translated a lot of scientific materials which are necessary for my research.
Вопрос № 75. Have you had any practice in English lately?
Ответ: I have had a lot of practice in English in my English class, but I haven't got any practice of speaking with native speakers.
Вопрос № 76. Have you ever taken a leave of absence to work at a lab abroad?
Ответ: No, I have never taken a leave of absence to work at a lab abroad, because I have just started my research.
Вопрос № 77. Have you had any difficulties in your work lately?
Ответ: I have just started my research and I am collecting secondary data now and I have not got many difficulties, but it was not so easy to define my subject of research.
Вопрос № 78. Have you resolved all your difficulties?
Ответ: I haven't got any difficulties to resolve.
Вопрос № 79. Have you ever met famous scientists?
Ответ: Yes, I have met some famous scientists at the conferences and in my research work; one of them is my scientific supervisor -….
Вопрос № 80. Have you ever attended international conferences?
Ответ: Yes, I have attended the conference in…. it was 2 years ago.
Вопрос № 81. Have you made any discoveries in your science yet?
Ответ: No, I haven't made any discoveries, but I am planning to make some in near future.
Вопрос № 82. Has your supervisor been helpful in your research?
Ответ: My scientific supervisor is… He is… and he is of great help to me in everything I am doing now.
Вопрос № 83. Has your supervisor seen your recent results yet?
Ответ: I have just started my research and I have not got many results to show, but I discuss every thing with my scientific supervisor.
Вопрос № 84. Does he often discuss your work with you?
Ответ: We meet once a week and discuss all the details of my research.
Вопрос № 85. What scientific conferences have been held in your field recently?
Ответ: This year there have been several scientific conferences in my field of research. They are…
Вопрос № 86. What results have been obtained from recent studies?
Ответ: I have got the following results: …
Вопрос № 87. What new studies have been undertaken by you recently?
Ответ: I have worked hard on my English and philosophy.
Вопрос № 88. What research is being carried out by you now?
Ответ: The research of …is being carried by me now.
Вопрос № 89. Is similar work being done anywhere else?
Ответ: I hope not, because in my thesis I must present some innovative ideas and technologies.
Вопрос № 90. Are any changes being made in the organization of research work recently?
Ответ: Yes, some changes are being made in the organization of research work recently, because I have started collecting the primary data and I am doing some experiments now and I am trying to introduce the results of my research into practical sphere - into the enterprises activity.
Вопрос № 91. Are computers being widely used in research now?
Ответ:Yes, computers are being widely used in any research now because they help to print, to make graphs, to calculate, to elaborate projects, to make trends and so on.
Вопрос № 92. How long might you work at the present subject?
Ответ: I am planning to work on the present subject for at least 3 years to achieve some positive results and to introduce my results into the enterprise activity.
Вопрос № 93. What preliminary conclusions can be drawn from your work?
Ответ: Some preliminary conclusions can be drawn from my research: they are as follows: …
Вопрос № 94. What results are to be expected from your work?
Ответ:I expect from my work such results that can improve the situation in my field of research, for example…
Вопрос № 95. How long might it take you to complete the work?
Ответ: It might take about three years to complete my research. There are 5 stages in every research, I have defined my problem and I am at the stage of collecting secondary data - it is information easily obtained through library research and examination of company records.
Вопрос № 96. Do you have to work day and night at you thesis?
Ответ:Yes, certainly I have to work hard on my thesis lately, not day and night, but rather much at home, in the Internet and in the libraries.
Вопрос № 97. What part of work is to be done this year?
Ответ: I am planning to take two candidate exams and to publish two articles this year. My articles will contain the first results of my research.
Вопрос № 98. What improvements should be introduced in the research process?
Ответ: I think it is necessary to improve the material base of the research and find new ways of these results introduction into the given field.
Вопрос № 99. What is it necessary to do to make your work more effective?
Ответ: To make my work more successful it is necessary to conduct some more research and to invest more money into the research.
Вопрос № 100. What should be done to bring your work to conclusion?
Ответ: To bring my research to conclusion it is necessary to finish collecting primary data and interpret the results.
Вопрос № 101. What should be done to encourage further research in your field?
Ответ: To encourage further research in my field it is necessary to invest more money to research and to attract talented scientists to this field of research.
Вопрос № 102. What is it necessary to do to broaden and deepen one's knowledge of the subject?
Ответ: To broaden and deepen our knowledge of the subject it is necessary to read more books and articles on the subject, to take part in the international conferences and to conduct joint research with foreign scientists.
Вопрос № 103. What should be done to further develop international contacts among scientists?
Ответ: To develop international contacts further it is necessary to take part in the international conferences, to sign contracts with the foreign Universities, on the joint research in different scientific spheres, to publish articles with the results of the research not only in Russia, but also in different foreign countries.
Вопрос № 104. Why do scientists exchange reprints of their papers?
Ответ: It is done to prepare for the discussions and to the exchange the opinions on the problem.
Вопрос № 105. Why are scientific conferences held regularly?
Ответ: The scientific conferences are conducted regularly because it is necessary to know the results of the research in the given field achieved by some other scientists in order to use these results in your own scientific work.
Вопрос № 106. Why should scientists exchange views and information?
Ответ: The scientists should exchange views and information because it is necessary to know the results of the research in the given field achieved by some other scientists in order to use these results in your own scientific work.
Вопрос № 107. Why are abstracts of papers published prior to a conference?
Ответ: It is done to prepare for the discussions and to the exchange the opinions on the problem at the conference.
Вопрос № 108. What results do you expect when you complete the work?
Ответ:When I complete the work I will have the results which can help improve the situation in my field and which will be interesting for future generations of scientists.
Вопрос № 109. What will you do when your work is successfully completed?
Ответ: When my work is successfully completed I will send it to the Dissertation Board in any University and I will defend my thesis to get the degree of the candidate of sciences.
Вопрос № 110. Where do you expect to apply your knowledge of English when you complete this course?
Ответ: I am going to use my knowledge of English in my future work as a scientist. I am going to write articles in English and send them to foreign scientific journals, I am going to take part in the international conferences and I am just going to travel to foreign countries.
Вопрос № 111. To what journal will you send your paper when you finish writing it?
Ответ: When I finish writing my paper I will send it to any scientific journal which is interested in such kind of materials.
Вопрос № 112. What questions will you discuss with your foreign colleagues when you see them?
Ответ: When I see my foreign colleagues I will discuss with them some scientific problems which can be interesting for both of us, for example…
Вопрос № 113. When will you consider your work completed?
Ответ: I will consider my work to be completed when I introduce the results of my research into practice and interpret my findings.
Вопрос № 114. When are you going to write another paper?
Ответ: I am going to write some more scientific papers next year.
Вопрос № 115. When do you expect conclusive results?
Ответ: I expect conclusive results in 3 years because I have just started my research and I am collecting secondary data now.
Вопрос № 116. Will you write a paper if you get new results?
Ответ: If I get new results I will write another paper.
Вопрос № 117. Will you give up your research if it is not successful?
Ответ: If my research is not successful I will start it again.
Вопрос № 118. Will you be satisfied if you complete the work successfully?
Ответ: If I complete my work successfully I will be absolutely satisfied.
Вопрос № 119. To what journal will you send your paper if you write one?
Ответ: If I write an article I will send it to any scientific journal whish is interested in it.
Вопрос № 120. What will you do if your results prove invalid?
Ответ: If my results prove invalid, I will conduct my research once again.
Вопрос № 121. What will you do if you encounter great difficulties?
Ответ: If I encounter great difficulties, I will read additional literature on this problem and discuss the problem with my scientific supervisor.
Вопрос № 122. What will you do if someone asks you to give a lecture on your subject?
Ответ:If someone asks me to give a lecture on my subject of research, I will do it with pleasure because it is very interesting for those who work in my field.
Вопрос № 123. What is the motive force of progress in science?
Ответ: The motive force of progress in science is the satisfaction of needs in knowledge. Abraham Maslow showed us that people's need are in a hierarchy; that means that we all have the same needs for comfort, security, belongingness, esteem and self-fulfillment. But we can feel one of the needs when the "lower" need has been satisfied. The general hierarchy of needs includes:
• needs in self-fulfillment;
• needs in esteem
• needs in belongingness
• needs in security
• physiological /basic needs
The need "to know unknown" is the motive force in science and everything that is received is used for satisfaction of people's needs.
Вопрос № 124. What will you do if someone asks you to write a popular scientific article?
Ответ: I will write one without hesitation.
Вопрос № 125. What is the "correspondence principle" and how does it work in your field of research?
Ответ: The "correspondence principle" in research is a very important principle as it shows that some processes and laws, existing in one field can analogically be used in another field.
Вопрос № 126. Can science do without theories and hypotheses?
Ответ: Science cannot exist without theories and hypotheses. The process of scientific investigation begins with observation and generalization. The observed phenomena are organized into connected patterns of generalized statements. The intellectual steps or processes have traditionally been placed in an ideal order. These steps or processes are called a scientific method. If it is possible to formulate a verbal or mathematical statement that relates the observations that statement is called an observed law. An imagined picture or model of the system is constructed mentally with the stipulation that the behavior of this model conforms to the observed law. Such a model and its suggested behavior constitute a hypothesis. A good hypothesis often suggests other behavior of the system that may be tested by further observations. A hypothesis whose predictions conform to observations evolves into a theory of the behavior of the system. So, judging from these facts, we can say that science cannot exist without theories and hypotheses.
Вопрос № 127. Give a definition of science.
Ответ: Science in general is the system of knowledge about different phenomena of objective reality and laws of their development. The tasks of science are to observe, to describe, to explain and to forecast the phenomena in definite fields. 2 main features of science are the ability to prove and the ability to systematize.
Вопрос № 128. What does science study and how does it differ from technology?
Ответ: Science studies facts, objects and phenomena of the objective reality; technology shows what to do to achieve this or that result and how to achieve this or that result.
Вопрос № 129. What are the necessary components of science?
Ответ: Components of the science are as follows: methodology, methods of research, objects, subjects, and technology.
Вопрос № 130. What are the aims and means of science?
Ответ: Science in general is the system of knowledge about different phenomena of objective reality and laws of their development. The aims of science are to observe, to describe and to systematize. The means of science are…
Вопрос № 131. What was the role of an individual in the progress of science?
Ответ: The role of an individual in the development of science is great, for example the theory of evolution of Darwin, the law of gravitation of Newton and many others, changed the understanding of the objective reality. I could also tell you a few words about Marie Curie who lived at the end of the 19-th at the beginning of the 20-th century. Marie and her husband Pierre were interested in the work of a French scientist Becquerel. He discovered that uranium emitted rays very much like X-rays. These rays made marks on the photographic plate when it was covered in black paper. Marie Curie studied the spontaneous radiation discovered by Becquerel and got the Noble Prize for it. The second Nobel Prize she got in recognition of her works in radioactivity.
Вопрос № 132. How is an individual's research correlated with group studies?
Ответ: A lot of interesting and outstanding results are received in individual research, but a lot of very important problems are studied by groups of scientists for many years. Both individual and joint research can give outstanding results and discoveries.
Вопрос № 133. What is scientific intuition and how much depends on "good luck"?
Ответ: Intuition is the immediate understanding of something without conscious reasoning or study. Scientific intuition is very important for every scientist as it is based on the deep knowledge and the ability to observe, analyze and generalize. But "good luck" is also important for every scientist. For example, everybody knows the name of Isaac Newton, who lived in the 17-th century and made 3 great discoveries - the discovery of differential calculus, the discovery of white light and the discovery of the gravitation law. It is interesting how the idea which led to the discovery of the gravitation law first came to him. Once, as he sat in the garden, the fall of the apple made him think: "Why must that apple always descend perpendicularly to the ground? Why must it not go side wards or upwards, but usually to the Earth's center?" The reason is that the Earth draws it. Many people saw the falling apple, but only Newton saw the falling apply, drew the conclusion and proved it. I could tell you some words about Marie Curie who lived at the end of the 19-th at the beginning of the 20-th century. Marie and her husband Pierre were interested in the work of a French scientist Becquerel. He discovered that uranium emitted rays very much like X-rays. These rays made marks on the photographic plate when it was covered in black paper…
Вопрос № 134. What was man's attitude to nature throughout the history? What is now and why?
Ответ: For centuries man used the nature without any idea about the results of his life and work. Today we have a lot of negative results of these activities, for example the depletion of the ozone layer, acid rains and cutting of the forests. These things are very harmful for peoples' health and arouse a lot of diseases.
Вопрос № 135. What are the effects of technical progress on nature and human life?
Ответ: For centuries man used the nature without any idea about the results of his life and work. Today we have a lot of negative results of these activities, for example the depletion of the ozone layer, acid rains and cutting the forests, pollution of the air and water. These things are very harmful for people's health and arouse a lot of diseases. One of the serious problems is development of gene engineering, because it allows producing new gene - modified products the influence of which is not deeply studied.
Вопрос № 136. What are the dangers of uncontrolled technical development?
Ответ: Today we have a lot of negative results of these activities, for example the depletion of the ozone layer, acid rains and cutting the forests. These things are very harmful for people's health and arouse a lot of diseases. In addition to it there is a great danger of the nuclear war because the technological progress leads to the production of new weapons.
Вопрос № 137. What measures could be taken to solve certain problems mankind is faced with, for instance, air and water pollution? Illustrate your accounts with concrete examples?
Ответ:It is necessary for every person to be responsible for the results of his/her activity; it is possible to improve the activity of different controlling bodies and to create new laws, defending nature.
Вопрос № 138. What would you do to acquire a deeper and broader knowledge in your field?
Ответ: To acquire deeper and broader knowledge in my field I must read more scientific literature, conduct research and present my results at different conferences and meetings to have a chance to exchange the opinions.
Вопрос № 139. What would you do to get a comprehensive knowledge in adjacent areas?
Ответ: To get a comprehensive knowledge in the adjacent areas I must read more scientific literature, conduct research and attend different conferences and meetings to have a chance to exchange the opinions.
Вопрос № 140. What would you suggest for improving the state of research in your field?
Ответ: I would suggest improving the material base of the scientific and research institutions and providing a chance to go to work in foreign scientific laboratories.
Вопрос № 141. What would you suggest for upgrading research in your area?
Ответ: I would provide wider opportunities for joint research - in groups both in Russia and abroad.
Вопрос № 142. Would you accept a failure?
Ответ: I would not accept a failure; I would start my research again.
Вопрос № 143. Would you take the risk of criticizing authority?
Ответ:I would take a risk of criticizing authority only if I am really sure in the results of my research.
Вопрос № 144. Would you do any popular writing now?
Ответ: Certainly I would write a popular writing because I know a lot about my subject of research.
Вопрос № 145. Would you give up your scientific career now?
Ответ: No, I would not give up my scientific career now because it is very interesting for me and I have good plans to become a great scientist.
Вопрос № 146. Do you think you could make a discovery in science?
Ответ: I hope so, because I am young, talented and energetic.
Вопрос № 147. Could you describe the state of research in your field?
Ответ: I don't think that the state of research in my field is very high as the economic situation in the country is very serious - inflation, decline of production, disparity of prices and so on. So, it is necessary to apply the results received in scientific laboratories into the economy of the country. And I think my research will help to improve the state of economy in the country.
Вопрос № 148. Could you give a review of current literature on your subject?
Ответ: Yes, I could give the review of current literature on my subject. For example, the most important and famous scientists working on the problems of ownership relations are…
Вопрос № 149. Would you be able to solve your research problem in the near future?
Ответ: I hope I would be able to solve my research problem in near future -