10).Прочитайте и переведите текст B, при необходимости, воспользуйтесь словарем:
Text B.
The food we eat is called our diet. All the constituents of food – protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals – are present in adequate quantities in a normal balanced diet. There is no need to eat excessive quantities one or the other. Over-eating is dangerous to health as the body only requires a certain amount of energy. Food eaten in excess of the body’s energy requirements is stored in the form of fat and thus increases body weight. This is potentially dangerous to health as it puts an extra strain on the heart and circulation and may lead to disease of the heart and arteries, resulting in high blood pressure and heart failure.
Thus all the food we eat undergoes digestion by enzymes, which turn it into amino-acids, fatty acids, glucose, vitamins and minerals. Only when it is in this form can be absorbed into the blood and utilized by the body cells.
(II)
1.Переведите с английского языка на русский слова и словосочетания, относящиеся к пищеварительной системе человека:
5 ivN65p4zzsHUIOzUwZAJAxrbh0KCWxu5DRND61rVhV/Q+OVKWMImjE84W/GblLN0eh0tZrNuBGO9 fidGzjfT2CrwvZnj9H0meO39taLEKrSLRZzP57+Cs9NeXUJXIDYVfhu+FrjSvxuzg0DBT4z5isHm hdvg14cMd+IZ1hn96S8E8cg+4BvACBu75TGB1E1k+QEAAP//AwBQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAmzMn NwwBAAAtAgAAEwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbFBLAQItABQABgAI AAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD0BAABfcmVscy8ucmVsc1BLAQItABQABgAI AAAAIQDgo9NHrQEAAEgDAAAOAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADwCAABkcnMvZTJvRG9jLnhtbFBLAQItABQA BgAIAAAAIQB5GLydvwAAACEBAAAZAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABUEAABkcnMvX3JlbHMvZTJvRG9jLnht bC5yZWxzUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAFnYNPPdAAAACwEAAA8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwUAAGRycy9k b3ducmV2LnhtbFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQDn7s79rgEAAN0DAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABUGAABk cnMvaW5rL2luazEueG1sUEsFBgAAAAAGAAYAeAEAAPEHAAAAAA== "> 2.Прочитайте и запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
| cavity | [′kæviti] | полость |
| (o)esophagus | [i:′soufǝɡǝs] | пищевод |
| swallow | [′swɔlou] | глотать |
| coiled | [kɔild] | изогнутый |
| manufacture | [⸝mænju′fæktʃǝ] | производить |
| pancreas | [′pæŋkriǝs] | поджелудочная железа |
| loop | [lu:p] | петля |
| duodenum | [⸝djuou′di:nǝm] | двенадцатиперстная кишка |
| rectum | [′rektǝm] | прямая кишка |
| remnants | [′remnǝnts] | остатки |
| orifice | [′ɔrifis] | отверстие |
| anus | [′einǝs] | анус |
| alimentary canal | [⸝æli′mentri] | пищеварительный канал |
| liver | [′livǝ] | печень |
| storehouse | [′stɔ:haus] | склад |
| distribute | [dis′tribju:t] | распределять |
| bile | [bail] | желчь |
| gall-bladder | [′ɡɔ:l⸝blædǝ] | мочевой пузырь |
3.Прочитайте и переведите текст A на русский язык:
THE ABDOMEN
The abdomen is a cavity containing the main organs of digestion. It is immediately below1 the chest but separated from it by the diaphragm.
The stomach lies just below the diaphragm and receives all the food which has passed down the (o)esophagus after being swallowed. Food stays in the stomach for a few hours while the stomach enzymes begin the first stage of digestion.
After leaving the stomach, the partially digested food enters the small intestine. This is a long coiled tube about six metres long in which digestion is completed. It manufactures its own enzymes for this purpose2 but also receives some help from the pancreas. This gland lies in the loop of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine after the stomach. The pancreas produces some enzymes which pass into the duodenum.
When the food has been completely digested in the small intestine, the indigestible residue passes into the large intestine. This is a wider tube, nearly two metres long, leading from the small intestine to the rectum. The largest intestine absorbs water and minerals from waste food remnants. The rectum carries this waste to the external orifice or anus where it is eliminated from the body. The whole system of tubes through which the food passes on its way from mouth to anus is called the alimentary canal.
After digestion has been completed in the intestines, the digested food, which is now in a state the body can use3, passes through the walls of the intestines into capillaries where the blood carries it to the liver.
The liver lies just below the diaphragm to the right of the stomach. It is a storehouse for digested food and distributes it to those parts of the body requiring it 4. It also produces a digestive juice known as bile. This is stored in the gall-bladder, which lies underneath the liver. Bile passes into the duodenum at the same points as 5 the digestive juice from the pancreas.
NOTES:
1 immediately below – непосредственно под
2 for this purpose – для этого
3 in a state the body can use – в том виде, который приемлем для организма
4 to those parts of the body requiring it – между теми органами, которым она нужна
5 at the same points as – в том же месте, что и …
4.Упражнения:
1). Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
| Полость, содержащая основные органы пищеварения | |
| Отделено от грудной клетки | |
| После проглатывания | |
| Первый этап пищеварения | |
| Попадает в тонкий кишечник | |
| Где завершается пищеварение | |
| Вырабатывает свои ферменты | |
| Первый отдел кишечника | |
| Непереваренные остатки пищи | |
| Ведущий от кишечника к прямой кишке | |
| Вся система труб | |
| Проникать через стенку | |
| Она скапливается в желчном пузыре |
2).Процитируйте предложения из текста, которые содержат следующие слова и словосочетания:
| The main organs | |
| Below the chest | |
| To lie just below | |
| The stomach enzymes | |
| The partially digested food | |
| Digestion is completed | |
| To manufacture | |
| To receive some help | |
| In the loop of the duodenum | |
| To pass into | |
| Nearly two metres long | |
| Waste food remnants | |
| To be eliminated from the body | |
| Known as | |
| Underneath the liver |
3). Дайте ответы на вопросы:
| - What is the abdomen? | |
| - Where is it situated? | |
| - Where does the stomach lie? | |
| - How long does food stay in the stomach? | |
| - What does the partially digested food enter? | |
| - Where is digestion completed? | |
| - What does the small intestine manufacture? | |
| - Where does pancreas lie? | |
| - What does it produce? | |
| - What is the large intestine? | |
| - How long is it? | |
| - What does the large intestine do? | |
| - Can you characterize the alimentary canal? | |
| - What carries the digested food to the liver? | |
| - Where the liver lie does and what does it do? | |
| - How is digestive juice called? |
4). Заполните пропуски, подходящими по смыслу артиклями:
… first stage of digestion takes place in … mouth where the salivary enzyme ptyalin initiates digestion of carbohydrates. This occurs during … mastication which mixes food and saliva together. The ball of food is then swallowed and passes down … (o)esophagus into... stomach.
Food is propelled down the (o)esophagus by … muscular action called peristalsis. It occurs progressively, along … entire alimentary canal, and consists of … alteration waves of muscular contraction and relaxation.
5). Вставьте в пропуски необходимые предлоги и наречия:
Partially digested food leaves the stomach and enters … the duodenum, which is the first loop … the small intestine. Also entering the duodenum are the duct from the gall-bladder, carrying bile … the liver, and the duct … pancreas, carrying pancreatic juice.
Bile is the digestive juice produced … the liver. It neutralizes the acid … the gastric juice, aids the digestion … fat and carries waste products away … the liver.
Pancreatic juice contains enzymes which digest fat, protein and carbohydrate.
Digestion is then completed … other enzymes produced … the rest of the small intestine.