ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Лабораторные работы
Методические разработки
Специальность 050303 «Иностранный язык»
(квалификация «учитель иностранного языка»)
Составитель:
Немчинова Н.В.,
К.ф.н, старший преподаватель
Лесосибирск, 2012
Введение
Лабораторные работы являются неотъемлемой частью учебного процесса в вузе.
Выполнение лабораторных работ способствует закреплению и углублению теоретических знаний, развитию умений анализа языкового материала, а также совершенствованию навыков работы со словарями разных типов.
Задания и упражнения, предложенные для лабораторных работ, являются разной степени сложности, созданы на материале примеров из художественных произведений современных авторов и писателей-классиков Великобритании, США, Канады, Австралии, ЮАР, а также разнообразных словарей английского языка, периодической печати и электронных баз данных. В данных примерах анализируемая лексическая единица представлена не изолировано, а в естественном лексико-грамматическом окружении.
Подготовка к лабораторной работе предполагает знакомство с рекомендуемой литературой. При чтении указанных источников студент должен выделить основные теоретические положения и выписать их. Ответить на поставленный вопрос студент может в двух формах: устной (на лабораторной работе) или в письменной (в специальной тетради для самостоятельных работ).
Задания и упражнения выполняются в письменной форме. Сдается работа по завершению изучения темы.
Laboratory work 1
“DYNAMICS OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY”
Discussion:
- Neologisms.
- Nonce words (occasional words).
- Politically correct vocabulary.
- Archaisms and historicisms.
- Semantic development of words.
- Borrowings.
- Changes and fluctuations in pronunciation.
- Changes and fluctuations in spelling.
Students’ presentations of examples illustrating the dynamic character of the English vocabulary.
Practice:
Practicum – Tasks 9, 10, pp.199-204.
Literature:
1. Современный английский зык (слово и предложение). – Иркутск, 1997. – С. 11-16.
2. Arnold I.V. The English Word. – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – Р.216-221.
3. Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S. Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – M.: Higher School Publishing House, 1966. – P.238-248.
4. The Oxford Dictionary of New Words / Ed. by E. Knowles and J. Elliott. – Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. – 357 p.
5. British and American newspaper, magazines, dictionaries of new words, Internet.
Practice:
Task 9
Find and analyse the manifestations of vocabulary dynamics in the past 1-3 decades in the contexts, which contain the following phenomena:
a) neologism;
b) occasional word;
c) politically correct vocabulary;
d) borrowing;
e) changes or fluctuations in spelling.
In some of these contexts there are more than one phenomenon working at once.
1. There were three devotchkas sitting at the counter all together, but there were four of us malchicks and it was usually like one for all and all for one (A. Burgess).
2. Don't call him short, he's vertically-challenged (Inter-net).
3. The idea of the karaoke bar is very simple. You get roaring drunk, chat up the bar girls and sing maudlin popular songs, dreadfully out of tune (Daily Telegraph).
4. Chat forums are where people meet up "on-line" (Cosmopolitan).
5. There once lived a young wommon named Cinderella, whose natural birthmother had died when Cinderella was but a child (J.F. Gardner).
6. There was no food to be bought on the platform, and though an attendant struggled down the corridor with glasses of tea, there were no trays of pirozhkis and vatrishkis that before could be bought on Russian trains (P.P. Read).
7. A dictionaryful and a grammarful of such examples will always leave learners with an uncrossable linguistic spasm when they come to read the works of Iris Murdoch or Virginia Woolf, let alone the poems of T.S. Eliot or W.H. Auden, or when they encounter the speech of the streets and the marketplace (R. Burchfield).
8. And I started to itty out of this mesto of bezoomny old men (A. Burgess).
9. But I have learned one very important lesson as a day-care provider that prevents me from leaving my children with sitters while I work away from home: love is not for sale (Newsweek).
10. Vote 4 John Smith (Advertisement).
11. On the shoulders of his rubashka could be seen the marks left by epaulettes (D.P. Read).
12. Her brother founded the New York Daily News and journalism was so much in her blood that she was not only a long-time columnist, news reporter and gossip-jockey, but later became editor of a Washington newspaper and "the most popular woman in America" (Independent).
13. Metz is a practitioner of feng shui, the ancient Chinese art of designing homes and workplaces in harmony with the forces of nature (New Age).
14. Helen gave Jack one of her look-learn-and-take-note looks (E. James).
15. I opened the door of 10-8 with my own little klootch, and inside our malenky quarters all was quiet, the pee and em both being in sleepland, and mum had laid out on the table on malenky bit of supper - a couple of lomticks of tinned sponge-meat with a shive or so of kleb and butter, a glass of the old cold moloko (A. Burgess).
16. I'm not old, I'm just chronologically challenged (Internet).
17. I snow board, ice-skate... (Internet).
18. The CDTV system involves a unit the same size as a video recorder which plugs into a standard television set (Daily Telegraph).
19. Alice, because of her now quite evident condition, rode with Nina and the Markovs' small children on cushions placed at the back of one of the teleshki (P.P. Read).
20. Shoes Fixed While U Wait (Advertisement).
21. My goodness, you smell good. Herb-y. Shampoo-ey (O'Shaugnessy).
22. Stockbrokers, merchant banks and Euromarket firms are hiring management consultants as fast as they lay off idle traders....This perestroika should be good for the City's long-term health and reputation (Economist).
23. "You can get yourself into serious problems taking a natural alternative to drugs like Ecstasy if you don't know the risks," says a National Drugs Helpline spokesperson (Cosmopolitan).
Task 10
Match the traditionally used words and their politically correct equivalents.
Set I
1. mankind a) nonspecialist
2. salesman b) incomplete success
3. weatherman c) refuse collector
4. layman d) salesperson
5. binman e) domestic arts
6. slums f) correctional institution
7. housework g) humanity
8. failure h) substandard housing
9. prison i) meteorologist
Set II
| 1. man-made 2. boring 3. bald 4. crazy 5. homeless 6. unemployed |
a) follicularly challenged
b) emotionally different
c) synthetic
d) involuntarily leisured
e) involuntarily undomiciled
f) differently interesting
Laboratory work 2
“Word-Formation”,“Affixation”,“Conversion”
Discussion:
1. Word-Formation in English (general description).
2. Affixation:
a) prefixation (general description);
b) classification of prefixes;
c) suffixation (general description);
d) classification of suffixes.
3. Definitions, terminology, general description of conversation in English.
4. Productive conversion models.
Practice:
Practicum – Tasks 17-19, pp.219-225.
Tasks 20-31, pp.226-239.
Literature:
1. Современный английский зык (слово и предложение). – Иркутск,1997. – С. 36-39,49-55.
2. Arnold I.V. The English Word. – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – Р.90-101.
3. Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S. Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – M.: Higher School Publishing House, 1966. – P.135-157.
4. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. – М.: Дрофа, 1999. – С. 79-86.
Practice:
Task 17
Which unit is the odd one out in each of the following sets?
Set I
1. (noun-forming suffixes) -or, -ive, -hood, -ism
2. (adjective-forming suffixes) -able, -less, -ous, -ty
3. (verb-forming suffixes) -ize, -ify, -ful, -ise
Set II
1. (suffixes denoting the agent of an action) -er, -or, -ist,-ment
2. (suffixes denoting nationality) -tion, -ian, -ese, -ish
3. (suffixes denoting diminutiveness) -ie, -kin, -ock, -ster
4. (suffixes denoting feminine gender) -ess, -age, -ine,-ette
5. (suffixes having derogatory meaning) -ard, -ster, -ist,-ton
Set III
1. (suffixes of native origin) -ful, -less, -able, -dom, -ish,-ship
2. (suffixes of Romanic origin) -ment, -en, -eer, -age,-ance
3. (suffixes of Greek origin) -ist, -ism, -ite, -nik
Set IV
1. (prefixes of negative meaning) in-, non-, en-, un-
2. (prefixes denoting repetition or reversal action) re-, pre-, dis-, de-
3. (prefixes denoting space) sub-, inter-, trans-, mis-
4. (prefixes denoting time and order) im-, fore-, pre-, post-
Task 18
Insert an appropriate negative prefix: un-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, ab-, dis-, mis-, non-.
Set I
1. The food dished up for the prisoners was practically ...eatable (J.H. Chase).
2....to get furious with those who ...agree with us (T.J. Cooney).
3. Crime is personal. Evidence of crime is ...personal (E.S. Gardner).
4. Greta, stolid as ever, glanced at the farm with ...curious eyes (A. Seton).
5. I fancied our characters were not ...similar (Ph. Carr).
6. It could be a lie, an... intentional untruth, a partial truth, or an opinion (T.J. Cooney).
7. They were drawn to each other by a magnet that was ...resistible (B. Cartland).
8. All while they were taking pictures they were yelling at us in the most ...respectful way (J.M. Cain).
9. A ...obvious option might be to ask the pilot to circle around one more time (T.J. Cooney).
10. Every time she came near me, she seemed to envelop me; she seemed deeper than water, as ...escapable as air... (J. Baldwin).
11. Home had not changed, but she had - ...measurab1у... (A. Seton).
12. For herself, she was ...different and intent as a wild animal, and as ...responsible (D.H. Lawrence).
13. The farm hasn't managed that for us, of course, but it has done other things ,...expected, …logical( N. Gordimer).
14. Did anything strike you about them - any ... normality, any ...sincerity? (A. Christie).
Set II
1. a) A bit of teasing and ...comfort wouldn't do him anyharm (R. Dahl).
b) Travis looked slightly ...comfortable (L. Turner).
2. a) It is most ...fortunate (Ph. Carr).
b) They had the ...fortune to be hit by a violent storm (Oxford Advanced Learner's Encyclopedic Dictionary).
3. a) He thought them ...interesting and crude (A. Christie).
b) My advice is quite ...interested (Oxford Advanced Learner's Encyclopedic Dictionary).
4. a) “ A very …explicable business," said Mr. Quin...(A.Christie)
b) An ...explainable aimlessness engulfs me (W.P. Kinsella).
5. a) He has proved himself completely ...trustworthy (Collins COBU1LD Essential English Dictionary).
b) The older I grow the more I …trust the familiar doctrine that age brings wisdom (H.L. Mencken).
6. a) They stared at it in a mixture of relief and ...belief (L. Fosburgh).
b) She's got an ...believable number of cats! (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English).
Task 19
Identify the meaning of the suffix - ish in the underlined words. The meanings of the suffix are:
a) “of, being, or pertaining to”;
b) “after the manner of, having the characteristics of, like”;
c) “addicted to, inclined or tending to”;
d) “near, approximately”;
e) “somewhat, rather”.
1. He brushed away some beads of perspiration on his pinkish brow (P. Highsmith).
2. Some women have told me I look boyish, which I don't take as a compliment (I. Shaw).
3. She's Swedish (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English).
4. There was a longish pause (R. Dahl).
5. I can see you around eightish. Mike (Internet).
6. The woman's face was white and bloodless, and there was a slight bluish-grey tinge around the nostrils and the mouth (R. Dahl).
7. I must not be foolish and fanciful (Ph. Carr).
8. She was always a bookish child (Oxford Advanced Learner's Encyclopedic Dictionary).
9. He had got out of the car and walked to the nearest house, a smallish farm building about fifty yards off the road... (R. Dahl).
10. Look at her - isn't it awfully good - just like a shrewish woman (D.H. Lawrence).
CONVERSION
Task 20
In these jokes there are words formed by conversion. What are they?
1. "Ma," said a little boy after coming home from a walk, "I’ve seen a man who makes horses."
"Are you sure?" asked his mother.
"Yes," he replied. "He had a horse nearly finished when I saw him. He was just nailing his feet."
2. Tom: "Don't be angry with me, Daddy. I'm very sorry that I've got a two in arithmetic."
Father: "How could it happen? Did you understand the teacher's question?"
Tоm: "Of course I did. It is he who didn't understand my answer."
3. Dentist: "Have you seen any small boys ring my bell and run away?"
Policeman: "They weren't small boys - they were grown ups."
Task 21
Find the cases of conversion in the sentences:
1. He took the cup she offered him and sugared it (B. Neels).
2. It was impossible for them to calm her (S. Sheldon).
3. She might come and room with her (Th. Dreiser).
4. However everything in life has positive and negative consequences and it is sometimes a mistake to only see the negative (Internet).
5. Truth will out (Proverb).
6. Besides, liquor dulled the pain in his legs... (P. La Mure).
7. Since I was the only child in their charge they mothered me (A. Marshall).
8. Seddons was wearing his hospital whites (A. Hailey).
9. His beard was caked with ice (L. Fosburgh).
10....it was merely a polite nothing (J.R.R. Tolkien).
11. Renie narrowed her brown eyes at her cousin (M. Daheim).
12. George's main purpose in shooting such a big beast had been to attract wild lions to the kill (J. Adamson).
13. A city to Raggles was not merely a pile of bricks and mortar, peopled by a certain number of inhabitants... (O. Henry).
14. That's rather a tricky point," Landy said, wetting her lips (R. Dahl).
15. Penreddy's face clouded {M. Daheim).
16. Chew each bite carefully (Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary).
17. Mr. Wodehouse's idyllic world can never stale (E. Waugh).
18. Actually I’ve been toying with this idea (P.M. Stewart).
19. She finished before an hour was up, tidied her desk and put on her coat... (B. Neels).
20. A woman that will be and stay by my side to go through the ups and downs that this life throws at us (Internet).
21....I minored in history (J. Smith).
22. She wrinkled her forehead (N. Shute).
23. On March, 31 in 1889, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, opened to the public (Bright Ideas Calendar).
24. Judith gave a single shake of her head (M. Daheim).
25. He himself bandaged the wound... (Ph. Carr).
26....Lerice even keeps an eye on their children, with all the competence of a woman who has never had a child of her own, and she certainly doctors them all - children and adults - like babies whenever they happen to be sick (N. Gordimer).
Task 22
Identify the part of speech of the underlined words:
1. I have no say in the matter.
2. She is such a dear.
3. He liked to know the ins and outs.
4. Soap does not lather in hard water.
5. I shan't go into the whys and wherefores.
6. She reads only glossies and comics.
7. I don't want to be a bad third.
8. He was familiar with ups and downs of life.
Task 23
Match the word with the conversion model after which it was formed.
1. Oil, v a) N → V
2. Brown, v b) V → N
3. Natural, n c) N → Adj
4. Cut, n d) Adj → N
5. Ologies and isms, n e) Adj → V
6. Raven, adj f) Affix → N
7. E-mail, v
8. Street, adj
Task 24
Classify the pairs into two groups: a) formed after the model N →V, b) formed after the model V →N.
1. line - to line 2. bottle - to bottle
3. weep - to weep 4. catalogue - to catalogue
5. hoist - to hoist 6. colour - to colour
7. push - to push 8. preface - to preface
9. hit - to hit 10. gossip - to gossip
Task 25
In these proverbs and sayings there are the words derived by conversion. Figure them out. Establish the model of conversion in each case.
1. Wolf never wars against wolf.
2. Extremes meet.
3. Pride goes before a fall.
4. Criminals often return to the scene of the crime.
5. Fine words butter no parsnips.
6. Let bygones be bygones.
7. Fortune favours the brave.
8. Two blacks do not make a white.
9. If ifs and ans were pots and pans.
Task 26
It is often difficult to say which of the two words within a conversion pair is the derived member. One of the reliable criteria for determining the direction of derivation is semantic-definitional. Study the definitions of the words forming the following conversion pairs and identify the direction of derivation in them.
1. shade
noun - light diminished in intensity as a result of the interception of the rays; partial darkness
verb - to cause shade in or on, to represent degrees of shade or shadow in
2. freeze
noun - the act of freezing, the state of being frozen
verb - to pass from the liquid to the solid state by loss of heat
3. blight
noun - a disease of plants that results in the drying upand dying of the diseased parts
verb - to infect or spoil with blight
4. bitter
noun- that which is bitter, bitterness
adjective - having a sharp taste like aspirin or unsweetened coffee, not sweet
5. harness
noun - an apparatus for controlling a horse, for fastening a horse to a cart, etc., consisting of leather bands held together by metal
verb - to put a harness on (especially on a horse)
6. blink
noun - an act of blinking
verb - to shut and open (the eyes) quickly, once or several times
7. spam
noun - a disruptive, especially commercial message posted on a computer network or sent as e-mail
verb - to send spam
8. assault
noun - a violent attack, especially a sudden one
verb - to make an assault on, especially an indecent assault
9. slash
noun - an act of slashing
verb - to make a cut or cut something with long sweeping violent strokes, using a sword, knife, or sharp tool
10. hall
noun - a frozen rain falling in a shower
verb - to fall as hail in a shower
Task 27
One of the underlined words in the following examples was made from the other by means of conversion. Identify the direction of derivation. Use several dictionaries to check the results.
1. We must have breakfast together more often (J. Smith). The Jacksons were breakfasting (P.O. Wodehouse).
2. She kissed Joe on the lips. He returned the kiss (M. Daheim).
3. It almost blinded me (M. Allingham). The room was fairly dark, but he is not exactly blind and he was pink and apologetic when at last I got over there to admit him (M. Allingham).
4. We had a long wait for the bus (S. Redman). If we wait any longer, we may miss the train (R. Redman).
5. It was a lengthy conversation and, judging by the frown on his face when he had finished and she had gone back to her office, an unsatisfactory one (В. Neels). I picked it up and f rowned at it, while Brad came trotting after me (J. Smith),
6. The driver braked hard as the child ran onto the road in front of him (Oxford Advanced Learner's Encyclopedic Dictionary). She put on the brakes quickly (S. Redman).
7. Judith sighed (M. Daheim). Tessa uttered a vexed sigh (M. "Daheim).
8....he informed me, holding his glass to the candle (J. Smith). At that point, a little impish fancy began to take a hold of me (R. Dahl).
9. Freddy tried to gain control of his mount, but the terrified horse continued to shy (M. Daheim). She discovered to her surprise that she didn't feel shy with him (B. Neels).
10. Judith gave a shrug (M. Daheim). Gertrude shrugged, making her heavy cardigan sweater bag even more than usual (M. Daheim).
11. A light glimmered at the end of the passage (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English). Now there came a glimmer of a red light before them (J.R.R. Tolkien).
12. It was a tease, sweetheart (J. Archer). She looked up and met his eyes, still teasing her a little (N. Shute).
13. He set to work to grill the steaks while Jennifer laid out the rest of the meal on a clean cloth upon the grass in the shade of a gum tree (N. Shute). They cooked the steaks and ate them hot from the grill, sitting on the warm grass in the shade of the trees, looking out over the blue, misty lines of hills (N. Shute).
14. He took a folded paper from his breast pocket, and began to s pread it out (N. Shute). She remembered the garden, scented with escallonia, and the lane that led up onto the moor, and the view from the top, the spread of the bay, the brilliant blue of the sea (R. Pilcher).
15. Judith chuckled back; Renie sipped her rye (M. Daheim). Just as Judith was about to ask the bartender if he had a phone book handy, he uttered another rich chuckle (M. Daheim).
Task 28
What are the semantic relations within these conversion pairs?
Set I
Here the model is N→ V. What does the converted verb denote?
1. skin, n → skin, v "to strip off the skin from" a) action characteristic of the object
2. screw, n → screw, v "to fasten with a screw" b) instrumental use of the object 3. coat, n → coat, v "to put a coat of paint on" c) acquisition or addition of the object
4. butcher, n → butcher, v d) deprivation of the object
"to kill animals for food"
5. whip, n → whip, v "to strike with a whip"
6. bone, n → bon e, v "to take bones out of
Set II
Here the model is V →N. What does the converted noun denote?
1. peel, v→ peel, n "the outer skin of fruit or a) instance of the action
potatoes taken off"
2. jump, v → jump, n "a sudden spring
from the ground" b) agent of the action
3. drive, v → drive, n "a path or road along
which one drives” c) place of the action
4. step, v→ step, n "an act of stepping once
(in walking, running, dancing, etc.)"
5. tramp, v→ tramp, n "a person with no fixed home
or occupation who wanders from place to place" d) object or result of the action
6. find, v→ find, n "something found, especially
Something valuable or pleasant"
Task 29
It is not always easy to guess the meaning of the verb formed from the name of an animal. "Switch on" your linguistic intuition and match the words with their definitions.
1. RAM, v LAMB, v
a) to give birth to lambs
b) to drive or force by heavy blows, to strike with great force
2. APE, v MONKEY, v
a) to imitate, to mimic
b) informal to play or trifle idly, to fool
3. PIG, v HOG, v
a) to appropriate selfishly, to take more than one's share of
b) informal to eat something quickly, to gulp
4. PARROT, v CRO W, v
a) to repeat or imitate without thought or understanding
b) to gloat, boast, or exult
5. DOG, v HOUND, v BITCH, v
a) slang to make spiteful comments, to complain
b) to follow closely or track, especially with hostile intent
c) to pursue or harass without respite
6. MOUSE, v RAT, v
a) slang to desert one's party or associates, especially in a time of trouble
b) to prowl about, as if in search of something, to seek or search stealthily or watchfully, as if for prey
Task 30
Determine in which sentences conversion is full (complete) and in which - partial. Give all necessary explanations.
1. The matron believed in cheering the sick ( A. Marshall).
2. But once you see them as a whole, once your eyes leave the individual and encompass the mass, a new quality comes into the picture (R. Wright).
3. He didn't want concessions for some relativ e over here or any of that rubbish (E. Anthony).
4. The impossible is never impossible! (A. Christie).
5. If they were having a boring conversation, he listened to the commercials (P.P. Heide).
6. Many dead and many wounded and crippled had seen the terror and serious nature of war (D. D'Amato}.
7. Mr. Dalton, feeling vaguely that a social wrong existed, wanted to give him a job so that his family could eat and his sister and brother could go to school (R. Wright).
8. When there was a plague or an epidemic, it was the weak who were wiped out and the strong survived (A. Hailey).
9. Thousands of years ago, the Chinese invented the abacus, a calculating device consisting of a frame and columns of beads (Bright Ideas Calendar).
10. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans created columns, vertical structures that support a weight above (Bright Ideas Calendar).
11. Psychoanalysis is the one school that really deals with mental material, and it sometimes gets results, but it works only in the sphere of the abnormal and the deranged... (B.L. Whorf).
Task 31
Compare the phrases and say: a) in which of them a participle is used, b) in which of them an adjectivized participle is used.
I. 1) a standing rule (постоянно действующее правило) - 2) a standing man (стоящий человек)
II. 1) a walking man (идущий человек) - 2) a walking case (больной, которому разрешено вставать с постели)
III. I) running water (водопровод, проточная вода) -2) running water (текущая вода)
Laboratory work 3
“Word – Composition”
Discussion:
1. General description of word-composition in English.
2. Diagnostic criteria for compounds (phonetic, graphic, morphological, syntactic, semantic).
3. Classification of compounds.
Practice:
Practicum – Tasks 33-38, pp.244-255.
Literature:
1. Современный английский зык (слово и предложение). – Иркутск, 1997. – С. 43-49.
2. The Issues in Englis Philology (Study Manual). – Irkutsk, 1998.- P.39-42.
3. Arnold I.V. The English Word. – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – Р.108-133.
4. Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S. Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – M.: Higher School Publishing House, 1966. – P.172-200.
5. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. – М.: Дрофа, 1999. – С. 104-113.
Practice:
Task 33
Find the compound words in the contexts:
1. The officers looked up from his great-grandfather's pocket-watch, which they were examining appreciatively(P.Highsmith). 2. It was a flimsy and weather-worn affair with a few moribund penny-in-the-slot machines placed at far distant intervals (A. Christie).
3. Things did not improve when a rumour started that will-o'-the-wisps had been seen in the woods and in that patch of fenced-off land (Ph. Carr).
4. And then they came rattling and clanking into the stone-flagged hall - a round dozen jack-booted, lobster-coated troopers of the Tangiers Regiment, led by a sturdy, blackbrowed fellow with a deal of gold lасе about the breast of his coat (R. Sabatini).
5. On the bed - it was rumpled, but it had the counterpane on it - lay a scattering of sheets of paper, written on in longhand, and a black-and-white-marbled notebook (P. Highsmith).
6. Her list of wanted birthday presents had included a live pony, a pair of roller skates, high-heeled shoes of her very own, a make-up kit with real lipstick, a record player and records, and a dear little monkey to play with, and any or all of these things might be in the offing (Sh. Jackson).
7. Children dashed in and out of the rain, to the puddles under the dismal yew-trees, across the wet flagstones of the kitchen, whilst the cleaning-woman grumbled and scolded; children were swarming on the sofa, children were kicking the piano in the parlour, to make it sound like a beehive, children were rolling on the hear- thrug, legs in air, pulling a book in two between them, children, fiendish, ubiquitous, were stealing upstairs to find out where our Ursula was, whispering at bedroom doors, hanging on the latch, calling mysteriously "Ursula! Ursula!" to the girl who had locked herself in to read (D.H. Lawrence).
8. John Ferris awoke in a room in a New York hotel. He had the feeling that something unpleasant was awaiting him - what it was, he did not know. The feeling, submerged by matinal necessities, lingered even after he had dressed and gone downstairs. It was a cloudless autumn day and the pale sunlight sliced between the pastel skyscrapers. Ferris went into the next-door drugstore and sat at the end booth next to the window glass that overlooked the sidewalk. He ordered an American breakfast with scrambled eggs and sausage (C. McCullers).
Task 34
Match the compound and its meaning:
1. cocktail a) a yeoman of the English royal guard or a warder of the Tower of London
2. ducktail b) an informer; a person who be trays, denies, or abandons his or her 3.bobtail associates, social group, Beliefs 4. dogfish c) an alcoholic drink consisting of a spirit or spirits mixed with fruit juice, 5. rosefish etc.
6. dogrose d) a North Atlantic rockfish used for food
7. cheesecake e) a small thin sponge cake
8. cheese-eater f) a long thin green vegetable from southern countries (a tropical plant 9. beefcake with green seed pods eaten as a vegetable)
10.beefeater g) a kind of small shark 11. lady's-slipper h) a short or docked tail
12. ladyfinger i) pictures of women with shapely bodies, especially as used in
13. lady's fingers advertisements
14. lady's-thumb j) a smartweed having pink or purplish flowers and lance-shaped leaves with a spot resembling a thumbprint
k) a wild rose having pink or white flowers
1) a type of wild or garden orchid with a flower shaped like a pouch
m) a male hairstyle, in which the hair is slicked back on both sides to overlap at the back of the head
n) pictures of strong muscular men, especially as used in advertisements or sex magazines
Task 35
What are the types of the compounds?
Set I
a) a compound with a linking vowel;
b) a compound with a linking consonant;
c) a compound with a preposition stem;
d) a compound with a conjunction, stem
1. pepper-and-salt, n 5. door-to-door, adj
2. speedometer, n 6. handicraft, n
3. Stratford -on-Avon, n 7. momndad, n
4. bridesmaid, n 8. stick-in-the-mud, n
Set II
a) a coordinative compound;
b) a subordinative compound
1. lipstick, n 4. bittersweet, adj
2. fifty-fifty, adj 5. pink-and-white, adj
3. road-building, n 6. wine-coloured, adj
Set III
a) a compound proper;
b) a derivational compound
1. smoke-filled, adj 5. first-nighter, n
2. puffy-eyed, adj 6. mill-owner, n
3. cruel-hearted, adj 7. do-gooder, n
4. soft-boiled, adj 8. dish-washer, n
Set IV
a) a compound with two simple stems;
b) a compound in which one of the stems is derived;
c) a compound in which one of the stems is clipped;
d) a compound in which one of the components is a compound stem
1. drugstore,n 5.football,n 2. great-grandmother, n 6. lawbreaker, n
3. dog-tired, adj 7. wastepaper-basket, n
4. maths-mistress,n 8. bluish-white, adj
SetV
a) an endocentric compound;
b) an exocentric compound
1. steamboat, n 4. pickpocket, n
2. sugardaddy, n 5. dressing-gown, n
3. girlfriend,n 6. lazy-bones, n
Set VI
a) a non-idiomatic compound, i.e. a compound whose meaning is transparent and can be inferred from the meanings of its components;
b) an idiomatic compound, i.e. a compound whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its components
1. highbrow, n (a person who has or is thought to have superior intellectual and cultural tastes)
2. fingerprint, n (a mark made by the tip of a finger on a surface and used for identifying people, especially criminals)
3 . dumb-waiter, n (a small lift for carrying food, etc. from one floor to another, especially in a restaurant)
4. wallflower, n (in the meaning "a common garden plant that has sweet-smelling (usually orange or brownish-red) flowers in spring")
5. wallflower, n (m the meaning "a person (especially a woman) who has no dancing partners at a dance and has to sit or stand around while others dance")
6. bookworm, n (in the meaning "a person devoted to reading or studying")
7. bookworm, n (in the meaning "any of various insects that feed on books, especially a booklouse")
8. screwdriver, n (in the meaning "a tool with a handle and a blade that fits into a slot, etc. in the head of a screw to turn it")
9. screwdriver, n (in the meaning "a mixed drink made with vodka and orange juice")
Task 36
Are these compounds built in the same way? What is the last word-formation act for each of these words?
1. brainstruster
2. honeymooner
3. mill-owner
Task 37
Is this a compound word?
1. childhood 4. handkerchief
2. eggplant 5. blackguard
3. mushroom 6. horsemanship
Task 38
Find the reduplicative compounds in the sentences. Determine their types:
a) a reduplicative compound proper, i.e. a compound which is formed by the repetition of a stem;
b) an ablaut compound, i.e. a compound consisting of a basic free morpheme (sometimes it is a pseudo-morpheme) which is repeated in the other component with a different vowel, the typical changes being [i]-[æ], [i]-[ɔ];
c) a rhyme compound, i.e. a compound consisting of two components (most often pseudo-morphemes) which are joined to rhyme.
1. It will be a sharp lesson to him not to raise people's hopes and shilly-shally in this manner (P.G. Wodehouse).
2. And making a scene is a definite no-no (Cosmopolitan).
3. You know Mason's book will be a mishmash of old magazine articles, Eileen (J. Smith).
4. Skulls of deer, mice, squirrels, bear and even little itsy-bitsy things that belonged to birds (L. Fosburgh).
5. The car was second-hand but there's nothing wrong with it and the paint-work is in tip-top condition (Internet).
6....and as he listened to the gay chit-chat of elegant women, or the ponderous discourse of his political friends, he longed to be back among soldiers with no ambition but to beat the Boche and no pleasure beyond waking each morning to find oneself alive (P.P. Read).
7. He dreams of becoming rich and famous, but he lives in a never-never land, I'm afraid (B. Lockett).
8. Two training planes piloted by air cadets collided in mid-air. The pilots who had safely bailed out were interrogated about the accident.
"Why didn't you take any evasive action to avoid hitting the other plane?"
"I did," the first pilot explained, "I tried to zigzag."
"And what?"
"But he was zigzagging, too, and zagged when I thought he was going to zig." (A. Joke)
9. He is rather conceited and a bit of a snob; the type we called hoity-toity when we were children (Internet).
10. The little house was very orderly, and just big enough for all it contained, though to some tastes the bric-a-brac in the parlour might seem excessive (U. Le Gum).
Laboratory work 4
“SHORTENING AND NINOR WAYS OF WORD-FORMATION”
Discussion:
1. Shortening:
a) general description;
b) types and peculiarities of abbreviations;
c) types and peculiarities of clipping;
d) types and peculiarities of telescoped words /blends/.
2. Reversion /back-formation/.
3. Postpositivation.
4. Low-productive and non-productive ways of word-formation in Modern English (sound imitation, sound-interchange, stress -interchange).
Practice:
Practicum – Tasks 39-47, pp.256-275.
Literature:
1. Современный английский зык (слово и предложение). – Иркутск, 1997. – С.39-43.
2. The Issues in Englis Philology (Study Manual). – Irkutsk, 1998. - P. 37-39,42-45.
3. Arnold I.V. The English Word. – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – Р.134-164.
4. Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S. Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – M.: Higher School Publishing House, 1966. – P. 157-172,200-208.
5. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. – М.: Дрофа, 1999. – С. 86-94,115-120.
Practice:
SHORTENING
Task 39
Do you know what these shortenings stand for?
Set I
1. SOS 7. G-7
2. GCSE 8. asap
3. bldg 9. dee-jay
4. OPEC 10. r-t-e
5. fan 11. WTO
6. UFO 12. F2F
Set II
1. PTO 2. sec 3. MP 4. rep
Task 40
Find the clippings in the following contexts and identify their types:
a) initial clipping;
b) final clipping;
c) medial clipping;
d) initial and final clipping.
What are the words from which these clippings are formed?
1. I got an A minus on the exam …(E.Segal).
2. They teach us vets all about animals' souls (J. Herriot).
3. He had emptied the fridge, packed the food into a box, switched the fridge off and left the door open (B. Vine).
4. Talking of the lab, we must send you for a blood test (A. Hailey).
5. Oh, my dear, I have a boy of fifteen. I'm a middle-aged gent. In another two or three years I shall just be a fat old party (W.S. Maugham).
6. German immigrant Levi Strauss patented pants made of a sturdy, dark blue material called serge de Nimes (fabric from Nimes, France) (Bright Ideas Calendar).
7. Even before I got miserable marks in math and science they used to ask (J. Smith).
8. So I did not say anything about the cracked lino, and the paintwork all chipped (M. Spark).
9. They've been on the phone for an hour (Oxford Advanced Learner's Encyclopedic Dictionary).
10. Next we heard a noise by the river and advancing carefully saw a hippo cow and her calf feeding in the lush vegetation on the opposite bank (J. Adamson).
11. A ref blew his whistle (E. Segal).
12. They had good jobs - Liz worked as a product development scientist - and decided to postpone having children to concentrate on their careers (Cosmopolitan).
13. What makes you so sure I went to prep school? (E. Segal).
14. Jewish-American research scientist Dr. Jonas Salk developed the first effective vaccine against polio during the 1950s (Bright Ideas Calendar).
15. He was an elegant old gentleman, as thin and tall as a trout rod, with frazzled shirt-cuffs and specs on a black string (O. Henry).
16. It was the only labeled room in the condo (J. Grisham).
Task 41
Find the abbreviations in the sentences and establish their types:
a) an alphabetic abbreviation;
b) an acronymic abbreviation.
Say which of them are graphical abbreviations.
1. "You're frightfully B.B.C. in your language this afternoon, Albert," said Tuppence, with some exasperation (A. Christie).
2. And if you take that to mean that I think you're all right - O.K., that's what I do think (J.M. Cain).
3. My cousin hadn't met any of these people until they barged into her В & В last week (M. Daheim).
4. In Nebraska barbers are breaking the law if they eat onions between the hours of 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. (Life and Issues in the USA: Past and Present).
5. On the other side are the state of Maryland and the National Organization for Women, even though their position would cost women money. "There's an important principle at stake," explains Martha Davies of the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund. "Can women be treated differently as a class simply because they are women?" (U.S. News & World Report).
6. I am an M.D., you know, and before I specialized I did a good deal of general work in a hospital. The fact that I'm first and foremost a bacteriologist is all to the good. It will be an admirable chance for research work (W.S. Maugham).
7. We overstretched ourselves slightly when we bought a run-down three-bedroom house just outside London, but I was happy renovating it - DIY wasn't Mike's thing (Cosmopolitan).
8. By shrewdly capitulating at the crucial moment - i.e., by pretending that I suddenly wanted to - I got my book (E. Segal).
9. I hear the RSPCA had a man in court last week over a job like that (J. Herriot).
10. Jenny at one time thought D.C. might be good... but I leaned toward New York (E. Segal).
11. Yeah, but why is it I suddenly wish my name was Abigail Adams, or Wendy WASP? (E. Segal).
12. As soon as she had been old enough, she had begun to help her mother with the washing, in addition to attending the school; then her mother had died of T.B. and her aunt had left the location with "another man" (D. Jacobson).
Task 42
Find the blends (telescoped words) in the contexts. Determine what words (or, rather, parts of words) these blends are built from.
1. The sky had a white glare and there was not much smog (R. Chandler).
2. I went back to the motel to phone Jenny (E. Segal).
3. So, before embarking on any major plastic surgery, discuss it carefully with your doctor and consult Medicare and your health fund (New Idea).
4. Off duty, the self-confessed shopaholic declares she never wears one designer head-to-toe. Instead, she mixes top labels and vintage couture with thrift-shop finds (Cosmopolitan).
5. Ashley Patterson was on the gallows being hanged, when a policeman ran up and said, "Wait a minute. She is supposed to be electrocuted." (S. Sheldon).
6. Do you feel a pang of envy when you watch Friends, the hit sitcom in which buddies live so closely and happily together? (Cosmopolitan).
7. Two new words have entered the fast-expanding vocabulary of mail-order fashion. We can thank Kit, the cheap and cheerful fashion division of Great Universal Stores, for "magalog" and "videolog", natural offspring of the now superseded catalogue and specialogue. The new Kit offering for this summer is packaged as a glossy, full-colour 143-page fashion magazine, or magalog, available at 7,000 newsagents, including major branches of W.H. Smith, for £1.50 (Daily Telegraph).
Task 43
Find the definition for each of these blends. Establish the structural types of them:
A) a splinter + a splinter;
B) a splinter + a full stem;
C) a full stem + a splinter;
D) a full stem + a full stem /with the elements of superposition at their juncture
(phonetic, graphic or both)/.
1. toytoon a) psychological disturbance arising from an excess
2. Spanglish of wealth
3. docu-fantasy b) the combined Dualities of beauty and utility
4. boom-inflation c) a theatrical production in which food plays a
5. beautility prominent part, especially one in which the audience
6. infomercial participates by eating
7. rockumentary d) Latin American Spanish containing English
8. shamateur expressions
9. affluenza e) (in sport) a player who is classed as an amateur
10. gastrodrama while often making money like a professional
f) a short film produced by an advertiser giving information about goods for sale, to be shown on television
g) inflation fuelled by a high level of consumer spending in an expanding economy
h) an animated cartoon for children featuring characters of which models can be bought as toys
i) a television presentation which uses factual elements as the basis of a far-fetched dramatic reconstruction or projection of events
j) a documentary-style film about, and featuring, rock music
Task 44
Specify the types and subtypes of the underlined shortenings.
1. He inquired whether Dr. Fane was in (W.S. Maugham).
2. We stopped our bikes and stared through the mouth of that tunnel and I could tell they were just as scared as I was even though they were older (S. Shepard).
3. The European Headache Foundation (EHF) is concerned misuse of painkillers could be causing headaches rather than curing them (Cosmopolitan).
4. He ought to be the man in command and he was quite determined to oust Col. Andrews if it could possibly be done (A. Christie).
5. Other teams have fused goat embryos with sheep embryos, to produce a new life-form they call a geep (Listener).
6. Even the children's clinic, which was to grow into a hospital and a research station, was more real to me than - say - the puzzled misery of the last time he came home on leave just after V.E.Day (M. Allingham).
7. Danish immigrants of the late 1800s brought with them information about a new kind of business: the
cooperative. How does a co-op work? (Bright Ideas Calendar).
8."I need your expertise," Bundy said. (Avery lapped up that sort of flattery.) "How does five cc.'s compare
with five hundred mg.'s?"
"It doesn't. Five cc.'s is a liquid measure. It's a spoonful."
"What I want to know is, how much vitamin С am I getting in five cc.'s?" (W. Morris).
9. He said, "What do you do in the evenings, Lorna? Do you watch Telly?" I did take this as an insult, because we call it TV, and his remark made me out to be uneducated (M. Spark).
10. Springtime... is a welcome time for workaholics, and perhaps a better time for "resolutions" than during
the cold grim days of January and February. And the 
recent studies on SAD (Seasonal Affective Depression) seem to confirm this (Daily Telegraph).
11. Paine, who jumps from a plane but has forgotten his chute, is not in a decision-making situation (T.J. Cooney).
12. He allowed that even world leaders needed constructive criticism now and then. I took this to be a not-too-subtle allusion to his stint in Washington during the first Roosevelt Administration. But I was not about to set him up to reminisce about F.D.R., or his role in U.S. bank reform (E. Segal).
13. Aquacise teachers use routines devised by ex-swimming instructress/synchronised swimmer Jennifer Horrocks; physiotherapists at local hospitals and GPs have also created some routines (Essentials).
14. Jon was (according to Jon) a 5 ft 11 in ex-tennis pro, with blond hair and green eyes (Cosmopolitan).
15. He was from LA and, for the next two months, we exchanged faxes, letters, phone calls and increasingly affectionate e-mails (Cosmopolitan).
WORD-FORMATION
Task 45
Examine the underlined words and establish the word-formation method (or a combination of methods) by which each word is created.
1. He was still laughing when Miss Pratt reentered the room (A. Huxley).
2. The wineglass was empty (J. Grisham).
3. They cut through the glass with a laser (Internet).
4. Poirot did not allow himself to be angered (A. Christie).
5. She shifted sharply, she knocked him as she pretended to pick up her glove, she groped among his feet (D.H. Lawrence).
6. Well, he was a great blustering, vivid sort of chap. Great womanizer, beer drinker - all the rest of it (A. Christie).
7. The liveliness of the dance enthused the audience (Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary).
8. A cigar smoked in a green glass ash-tray (R. Chandler).
9. I hate these stupid plastic sporks (Internet).
10. He shook his head and looked again because he thought he might still be asleep (W. Saroyan).
11. Aunt Maria would mildly observe that, next time Uncle Podger was going to hammer a nail into the wall, she hoped he'd let her know in time, so that she could make arrangements to go and spend a week with her mother while it was being done (J.K. Jerome).
12. The first thing I heard was that both of them had gone off to seek their fortunes, as if they were in some silly fairy tale (G.K. Chesterton).
13. To make your computer come to life, you need software - information you feed into the PC either on a floppy disk or a CD ( Cosmopolitan).
14. Prehistoric people sculpte d animal bones; Italian Michelangelo used marble; Frenchman Auguste Rodin used bronze; African sculptors used wood; Native Americans used clay. Which substance do you think would be easiest to sculpt? (Bright Ideas Calendar).
15. I've partied and made a lot of new friends and just done the things I'd never done while I was married to Mike (Cosmopolitan)
16. Push "3" on the vator to get to the third floor (Internet).
17. Vacuum cleaners were not terribly expensive, and one extra monthly payment shouldn't make all that difference (A. Hailey).
18. His hair had thinned a nd what was left was stringy, yellowish-gray (I. Shaw).
19. Try their High Performance anti-perspirant spray -you cannot buy a more effective aerosol. It keeps you fresh and dry all day long with the added reassurance that it is skin-friendly (Cosmopolitan).
20. The sad truth is people with bags of confidence breeze through life with far more ease than those who weigh themselves down with self-criticism (Cosmopolitan).
21. I dressed in a striking green dress and very high-heeled black shoes, so I would tower over her (Cosmopolitan).
22. Every so often there's a clean-up and a shakedown (E.S. Gardner).
23. "A lot of vegetarians I know are much less judgmental these days about people who eat meat, and I know a number of people who class themselves as vegetarians but will very occasionally eat meat," says ex-veggie Paul (Internet).
24. Are you a has-been, a might-have-been, or a never-was? (Internet).
Task 46
Identify the word-formation methods with the help of which these new words are built:
a) prefixation;
b) suffixation;
c) conversion;
d) word-composition;
e) alphabetic abbreviation;
f) acronymic abbreviation;
g) clipping;
h) blending;
i) back-formation;
j) postpositivation.
1. reskill, v (to retrain workers in the skills required by a modern business)
2. LAN (local area network: a system of linking together computers, usually in the same office or building, so that they can communicate and share resources)
3. cable up, v (to (cause to) become connected to a cable television system)
4. emoticon, n (a sideways smile face,:-), or similar combination of symbols, as;-), a winking face, or:-(, a sad face, used to communicate humour, sarcasm, sadness, etc., in an electronic message; from emotion and icon)
5. laptop, n (a portable, usually battery-powered microcomputer small enough to rest on the user's lap)
6. enviro, n (an environmentalist)
7. browse, n (an instance of reading or surveying data files, especially across a computer network)
8. DVD ( an optical disk that can store a very large amount of digital data, as text, music, or images)
9. sequelize, v (to make a sequel to: to sequelize a hit movie)
10. zootique, n (a pleasantly landscaped zoo featuring animals in natural-style habitats, and comfortable facilities for those in a spectating situation)
11. mouse potato, n (a slang term for a person who spends an excessive amount of time in front of a computer, especially one who uses it online)
12. POSSLQ, n (a person of the opposite sex sharing living quarters, especially a live-in partner or flatmate)
13. caffeinated, adj (containing caffeine, having had caffeine added; from decaffeinated)
14. TV-14 (a television program rating advising parents that a program is unsuitable for children under the age of 14)
Task 47
Read the sentences and decide how the underlined occasional words (nonce words) are formed.
1. I went to the post-office, and as I stood on the steps, umbrellaless, hesitating before plunging into the slushy road, a little, hesitating voice seemed to come from under my elbow (K. Mansfield).
2. Cooper, a psychology professor, and Waffes, a script writer, start by defining stress factors: everything from " hurry-sickness ", environmental ill-health and bereavement to family pressure, bureaucracy and low self-image (Independent).
3. There was a momentary inside-out feeling as his ship and himself for one moment of non-space and non-tirne, became non-matter and non-energy, then reassembled itself instantaneously in another part of the Galaxy (I. Asimov).
4. Worker to his friend: "I am taking a honey-day vacation this year. You know, this is when you stay home and the whole time your wife says, 'Honey, do this and Honey, do that. " (A. Joke).
5. We therefore decided that we would sleep out on fine nights; and hotel it, and inn it, and pub it, like respectable folks, when it was wet, or when we felt inclined for a change (J.K. Jerome).
6. Two men pass me, each carrying a grasshopper-legged sprinkler (W.P. Kinsella).
7. OK, he is quietly charming and good-lookingish... (Cosmopolitan). 8. That guy really whatevers me (Internet).
9. Some of Matthew's questions were puzzling me considerably - not only by their un-Matthew-like character, but because, now that Chocky's existence was acknowledged, Matthew did not always present the questions as his own (J. Wyndham).
10. To look at Montmorency you would imagine that he was an angel sent upon the earth, for some reason withheld from mankind, in the shape of a small fox-terrier. There is a sort of Oh-what-a-wicked-world-this-is-a