James I and Charles I: FATHER AND SON

1. Practice the following for pronunciation:

2. Guess the meaning of the following words:

A conspirator, a penalty, a predecessor(предшественник), to dispute(спорить), to summon(созвать), to impeach(обвинять), a suspicion(подозрение), efficient(эффективный), to occupy, a surrender, the legality, execution(выполнение), a disorder(беспорядок).

Read the text “James I and Charles I: Father and Son” and translate it into Russian. Be ready to discuss it.

James I and Charles I: FATHER AND SON

James I, son of Mary, Queen of Scots (and descended from Henry VII's daughter Margaret), had been King of Scotland for 36 years when he became King of England. Although he was King of both countries, James's attempt to create a full governmental union proved premature(Попытка Якова создать целостное государственное объединение была преждевременной).

An able theologian, he ordered a new translation of the Bible(он заказал новый перевод Библии) which became known as the Authorized King James's Version of the Bible. James himself was fairly tolerant in terms of religious faith (был очень толерантным), but the Gunpowder Plot (an attempt by Guy Fawkes and other Roman Catholic conspirators to blow up the Houses of Parliament) in 1605 resulted in the predisposition of strict penalties on Roman Catholics (строгие санкции против римских католиков). Although he believed that kings took their authority from God, James accepted that his actions were subject to the law(хотя он верил, что власть королям даётся от Бога, Яков принимал различные действия, чтобы его действия были подчинены закону).(1) Unable, like many of his predecessors,(неспособный, как и большинство предшественников) to put royal finances on a sound footing(поставить королевские финансы на нужные рельсы), James was often in dispute with his Parliaments. A proposed(предложил) 'Great Contract' (1610), under which Parliament would provide a regular income to the Crown to meet government costs and maintain the navy and army, in exchange for modifying the monarch's fundraising, came to nothing(при котором при которых парламент обеспечит стабильный доход в казну для удовлетворения государственных расходов и поддержания военно-морской флот и армию, в обмен на изменение сбор средств монарха, пришедших на нет). The Addled Parliament(Тухлый Парламент, созванный Яковым Первым и просуществовал 8 недель и не принял не одного закона) of 1614 lasted eight weeks.

The outbreak of the Thirty Years War 1618-48 in Europe spread, and financial pressures forced James in 1621 to summon Parliament, but when the House of Commons tried to debate wider aspects of foreign policy and asserted their right to discuss any subject, James dissolved it(внезапно начавшаяся 30 летняя война в Европе расширялась, финансовые трудности заставили Якова созвать Парламент в 1621, но палата общин пыталась обсудить более широкие аспекты внешней политики и отстаивали своё право на обсуждение любой темы, и Яков его распустил). A further Parliament, summoned in 1624, failed to resolve foreign policy questions. On James's death in 1625, the kingdom was on the edge of war with Spain(смерть Якова в 1625 королевство встретило войной с Испанией).

The second son of James VI of Scotland (from 1603 also James I of England) and Anne of Denmark became heir to the throne on the death of his brother, Prince Henry, in 1612. Charles I succeeded, as the second Stuart King of England, in 1625.

Controversy and disputes dogged Charles throughout his reign (Споры и разногласия преследовали Карла на протяжении всего его правления). They eventually led to civil wars(они в конечном счете и привели к Гражданским войнам), first with the Scots from 1637 and later in England (1642-46 and 1648). The wars deeply divided people at the time, and historians still disagree about the real causes of the conflict, but it is clear that Charles was not a successful ruler(Данные войны, глубоко разделившие народ, и историки до сих пор спорят насчет основных причин конфликтов, но если быть честным Карл был не лучшим правителем). Charles was reserved (he had a residual stammer), self-righteous and had a high concept of royal authority, believing in the divine right of kings(Карл был замкнутым, он страдал заиканием, самодовольными и имел высокую концепцию королевской власти). He was a good linguist and a sensitive man of refined tastes. He spent a lot on the arts, inviting the artists Van Dyck and Rubens to work in England, and buying a great collection of paintings by Raphael and Titian (this collection was later dispersed under Cromwell). Charles I also instituted the post of Master of the King's Music, involving supervision of the King's large band of musicians; the post survives today. His expenditure on his court and his picture collection greatly increased the crown's debts. Indeed, crippling lack of money was a key problem for both the early Stuart monarchs.

Charles was also deeply religious. He favoured the high Anglican form of worship, with much ritual, while many of his subjects, particularly in Scotland, wanted plainer forms. Charles found himself ever more in disagreement on religious and financial matters with many leading citizens. Having broken an engagement(помолвка) to the Spanish infanta, he had married a Roman Catholic, Henrietta Maria of France, and this only made matters worse.

Although Charles had promised Parliament in 1624 that there would be no advantages for recusants (people refusing(отвергать) to attend Church of England services), were he to marry a Roman Catholic bride, the French insisted on a commitment to remove all disabilities upon Roman Catholic subjects. Charles's lack of scruple(не стесняясь) was shown by the fact that this commitment was secretly added to the marriage treaty, despite his promise to Parliament. Charles had inherited disagreements with Parliament from his father, but his own actions (particularly engaging in ill-fated wars with France and Spain at the same time) eventually brought about a crisis in 1628-29.

Two expeditions to France failed - one of which had been led by Buckingham, a royal favourite of both James I and Charles I, who had gained political influence and military power. Such was the general dislike of Buckingham, that he was impeached by Parliament in 1628, although he was murdered by a fanatic before he could lead the second expedition to France. The political controversy over Buckingham demonstrated that, although the monarch's right to choose his own Ministers was accepted as an essential part of the royal prerogative, Ministers had to be acceptable to Parliament or there would be repeated confrontations. The King's chief opponent in Parliament until 1629 was Sir John Eliot, who was finally imprisoned in the Tower of London until his death in 1632.

Tensions between the King and Parliament centred on finances, made worse by the costs of war abroad, and by religious suspicions at home. Charles's marriage was seen as ominous, at a time when plots against Elizabeth I and the Gunpowder Plot in James I's reign were still fresh in the collective memory, and when the Protestant cause was going badly in the war in Europe. In the first four years of his rule, Charles was faced with the alternative of both obtaining parliamentary funding and having his policies questioned by argumentative Parliaments who linked the issue of supply to remedying their grievances, or conducting a war without subsidies from Parliament. Charles dismissed his fourth Parliament in March 1629 and decided to make do without either its advice or the taxes which it alone could grant legally. Although opponents later called this period 'the Eleven Years' Tyranny', Charles's decision to rule without Parliament was technically within the King's royal prerogative, and the absence of a Parliament was less of a grievance to many people than the efforts to raise revenue by non-parliamentary means. Charles's leading advisers, including William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Earl of Strafford, were efficient but disliked.

For much of the 1630s, the King gained most of the income he needed from such measures as impositions, exploitation of forest laws, forced loans, wardship and, above all, ship money (extended in 1635 from ports to the whole country). These measures made him very unpopular, alienating many who were the natural supporters of the Crown. Scotland (which Charles had left at the age of 3, returning only for his coronation in 1633) proved the catalyst for rebellion. Charles's attempt to impose a High Church liturgy and prayer book in Scotland had prompted a riot in 1637 in Edinburgh which escalated into general unrest. Charles had to recall Parliament. However, the Short Parliament of April 1640 queried Charles's request for funds for war against the Scots and was dissolved within weeks. The Scots occupied Newcastle and, under the treaty of Ripon, stayed in occupation of Northumberland and Durham and they were to be paid a subsidy until their grievances were redressed. Charles was finally forced to call another Parliament in November 1640. This one, which came to be known as The Long Parliament, started with the imprisonment of Laud and Strafford (the latter was executed within six months, after a Bill of Attainder which did not allow for a defense), and the abolition of the King's Council (Star Chamber), and moved on to declare ship money and other fines illegal. The King agreed that Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent, and the Triennial Act of 1641 meant that no more than three years could elapse between Parliaments.

The Irish uprising of October 1641 raised tensions between the King and Parliament over the command of the Army. Parliament issued a Grand Remonstrance repeating their grievances, impeached 12 bishops and attempted to impeach the Queen. Charles responded by entering the Commons in a failed attempt to arrest five Members of Parliament, who had fled before his arrival. Parliament reacted by passing a Militia Bill allowing troops to be raised only under officers approved by Parliament. Finally, on 22 August 1642 at Nottingham, Charles raised the Royal Standard calling for loyal subjects to support him (Oxford was to be the King's capital during the war). The Civil War, what Sir William Waller (a Parliamentary general and moderate) called 'this war without an enemy', had begun.

The Battle of Edge hill in October 1642 showed that early on the fighting was even. Broadly speaking, Charles retained the north, west and south-west of the country, and Parliament had London, East Anglia and the south-east, although there were pockets of resistance everywhere, ranging from solitary garrisons to whole cities. However, the Navy sided with Parliament (which made continental aid difficult), and Charles lacked the resources to hire substantial mercenary help. Parliament had entered an armed alliance with the predominant Scottish Presbyterian group under the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643, and from 1644 onwards Parliament's armies gained the upper hand - particularly with the improved training and discipline of the New Model Army. The Self-Denying Ordinance was passed to exclude Members of Parliament from holding army commands, thereby getting rid of vacillating or incompetent earlier Parliamentary generals. Under strong generals like Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell, Parliament won victories at Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645). The capture of the King's secret correspondence after Naseby showed the extent to which he had been seeking help from Ireland and from the Continent, which alienated many moderate supporters.

In May 1646, Charles placed himself in the hands of the Scottish Army (who handed him to the English Parliament after nine months in return for arrears of payment - the Scots had failed to win Charles's support for establishing Presbyterianism in England). Charles did not see his action as surrender, but as an opportunity to regain lost ground by playing one group off against another; he saw the monarchy as the source of stability and told parliamentary commanders 'you cannot be without me: you will fall to ruin if I do not sustain you'. In Scotland and Ireland, factions were arguing, whilst in England there were signs of division in Parliament between the Presbyterians and the Independents, with alienation from the Army (where radical doctrines such as that of the Levelers were threatening commanders' authority). Charles's negotiations continued from his captivity at Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight (to which he had 'escaped' from Hampton Court in November 1647) and led to the Engagement with the Scots, under which the Scots would provide an army for Charles in exchange for the imposition of the Covenant on England. This led to the second Civil War of 1648, which ended with Cromwell's victory at Preston in August.

The Army, concluding that permanent peace was impossible whilst Charles lived, decided that the King must be put on trial and executed. In December, Parliament was purged, leaving a small rump totally dependent on the Army, and the Rump Parliament established a High Court of Justice in the first week of January 1649. On 20 January, Charles was charged with high treason 'against the realm of England'. Charles refused to plead, saying that he did not recognize the legality of the High Court (it had been established by a Commons purged of dissent, and without the House of Lords - nor had the Commons ever acted as a judicature). The King was sentenced to death on 27 January. Three days later, Charles was beheaded on a scaffold outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall, London. The King asked for warm clothing before his execution: 'the season is so sharp as probably may make me shake, which some observers may imagine proceeds from fear. I would have no such imputation.' On the scaffold, he repeated his case: 'I must tell you that the liberty and freedom [of the people] consists in having of Government, those laws by which their life and their goods may be most their own. It is not for having share in Government, Sir that is nothing pertaining to them. A subject and a sovereign are clean different things. If I would have given way to an arbitrary way, for to have all laws changed according to the Power of the Sword, I needed not to have come here, and therefore I tell you... that I am the martyr of the people.' His final words were 'I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be.'

The King was buried on 9 February at Windsor, rather than Westminster Abbey, to avoid public disorder. To avoid the automatic succession of Charles I's son Charles, an Act was passed on 30 January forbidding the proclaiming of another monarch. On 7 February 1649, the office of King was formally abolished.

The Civil Wars were essentially confrontations between the monarchy and Parliament over the definitions of the powers of the monarchy and Parliament's authority.

These constitutional disagreements were made worse by religious animosities and financial disputes. Both sides claimed that they stood for the rule of law, yet civil war was by definition a matter of force. Charles I, in his unwavering belief that he stood for constitutional and social stability, and the right of the people to enjoy the benefits of that stability, fatally weakened his position by failing to negotiate a compromise with Parliament and paid the price. Too many, Charles was seen as a martyr for his people and, to this day, wreaths of remembrance are laid by his supporters on the anniversary of his death at his statue, which faces down Whitehall to the site of his execution.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

4. Give English equivalents of:

создать цельное государственное объединение(create a full governmental union); строгие санкции против римских католиков(strict penalties on Roman Catholics); поставить королевские финансы на нужные рельсы(to put royal finances on a sound footing); обеспечивать постоянный доход Короне(regular income to the Crown); созвать Парламент(summon Parliament); широкие аспекты внешней политики(wider aspects of foreign policy); наследник трона(heir to the throne); удачный правитель(successful ruler); чувствительный человек с изысканным вкусом(sensitive man of refined tastes); учреждать должность(also instituted the post); расходы на двор(expenditure on his court); ужасная нехватка денег(crippling lack of money); быть очень религиозным(was deeply religious); усугубить положение(made matters worse); нонконформисты(recusants); настаивать на обязательстве(was shown by the fact that this commitment); фаворит короля(royal favourite); приобретать политическое влияние и военную власть(have gained political influence and military power); быть заключенным в Тауэр(imprisoned in the Tower of London); напряжение между королем и Парламентом(Tensions between the King and Parliament); религиозные подозрения(religious suspicions); столкнуться с проблемой выбора; поднять годовой доход; главные советники; принудительные займы; опека; провоцировать мятеж; общие беспорядки; заключение под стражу; упразднение Королевского Совета (Звездной Палаты); подданные; «война без врага»; вступить в вооруженный альянс; колеблющиеся и некомпетентные генералы; сдаваться в руки; капитуляция; играть на столкновении двух групп; быть осужденным; госуд. измена «против королевства Англии»; не признавать законность Верховного Суда; приговаривать к смерти; эшафот; избежать общественных беспорядков; объявлять другого монарха; непоколебимая уверенность; памятные венки; место казни.

5. Suggest the Russian for the following word combinations:

controversy and disputes(споры и разногласия); a civil war(гражданская война); the real causes of the conflict(реальные причины конфликта); royal authority(королевская власть); the divine right of kings(божественное право королей); a key problem(ключевая проблема); lack of scruple(недобросовестность); the marriage treaty(брачный договор); to inherit disagreements with Parliament(унаследовать проблемы с парламентом); a chief opponent(главный противник); to conduct a war without subsidies from Parliament(вел войну без согласования с Парламентом); to dismiss the Parliament(распустил парламент); 'the Eleven Years' Tyranny'; imposition(налог); exploitation of forest laws(эксплуатация «королевских» лесов); ship money(сбор на постройку кораблей); the catalyst for rebellion(катализатор или главная причина восстания); to be executed(был осуществлён); do not allow for a defense(не вводили поправку на защиту); the Irish uprising; a failed attempt; the Royal Standard(королевский Штандарт, личный флаг монарха); pockets of resistance(очаги сопротивления); the capture of the King's secret correspondence(захват тайной королевской переписки); to regain lost ground(восстановление утраченной земли); the source of stability; a High Court of Justice; to be beheaded(обезглавлен); to avoid the automatic succession(чтобы избежать автоматической преемственности); religious animosities(религиозная вражда); financial disputes(финансовые разногласия); to weaken smb.’s position(ослабление чьих-нибудь позиций); to fail to negotiate a compromise(чтобы не достичь компромисса).

6.Respond to the following by expressing agreement or disagreement. In case of agreement repeat the statement.

a) James himself was fairly tolerant in terms of religious faith, but the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 resulted in the predisposition of strict penalties on Roman Catholics.(a)

b) On James's death, the kingdom was flourishing and strong.(с)

c) Charles I became heir to the throne on the death of his father James I.

d) Charles I was very a very sociable person with no concept of royal authority.

e) Charles’s expenditure on his court and his picture collection greatly increased the crown's debts.

f) Charles favoured the plain Anglican form of worship, with absence of much ritual.

g) Charles found himself ever more in disagreement on religious and financial matters with many leading citizens.

h) Tensions between the King and Parliament centred on finances only.(c)

i) Charles's decision to rule without Parliament was technically within the King's royal prerogative, and the absence of a Parliament was less of a grievance to many people than the efforts to raise revenue by non-parliamentary means.

j) Impositions, exploitation of forest laws, forced loans, wardship and, above all, ship money (extended in 1635 from ports to the whole country) made him very popular among people.

k) The Long Parliament, started with the establishing of the King's Council (Star Chamber) and declaring ship money and other fines legal.

l) In May 1646, Charles placed himself in the hands of the Scottish Army.

m) Charles saw his action as surrender.

n) On 20 January, Charles was charged with high treason 'against the realm of Scotland'. He pleaded, saying that he fully recognized the legality of the High Court.

o) To avoid public disorder an Act was passed on 30 January proclaiming Charles’s son Charles the heir to the throne.

p) The Civil Wars were essentially confrontations between the monarchy and Parliament over the definitions of the powers of the monarchy and Parliament's authority.

7. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian sentences:

1) Неспособный, как и многие его предшественники, поставить королевские финансы на нужные рельсы, Яков часто спорил со своим Парламентом. Unable, like many of his predecessors,(неспособный, как и большинство предшественников) to put royal finances on a sound footing(поставить королевские финансы на нужные рельсы), James was often in dispute with his Parliaments.

2) Он стал преемником (вторым королем Англии из династии Стюартов) в 1625 году. I succeeded, as the second Stuart King of England, in 1625

3) Он много тратил на искусство, приглашая таких художников, как Ван Дейк и Рубенс, поработать в Англии, и покупая огромные коллекции картин Рафаэля и Тициана (эта коллекция при Кромвеле исчезла). He spent a lot on the arts, inviting the artists Van Dyck and Rubens to work in England, and buying a great collection of paintings by Raphael and Titian (this collection was later dispersed under Cromwell)

4) Расходы на двор и коллекцию картин сильно увеличили долги короны. His expenditure on his court and his picture collection greatly increased the crown's debts

5) Карл нашел свое призвание еще больше в несогласии по религиозным и финансовым вопросам со многими знатными горожанами. Charles found himself ever more in disagreement on religious and financial matters with many leading citizens

6) Карл унаследовал несогласия с Парламентом от своего отца, но его собственные поступки (в частности, участие в злосчастных войнах с Францией и Испанией одновременно) конечно же, привели к кризису в 1628-29 годах. Charles had inherited disagreements with Parliament from his father, but his own actions (particularly engaging in ill-fated wars with France and Spain at the same time) eventually brought about a crisis in 1628-29.

7) Два похода во Францию провалились. Two expeditions to France failed

8) Политические споры вокруг Букингема показали, что хотя право выбирать министров было одной из королевских прерогатив, министры должны были быть одобрены Парламентом или подобные конфронтации продолжались. The political controversy over Buckingham demonstrated that, although the monarch's right to choose his own Ministers was accepted as an essential part of the royal prerogative, Ministers had to be acceptable to Parliament or there would be repeated confrontations

9) Напряжение, сконцентрировавшееся вокруг финансов, между королем и Парламентом усугубилось расходами на войну за пределами страны и религиозными подозрениями дома. Tensions between the King and Parliament centered on finances, made worse by the costs of war abroad, and by religious suspicions at home

10) Карл распустил четвертый Парламент в марте 1629 года и решил вести дела, как без их советов, так и без налогов, которые только Парламент мог законно собирать. Charles dismissed his fourth Parliament in March 1629 and decided to make do without either its advice or the taxes which it alone could grant legally

11) Большую часть 1630-х годов король получал тот доход, который ему был нужен, при помощи таких мер, как обложение налогами, эксплуатация лесных законов, принудительные займы, опека и, кроме всего прочего – корабельная подать (распространившиеся в 1635 из портов на всю страну). For much of the 1630s, the King gained most of the income he needed from such measures as impositions, exploitation of forest laws, forced loans, wardship and, above all, ship money (extended in 1635 from ports to the whole country).

12) Однако «короткий парламент» апреля 1640 года подверг сомнению требование Карла финансировать войну против шотландцев и был распущен в течение нескольких недель. However, the Short Parliament of April 1640 queried Charles's request for funds for war against the Scots and was dissolved within weeks

13) Долгий Парламент, начал свою работу с заключения под стражу Лода и Стрэффорда и упразднения Королевского Совета (Звездной палаты), а также объявления о том, что корабельная подать и другие поборы незаконны. This one, which came to be known as The Long Parliament, started with the imprisonment of Laud and Strafford (the latter was executed within six months, after a Bill of Attainder which did not allow for a defense), and the abolition of the King's Council (Star Chamber), and moved on to declare ship money and other fines illegal

14) Парламент издал «Великую Ремонстранцию», в которой выразил недовольство, потребовал отставки 12 епископов и попытался отстранить королеву.

15) Битва при Эджхилле в октябре 1642 года показала, что начало сражения было на равных.

16) Однако флот был на стороне Парламента и Карлу не хватало ресурсов для найма существенной помощи.

17) Был выпущен «Акт о Самоотречении», согласно которому все члены Парламента должны были отказаться от командных постов в армии, и таким образом избавиться от колеблющихся и некомпетентных генералов Парламента.

18) В мае 1646 года Карл сдался в руки шотландской армии (которая передала его английскому Парламенту спустя 9 месяцев в обмен на выплаты – шотландцы не смогли добиться поддержки Карла в установлении пресвитерианства в Англии).

19) Заключить мир было невозможно пока был жив Карл.

20) В декабре Парламент ликвидировали, оставив лишь «охвостье» - остатки Долгого Парламента полностью подчинявшееся армии; «Охвостье» установило верховный суд справедливости в первую неделю января 1649 года.

21) Король был приговорен к смерти 27 января. Через три дня Карл был обезглавлен на эшафоте за пределами Банкетного Дома в Вайтхолле, Лондон.

22) Чтобы избежать наследования трона Карла его сыном Карлом 30 января был издан Акт, запрещающий провозглашать другого монарха.