... what the cause of the Moon being two-faced is. Photos of
the far side of the Moon show it to be different from the side we
can see — it has more peaks and fewer "seas". Recently Soviet as-
tronomers concluded3 that this assymetry may well have resulted*
J to change one's mind— менять, изменять решение
2 rude [ru*dl —грубый
3 to conclude [ksn'klurd] —приходить к заключению
* to result — происходить в результате чего-либо
from Internal г causes rather than from external2 influences. One
of the causes may have been the rapid deceleration3 of the Moon's
rotation4 reducing5 the centrifugal force, which, in turn, changed
the balance between two sides.
... that the surface of the sun is sharply defined — since the
sun consist purely of gas. One reason for the sharpness of the sun's
edge, as some scientists think, is its intense gravity, 28 times that
of the earth. On the sun a 160-pound man would weigh over two
tons.
|
COMMON, GENERAL
A common desire.e
Mike: Are you coming to my house to night
to hear my new records? All our
common friends are coming.
Peter: Thank you, but I can't. The final
exams are approaching, you know
and I must work hard to prepare for
them, especially for the exam in Russian literature.
Mike: But you know Russian literature perfectly well. You read a
lot of books by Russian writers, besides those on the ob-
ligatory reading list.7
Peter: Yes, I have read them, but it was some time ago. Now I
have only a general idea about the books but I don't re-
member details. As I wish to enter the Russian literature
faculty after school and specialize8 in this subject, a gen-
eral knowledge of it won't do.
Mike: So we won't see you with us until the exams are over. And
what shall I tell Alec, who is so eager to hear your answers
to his "Whys"?9
1 internal [in'tanl] — внутренний
2 external [iks't3:ni] — внешний
9 deceleration [di:,seli'reijri]— замедление
• rotation [rou'teijan]— вращение
6 to reduce [n'djirs]—сбавлять, уменьшать
• desire [di'zaia] — желание
7 obligatory jVbligatanJ reading list— обязательные по программе
8 to specialize ['spejialaizj—специализироваться
• "Whys"— зд. «почемучки»
Peter: Can't you answer them?
Mike: I am annoyed1 with his hundreds of questions every day.
And besides, he doesn't like my general answers. He wants
details. He is an extremely curious2 boy.
Peter: No more than other children of his age. The habit of asking
many questions is common among them. Here is a joke
about it. "That is your last question for today, Jimmy,"
Mother said to her curious son, since she was tired of
answering his numerous questions. "Curiosity killed the cat."3
The boy's eyes brightened as he heard the news. "Mummy,
please, may I ask one more question?" And when he got
permission he said, "What was the thing the cat wanted
to know?"
Your brother, as you see, has much in common with that
boy. But I like him for that. I think I will drop in some
evening to.have a talk with him. Good-bye, till then!
Mike: Good-bye! And good luck to you!
REMEMBER:
Common means belonging equally to two or more.
General means not very definite, without details.
to have something in common (with) — иметь что-то общее с...
common to___ —общее для...
Exercises
1. Fill in the blanks with common or general.
1. After the Revolution in our country factories, banks and
fields became... property.4 2. The sisters were good friends
and had everything in.... 3. Your reply is too.... 4. The
garden is very large as it is... to several houses. 5. He has
only a... idea of the subject. 6. It had nothing in... with
what I said. 7. During the war the Soviet people joined their
efforts to fight for a... cause. 8. I don't want you to go
1 I am annoyed la'naid] —Мне надоели
2 curious ['kjuanss] — любопытный
y Curiosily killed the cat. —Любопытство стоило коту жизни.
fl property ['propatij — собственность
| too |
Into details, tell us your... impression1 of the play. 9. Will
you mention some features2... to the main characters of this
play? 10. The plan was accepted by... consent.3 11. I want
you to meet О leg". He is our... friend. 12. Our school gives
a good... education. 13. "My... opinion of your composi-
tion is quite favourable," the teacher said. 14. These English
books are the... property of our group. 15. The love of
adventure i is... among boys of his age. 16. Their remarks5 were
but- we wanted a quite definite opinion.
II. Arrange these words in suitable pairs to make up the combination listed
below. Then make up sentences of your own, using these combinations.
| common general |
things, impression, cause,G enemy, idea, consent, out-
line, 7 friend, habits, books, features, land, language, trou-
ble, interests, property, desire.
общее впечатление, общее дело, общие вещи, общие черты,
общие книги, общие привычки, общие интересы, общий язык,
общая собственность, общая земля, общий обзор, общее пред-
ставление, общее согласие, общий друг, общая забота, общий
враг, общее желание.
Ш. Answer the questions about each of the pictures.
Is there anything common to them?
|
rubbish ['глЫ/J —мусор
to throw away —выбра-
сывать
yard—двор
1 impression [im'prefn] — впечатление
8 feature ['ffct/э] — черта
3 consent [kan'sent] —согласие
* adventure [ad'ventfa] — приключение
6 remark [ri'makj — замечание
6 cause [ку.г]—зд. дело
7 outline ['autlain]— обзор, очертание
|
|
ostrich ['ostntj1]—страус hobby ['hobij—-любимее заня-
length Ilerj0] — длина тие
IV. Ask your class-mate what is
1) his general impression of a film (play) he saw lately;
2) his general idea of a book he read recently;
3) his general opinion on the play of your school football
(hockey, volley-ball, etc.) team.
V. What are your friends and your own 1) common interests, 2) common de-
sires, 3) common habits, 4) common things.
VI. Translate the following into English.
I. У прогрессивных людей мира одно общее желание: мир н
дружба между народами. 2. Каково ваше общее мнение о
вчерашнем вечере на английском языке? 3. Что у вас общего
с этим человеком? 4. У братьев общие учебники, общие школь-
ные принадлежности и сидят они на одной парте. 5. Всех
их объединяет одно общее дело: борьба за независимость своей
родины. 6. У меня слишком общее представление об этом
предмете, поэтому я не смогу быть вам полезной. 7. У об-
щих друзей и общие интересы. 8. С самого детства у нас с
Володей была общая мечта: стать летчиками. 9. Профессору
не понравился ответ студента, так как ответ был слишком
общим. 10. Общее желание десятиклассников нашей школы—
поехать на какую-нибудь новостройку (new construction site).
II. Хотя мы и друзья и у нас много общего, но спортивные
интересы у нас разные.
IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW
... that the establishment1 of one common language for all
nations has become an urgent necessity.2 Such a language would
make it easier the work of international organizations, internation-
al tourism, international exchange of information3 and so on.
What a common language should be like is a controversial is-
sue4 in linguistics.6 Some scientists think that the problem of a
common language for mankind could be solved by making one
national language universal. This solution has been rejected6 by
Soviet scientists. All living languages are equal7. Marxists cate-
gorically reject any special privileges being given to any nation or
language.
The hypothesis8 that all languages will gradually merge9 into
one is ungrounded10 and unscientific. Soviet linguists think that a
common language cannot be created without the participation " of
scientists and writers from all countries, and without universal
discussion and at least general suggestions on its draft.ia They
maintain the idea that such a sensibly worked out13 common lan-
guage might begin its existance14 as an auxiliary one, and then
gradually develop into a language spoken by all mankind.
1 establishment [is'taebhjrmnt] — установление
8 urgent necessity ['aidpnt na'sesiti] — крайняя необходимость
8 exchange of information —обмен информацией
4 controversial issue [,копггэ'уэ:|э1 'isju:]—спорный вопрос
* linguistics [hg'gwistiks] — лингвистика (наука о языке)
* to reject [n'djekt]—отказываться, отвергать
7 equal ['i:kwal] — равный, равноправный
8 hypothesis [hai'poGisis] — гипотеза
* to merge [тэ:с!зЗ —сливаться
10 ungrounded ['An'gratmdidj — необоснованный
11 participation [pd;,tisi'peifn] — участие
12 draft [draft]— зд. общие основы
13 sensibly worked out — разумно разработанный
14 existence [tg'zistans]—существование
GENERAL EXERCISES
Choose the right word.
1. THE HERO OF ACROPOLIS1
Greece, that ancient seat of civilization and culture, which
gave the world such terms as "democracy", was occupied in April
1941 by German forces, despite the heroic resistance of the Greek
people. That sacred shrine,8 the Acropolis was hooded3 by a swas-
tika flag. It was one of the most difficult periods in Greek history.
Some people began to lose heart.4 They did not know that pa-
triots had taken up arms to fight the enemy. It required a heroic
deed to make them follow the patriots.
This was done on May 31, 1941. The nazi flag (above, over)
the Acropolis was torn down by a courageous man right (under,
below) the noses of SS guards. That was a great (event, accident,
incident) for the Greek people. They (watched, observed) the (huge,
tremendous) flag waving (over, above) and regained their belief. ь
Hitler issued an order that "the criminal" should be sentenced to
death. But the police failed (to learn, to find out, to discover)
the name of the hero. It was only after the defeat6 of the fas-
cists by the Soviet Army that the name of the hero became known.
He was Manolis Glezos, whom Greece regarded as her national
hero.
That was many years ago. Now a group of "black colonels"?
(caught, snatched, seized) power and established a new order in
Greece. Thousands of people have been thrown into prisons, among
them Manolis Glezos. Glezos and his friends never stopped fight-
ing the reactionary forces. After the war he was several times
arrested, imprisoned, sent to a "death island" and even sentenced
1 Acropolis [a'kropalis]—Акрополь
2 sacred shrine ['seiknd 'JYain] — священная гробница
3 to hood [hud] —накрывать капюшоном
4 to lose heart — падать духом
5 to regain one's belief — приобретать уверенность
u defeat [di'fi:t] — поражение
1 colonel ['кэ:пэ1] — полковник
to death,1 (Each, every) time his countrymen and the world public
fought to save the life of this courageous man who is always in
the first (rows, lines, ranks) of the fighters for peace, democracy and
progress. Glezos can be arrested. He сап be put into prison. But
history cannot be written off.
Indeed, dozens of ministers have come and gone (for, during)
these years in Greece. Where are they? Who (remembers, recollects)
them? But the name of Manolis Glezos will always remain a sym-
bol of the Greek people struggle for freedom and independence.
The Greek people will keep on lighting until they become the
real (masters, owners, hosts) of their own land.
2. OFF-SHORE * OIL TOWN
Plans to extract3 oil from the bottom of the Caspian Sea were
made early last century. However, it was not until November 7,
1949, that the first well one hundred kilometres off Baku pro-
duced oil.
Now, out in the open sea, there is a township — Neftyaniye
Kamni — on stilts4 with a population of over 5,000 — all swim-
mers. Those unable to swim are not given a job there. (For, dur-
ing) three hundred days in the year the Caspian is rough, but
even (for, during) storms, heavy lorries are driven along the road
that (joins, connects, unites) Neftyaniye Kamni with Baku,
The strange thing is that life seems quite normal in this "town".
There are two-storey cottages, flowers along the streets, shops,
canteens and a post-office in the centre. There is even a technical
school, a chess and draughts club and hot houses growing lemons
and oranges. Work does not stop at night. People work hard and
their effots are (awarded, rewarded): the "town" produces the cheap-
est oil in Azerbaijan. The best workers were (awarded, rewarded)
the title of Hero of Socialist Labour.
Workers who live in Baku go to work in (comfortable, convenient)
diesel electric ships. They while away5 the time on board by
(watching, observing) films, reading or playing chess. No one feels
(atone, lonely). The local orchestra, The Dolphin, 6 is very popu-
lar and gives concerts not only in Neftyaniye Kamni but in
other oil-producing parts of the country.
1 sentenced to death — приговорен к смерти
2 off-shore ['э1'|э:] — в море, далеко от берега
;s to extract [iks'trsekt]—извлекать
* stilt — свая, опора
6 to while away — проводить свободное время: ;
6 The Dolphin— «Дельфин»
3. THE SINGING MOUNTAIN
There is an amazing mountain in the north-east of Alma-Ata,
beyond the River Ш. It is sometimes called the Singing Mountain.
It is composed of light-coloured sand, and presents an awesome1
sight.
The sand hill is up to 1.5 km. long and 120 metres high. When
the weather is dry, the sand flows down the slope2 of the hill
and produces a curious sound. The sound grows louder until it be-
comes (like, alike) a steamship whistle.
Scientists are aware of this rare phenomenon3 in other (places, seals,
room) of the globe (too, also, either), but so far the nature of
the sound made by the sands has not been (learned, found out,
discovered), though there are (different, various) hypotheses about it.
Hikers are fond of climbing" one of the three peaks of the Sing-
ing Mountain (to look, to glance, to stare, to peep) at the grand
panorama of the Hi River.
If the mountain is silent, the more impatient visitors "make"
it sing by running down its slopes. The sand will roll down (below,
under) their feet and a loud humming sound will be heard from
somewhere inside the mountain. Sometimes it shivers1 at the same
time, as if there were an earthquake5 nearby.
4. RUTHLESSe
After W. de Miile
Judson Webb was a rich American businessman (tike, alike)
many New Yorkers. He used to spend summer out of the hot and
dusty city. His cottage stood (alone, lonely) in a beautiful (place,
room, seat). It was a (comfortable, convenient) cottage with three
rooms, a bathroom and a kitchen. Webb's (favourite, beloved) place
in the cottage was a big closet,7 where he (kept, held) his
guns, fishing-rods, wine and other things. He did not allow
anybody, not even his (favourite, beloved) wife, to have a key te
the closet.
1 awesome ['э:зэт] — грозный
2 slope [sloup]—склон
s aware of this rare phenomenon [п'пэгшпэп]— знают об этом явлении
* to shiver—дрожать
5 earthquake ['a:0kweikj — землетрясение
6 ruthless l'ru:0hs] — безжалостный, жестокий
7 closet ['IcbzitJ — кабинет
9{7
*• i. i
Autumn came, and Judson was packing his things for the winter.
He was leaving for New York. He (looked, glanced, peeped, stared)
at the shelf on which the whisky stood and his face grew serious.
All the bottles were unopened (except, besides) one. The bottle
was half full. As he took it from the shelf he heard his wife's
voice from the next room.
"I've packed everything. Hasn't Alec come to turn the water
off and get the keys?" Alec was a boy who acted as a care-taker.1
"He's at the lake (taking, carrying, bringing) the boats out of
the water. He'll soon be back."
Helen entered the room and stopped in surprise seeing the bottle
in her husband's hand. "Judson," she exclaimed, "you're not taking
a drink at ten in the morning, are you?"—"No, my dear, I'm not
taking anything out of this bottle, I am just putting something
into it." He (pulled, drew, dragged) two small white tablets out of
his pocket and put them on the table. "The person who broke into
my closet last winter and stole my whisky will probably try to do
it again while we are away." Then he dropped the tablets into the
bottle and (kept, held) it up to watch them dissolve.* His wife
(looked, stared, glanced, peeped) at him in horror. "Don't do it,
Judson," she cried. "It'll make the man sick."—"Not only sick.
It'll kill him." "Oh, that's horrible! It's murder."3 But her husband
only laughed. "If I punish a thief who enters my house, it's not
murder."
She knew it was useless to argue with her husband. He was
ruthless in protecting his property. She had made up her mind to
tell the care-taker's wife about it. Someone had to know. So Helen
went down the road and Judson started to close the closet door.
Suddenly he (remembered, recollected) that he had not packed
his hunting boots, which were in the garden. He wrent to fetch
them, but slipped4 on a stone and his head (beat, struck) the table
as he fell.
(A few, few) seconds later he felt a strong arm round him and
heard Alec's voice: "Take this, Mr. Webb, it'll make you feel
better."
A small whisky glass was pressed to his lips. Half-conscious,5
he drank.
1 care-taker ['kea,teika]— человек, присматривающий за домом
2 to dissolve [di'zolv]— растворяться
3 murder {'тэ^э]— убийство
4 to slip—поскользнуться
r° half-conscious {'haf'konjssj—почти без сознания
5. A DEAL1 IN OSTRICHES*
After H. G. Wells
"Talking of the price of birds, I have seen an ostrich that costs
three hundred pounds," said my friend. "I will tell you its story."
"I was on board a big steamer returning from India. Among the
passengers there was a rich Hindoo, Sir Mohini Padishah by name,
who (wore, put on, dressed) a big red turban with a (huge, tremen-
dous) diamond 3 in it. There was a man in charge i of five ostriches
on board. Suddenly, one day, one of these ostriches comes up to
Padishah, picks5 the diamond off his turban and swallows8 it.
The ostrich then ran away to the other ostriches.
The man in charge was not there just at the moment. He came
later. The ostriches were all (alike, like) so nobody could tell
which of the five had swallowed the diamond. You can understand
that Padishah got terribly angry. He said he would have his dia-
mond and asked for his rights. But he said he would not buy the
birds. He (offered, suggested) giving the ostriches some medicine.
But the man in charge refused to give them any medicine.
Then Padishah went to the man in charge and made an offer
for all the five ostriches. But the man said he had no rights to
sell the birds. At the same time he told Padishah that a man named
Potter had already made an offer, and soon that man became the
(master, owner, host) of the birds. Potter had organized an auction.7
He said he would sell four birds, one after the other, and (keep,
hold) the fifth for himself.
The diamond was worth three or four thousand pounds.- This
price was stated by a diamond merchant on board the ship, who had
seen the diamond on Padishah's Durban at the beginning of the
(journey, travel, trip, voyage). Of course the passengers' interest
in the auction was (huge, tremendous). The diamond merchant got
the first bird. He killed it but did not find the diamond. The other
three birds were sold next morning. But Padishah did not get even
one bird. After the auction I went to Potter and (offered, suggested)
to buy his last bird. But he said he had sold it already.
Well, the new (masters, owners, hosts) of the birds landed at
Brindisi, and Potter and Padishah landed there (also, too, either).
1 deal—дело, сделка
2 ostrich ['ostntj'] — страус
3 diamond ['daiamand]—алмаз
4 to be in charge [tfa"Ci3] — быть ответственным
6 to pick off—склевывать
e to swallow ['swolou]— проглатывать
* auction ['skjan] — аукцион
2!Г>
And so did I. The Hindoo, with tears in his eyes, tried to give
his name and address to the man who had bought the birds, so
that they would know where to send the diamond when they found it.
But they did not want to take his name and address and refused
to give their own addresses. That evening they all went away by
(various, different) trains.
How did it end? Oh, well, you see, a week or so after landing
I was in Regent Street and suddenly met Padishah and Potter walk-
ing along arm-in-arm, talking in a very friendly way. I think
that Padishah was really a rich Hindoo and the diamond was a
real one. But whether the bird really swallowed the diamond or
not —that is, of course, quite another question."
6. LUGGAGE QUESTION
After Jerome K. Jerome
When you decide to go on a tour, the usual question of luggage
arises.1 The best way is to make a list of things before packing.
I taught my friends how to make that list; 1 had (learned, found
out, discovered) it myself years ago from my uncle Podger.
"Always make a list before beginning to pack," my uncle often said.
He was a methodical3 man.
"Take a piece of paper," he always began at the beginning,
"and put down on it everything you cannot possibly do without.3
Imagine yourself in bed. What have you got on? Very well, put
it down. You get up; what do you do? Wash yourself. What
you wash yourself with? Soap;4 put down soap. Go on till you have
finished. Then take your clothes. Begin at your feet; what do you
(wear, put on, dress) on your feet? Boots, shoes, socks; put them
down. Work up till you get to your head. What else do you want
(except, besides) clothes? (A little, little) brandy;6 put it down.
A cork-screw;6 put it down. What is your (favourite, beloved) (occu-
pation, trade, profession)? Take all necessary things connected
with it. Put down everything, then you don't forget anything."
That is the plan he always followed himself. When the list was
made, he usually went over it carefully, as he always wanted to
1 to arise (arose, arisen) — возникать, появляться
2 methodical [ma'9odikl]— методический
3 to do without something —обходиться без чего-либо
* soap — мыло
6 brandy — брэнди (вино)
(i cork-screw ['kcy.kskru:]— штопор
see that he had forgotten nothing. Then he went over it again,
and struck outx everything he could possibly do without.
Then he usually lost his list.
7. BROWN WOLF
After J. London
Walt Irvine and his wife Madge, who lived in a small cottage
in the mountains, met a (lonely, alone) dog during their walk.
He was weak and hungry but he did not touch the food they gave
him till they had gone away. He was a wild and a strange dog.
(Every, each) day Mrs. Irvine gave him food but he ate it only
after she had gone away. When he became strong again he disap-
peared. (A few, few) months later, Mr. Irvine saw the dog running
in the road and (carried, brought, took) him home again. He gave
him a piece of meat and tied him up (for, during) a week. Then
he put a metal plate 2 round the dog's neck with the words: "Please
return..." and set the dog free.
This time he was sent back by the express train, was tied up
(for, during) three days, was set free on the fourth and disap-
peared again,
(Each, every) time he came back hungry and weak, and (each,
every) time he ran away fresh and strong. He always ran north.
The Irvines could not find (any cause, any reason) for such conduct.
A long time passed before the dog recognized Mr. Irvine and
his wife as his friends and decided to stay at the cottage.
One summer day when Mr. Irvine was sitting comfortably in
the (shadow, shade) of a tree with Wolf (as they called the dog
now) at his feet, a stranger came to the cottage. As soon as the
dog saw the stranger he rushed to him and began to lick3 his hands.
"He is my dog," the stranger said, "I call him Brown."
"Oh," Madge cried, "don't (carry, bring, take) him away with
you, he is (happy, lucky) here."
"When his mother died I brought him up on condensed milk,"4
the stranger said. "He never knew any mother but me. Do you
think he wants to stay with you?"
"Of course he does," said Mrs. Irvine.
"Let him decide that for himself. Let him (choose, select, elect)
his (master, owner, host). Y\[ say good-bye and go away. If he
1 to strike out — вычеркивать
2 metal plate — металлический ошейник
3 to lick—лизать
4 condensed milk — сгущенное молоко
0')1
wants to stay, let him stay. I won't call him to come. But if he
wants to come with me, let him come. Don't call him back.
(For, during) some time Wolf (watched, observed) the man. Then
seeing that the man did not return, the dog ran after him, (caught,
snatched, seized) his hand between his teeth and tried to stop him.
Then he ran back to Mr. Irvine and tried (to pull, to draw,
to drag) Mr. Irvine after the stranger. He wanted to be at the
same time with his old (master, owner, host) and with the new
one. By that time the stranger was out of sight. x The dog lay
down at Mr. Irvine's feet. The Irvines were (happy, lucky). But
in (a few, few) minutes the dog jumped up and ran forward. He
ran quicker and quicker until he disappeared at the turn of the
road, this time for ever.
8. COYOTE2 TEAM-WORK3
One autumn day I saw some large birds. They were cranes*
that had stopped to rest from their flight to the south for winter.
Soon all of them began (to hold, to keep) their heads high. They
were looking hard at something on the hill (above, over) them.
There I saw a coyote putting on a big show5 all by himself. He ran
up and down, jumped high in the air, went around in circles, rol-
led over6 and over. He did not stop (for, during) a moment.
The cranes looked and looked some more time. So they did not
see a second coyote coming up behind them. The second coyote
kept low* and moved slowly. Closer and closer she came. But the
cranes kept on (observing, watching) the tricks of the first coyote.
At last the second coyote got near enough to jump at the cranes.
Sue (snatched, caught, seized) one quickly. The cranes flew off. Now
the first coyote came down the hill. The show was over. The trick
had been (awarded, rewarded). The two coyotes had a good meal.
1 was out of sight —исчез из виду
2 coyote ['koiout] — волк
3 team-work — согласованная, совместная работа
• cranes-—журавли
5 to put on a big show — устроить представление
6 to roll over — кувыркаться
• to keep (kept, kept) low — идти, прижимаясь к земле
KEYS TO SOME EXERCISES
TO HOLD, TO KEEP
Ex. I 1. hold % holding 3. hold 4. holding 5. keep 6. holding
7. hold 8. keep 9. keep 10. keep
Ex. II to hold a banner in one's hand; to keep horses (cows, fish,
etc.); to hold an umbrella; to hold one's arms above one's
head; to keep money in a savings-bank; to hold something
in the mouth; to keep a weapon; to hold something in the
beak; to keep food-stuff in a cellar; to keep books in a
bookcase; to hold somebody's hand; to keep a dress in a
wardrobe
Ex» III 1. "I can't make out what has happened to my fountain-
pen. It won't write."
"You are holding it the wrong way. Let me show you how
you should hold it."
2. "Will you please hold my overcoat? 1*11 put on my cap."
"Certainly. You'll hold my overcoat too, won't you?"
3. "Where do you keep Rex?"
"In the corridor. And where do you keep your hedgehog?"
"In a box on the balcony, so far. But soon I'll take
it to the woods."
4. "Why do you keep one more kitten?"
"To make company for the first one."
5. "Do you know how to hold the oars?"
"Yes, of course. Let me show you."
Ex, VI The hands of a clock.
COMFORTABLE, CONVENIENT
Ex, I comfortable jacket; comfortable fountain-pen; convenient time;
comfortable seat; comfortable tram; comfortable uniform;
uncomfortable arm-chair; comfortable shoes; convenient time-
table; comfortable table; inconvenient trolley-bus stop; un-
comfortable tool; convenient crossing
Ex. IV 1. "The most convenient way of travelling Is by train."
"I don't think so, It's so hot in the carriage in summer."
"No, modern carriages are very comfortable, they are
roomy and clear."
2. "You've got new shoes. How nice they are!"
"Yes, they are, but they are uncomfortable."
' "Do they pinch?"
"Yes."
"Did you try them en before you bought them?"
"Of course. I tried en two pairs of shoes, but both
were uncomfortable."
"Why didn't you try on one more pair of shoes?"
"It was inconvenient to take the saleswoman's time.
There were a lot of customers."
"Well, I think thev'll break in. New footwear often
seems uncomfortable to begin with."
3. "I say, Lida, the English-speaking club begins tomorrow
at 5 o'clock, not at 3."
"Why?"
"We decided that it would be more convenient."
"Tanya doesn't know it. Let's ring her up."
"Oh, no. It's inconvenient to ring her up so late.
We'll do it tomorrow morning."
. ALSO, TOO, EITHER
Ex. V too, also, either, too, too, too
TO WATCH, TO OBSERVE
Ex. I 1. observe 2. observe, watch 3. watch 4. watch 5. watch
Ex. Ill 1. watch 2. observe. 3. watch 4. watching 5. observe
6. watch
Ex. IV observe, observe, observe, observe, watching, watching,
watching
FOR, DURING
Ex. I 1, during 2. during 3. for 4. for 5. for 6. during 7. for
8. during 9. during 10. for 11. during 12. during 13. during
Ex. II 1. for all his life 2. for about a month 3. during the Great
Patriotic War 4. for ever 5. during this year 6. during the
conference 7. during the thunderstorm 8. during the lesson
9. for ages 10. during the whole night 11. for a few hours
12. for many days 13. during the winter
HUGE, TREMENDOUS
Ex. I 1. huge continent 2Г tremendous explosion 3. tremendous
interest 4. tremendous success 5. tremendous noise 6. tre-
mendous progress 7. tremendous plan 8. huge fire 9. huge
rock 10. huge cage 11. tremendous sum of money 12. tre-
mendous thank 13. huge shark 14. huge laboratory 15. huge
dam 16. tremendous impression 17. tremendous changes
Ex. II 1. huge 2. huge 3. huge 4. tremendous 5. tremendous
6. huge 7. tremendous 8. huge 9. tremendous 10. huge
11. huge 12. tremendous
TO CARRY, TO BRING, TO TAKE
Ex. Ill 1. carrying, carry 2. brought 3. brought, take 4. take
5. take, carry 6. carry 7. bringing 8. take 9. brought
10. brought 11. brought 12. take 13. carry 14. brought
15. took
UNDER, BELOW
Ex. II 1. under 2. under 3. below 4. under 5. under 6. below
7. below 8. under 9. under 10. under 11. under
Ex. Ill 1. under 2. below 3. under 4. below 5. under 6. under
7. below 8. under 9. under 10. under 11. under 12. under
13. below
ABOVE, OVER
Ex. I 1. over/above 2. over 3. over 4. above 5. over 6. above
7. above 8. over 9. above 10. over 11. above 12. above
13. over/above
Ex. Ill under, above, over, under
TO DRESS, TO PUT ON, TO WEAR
Ex. II 1. wearing 2. wearing 3. dressed 4. put on 5. wears 6. wear,
dress 7. dressed, wearing 8. wearing 9. dress 10. dressed
11. dresses 12. wear 13. dressed, wearing 14. dressing
15. wear
Ex. V "Why are you putting on your new suit? Where are you
going?"
"I am going to see Victor. He has just come back from
Sverdlovsk."
8 Ня 1895
* * *
"Why are you wearing a sweater? It's warm outside."
"Yes, but it was chilly this morning. That's why I put
it "on."
* * *
"Valya, why aren't you wearing your new kerchief?"
^It doesn't match the colour of my overcoat."
"Why did you buy it then?"
"I'll wear it with my jacket when it becomes warm."
* * *
"What are you going to wear when you're on a hike?"
"Why, sports suit, of course. And sports shoes."
"And what will you wear on your head?"
"A straw hat."
Ex, VII 1. A calendar. 2. A needle.
FAVOURITE, BELOVED
Ex. I favourite paper, favourite author, beloved man, beloved
grandfather, favourite park, beloved girl, favourite meal,
favourite sport, beloved brother, favourite novel, favourite
song, favourite artist
Ex. II 1. favourite 2. favourite^ beloved 3. favourite 4. favourite
5. beloved 6. favourite 7. favourite 8. beloved 9. favourite
10. favourite
TO LEARN, TO FIND OUT, TO DISCOVER
Ex* I 1. find out 2. learned 3. learn 4. find out 5. discovered
6. find out 7. discovered 8. learn 9. find out 10. find out
11. finding out
SEAT, PLACE, ROOM
Ex. II 1. seat 2. place 3. place 4. seats 5. room 6. places 7. room
8. room 9. seats 10. place 11. room 12. seat 13. seats
Ex. HI 1. The passenger sat on a vacant seat at the window. 2. If
you happened to be on tour in London what places of interest
would you like to see? 3. Don't hurry. There is room for
everyone here. The bus has 80 seats. 4. This writing-table
is very comfortable, but it occupies a lot of room. 5. Excuse
me, but this is my seat. Here is my ticket. 6. Will you
put my book into your handbag, my bag is full.— But
there is no room in my bag either. 7. He is very neat.
His things are always in place. 8. What a fine place here
to play tennis! 9. There is room for one man on the sofa.
TO AWARD, TO REWARD
Ex. I 1. awarded 2. awarded 3. rewarded 4. award 5. reward
6. rewarded 7. award 8. awarded 9. awarded 10. reward 11. re-
ward 12. rewarded
Ex. VII 1. A. P. Chekhov. 2. Demyan Bedny.
LIKE, ALIKE
Ex. II alike, like, alike, alike, alike, like
Ex, III 1. like a huge silver pencil 2. alike 3. like brothers now
4. like steel 5. like the tracks of an inky spider 6. like you
7. alike to her 8. like a human being, a singing bird or an
animal 9. alike 10. like coffee 11. like his father 12. like
feathers 13. like a tender plant
Ex. VI 1. the African ostrich, kiwi of New Zealand, cassowary from
the jungles of Indonesia, the Australian emu, the rhea from
South Africa (which looks like a small ostrich) 2. the ostrich
3. snakes
TO BREAK, TO DESTROY
Ex. I broke, destroy
Ex. Ill to destroy hopes; to break a cup; to destroy a bridge; to
destroy the enemy; to destroy a belief; to break a glass;
to destroy a house; to destroy a town; to break a tree; to
break an arm; to break a pencil; to destroy a nest; to break
the glasses; to break silence; to break a power; to break
a promise; to break a law
SHADE, SHADOW
Ex. II 1. shade 2. shade 3. shadow 4. shadow 5. shadows 6. shade
7. shade 8. shade 9. shadow 10. shadow 11. shadow 12. shad-
ows 13. shade 14. shade 15. shadow
Ex. V 1. A shadow. 2. Because it only follows you when the sun
shines. 3. The wind. 4. Because a big shadow from its open
wings could betray its presence and attract its enemy.
8* 227
*
TO BEAT, TO STRIKE
Ex. 1 1. beating 2. struck 3. strike 4. beat 5. struck 6. struck
7. strike 8. struck 9. strike 10. struck
Ex, III 1. Don4 beat a dog. 2. The broken piano stood near the
window. 3. The explosion destroyed the bridge and near-by
buildings^ 4. The bullet struck the wall. 5. Having lost
his temper, Martin Eden struck the table with his fist
demanding a fee. 6. The earthquake destroyed half of the
town. 7. The rain is beating against the window panes.
8. Don't play football here, you'll break a window. 9. Smok-
ing is harmful, it destroys one's health. 10. The enemy
was destroyed in stubborn fighting. 11. The sea is rough,
the boat can be destroyed by stones which are numerous
on the coast. 12. "No, there are no letters," I said, feeling
that I was destroying her last hope. 13. Don't destroy birds'
nests. 14. It was impossible to get to Vasilyevka by car,
the road was completely destroyed.
Ex. V 1. A hammer. 2. A drum with a hole in it.
OWNER, MASTER, HOST
Ex. I 1. owner 2. master 3. masters 4. master 5. host (hostess)
6. owner 7. master 8. owner 9. host 10. owner 11. owner
Ex. IV 1. Who is the owner of this pen? May I have it for a min-
ute. 2. The host saw the guests to the door. 3. The cat
was wandering, from one room to the other, looking for its
mistress. 4. Now you are your own master, be careful.
5. Haven't you seen the owner of this, house? I need him
very much. 6. In our country, the people themselves are
the masters of their destiny. 7. The horse, hearing the steps
of its master, neighed. 8. I did not know the dog, which
would be more faithful to its master than Jack. 9. Boris
can be trusted, he is the master of his word. 10. We are
grateful to the hostess for her warm reception.
TO REMEMBER, TO RECOLLECT
Ex. I 1. remember 2. recollect 3. remember 4. remember 5. recol-
lect 6. recollect 7. recollect 8. remember 9. remember 10. re-
member 11. recollect 12. recollect 13. remember
Ex. IV remembered, recollect, remembered, recollect
Ex. VII «Скучно на этом свете, господа!» 2. «Береги честь с мо-
лоду». 3. «Самое дорогое у человека—это жизнь. Она
дается ему один раз, и прожить ее надо так, чтобы не
было мучительно больно за бесцельно прожитые годы,
чтобы не жег позор за подленькое и мелочное прошлое,
и чтобы, умирая, смог сказать: вся жизнь и все силы
были отданы самому прекрасному в мире—борьбе за
освобождение человечества». 4. «Остров Сахалин».
5. R. В. Sheridan. 6. The Old Man and the Sea. 7. Hamlet,
the Prince of Denmark. Hamlet. 8. Oliver Twist in the
book of the same name. 9. John Reed. The Great October
Socialist Revolution. 10. George Gordon Byron.
Ex. VIII 1. W. Steinitz, a Chzeckh, who was the world chess
champion from 1886 to 1894; Mikhail Botvinnik. 2. The
Thames, the Potomac. 3. Archimedes (287—212 В.. С).
4. Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto. 5. By Roald
Amundsen in 1911. 6. Trafalgar Square with Nelson's
Column in the centre named so to commemorate x the
great English Admiral Nelson who was mortally wounded2
in the battle of Trafalgar.
TRAVEL, VOYAGE, JOURNEY, TRIP
Ex. I 1. voyage 2. travels 3/ voyage 4. journey 5. trips 6. jour-
ney/trip 7. voyage 8. travels 9. voyage 10. journey
Ex, III The voyage turned out to be very weary. 2. Are you
pleased with your journey (trip) to the Caucasus? 3. On
summer week-ends many people go on trips in the country
in cars of their own. 4. A group of Soviet actors has
returned from their journey abroad. 5. During his travels
about Bulgaria my father met a man who had fought to-
gether with him in a partisan unit. 6. Since childhood
Sasha has dreamed of travelling to distant countries. Now
his dream is coming true. He is going to travel in Africa.
7. The young workers of our plant are preparing for a trip
(journey) to the Pamirs. 8. For two weeks my brother was
on the journey, changing trains for cars and cars for
planes! 9. What courage and love for the sea one must
have had to make round-the-world voyages in such small
ships! 10. This year our class will go on a trip (journey)
to Lake Baikal.
i to commemorate [ka'memareit] —увековечивать
2 mortally wounded ['martali 'wu:ndid]—смертельно ранен
Ex. VI 1. Afanasy Nikitin. 2. M. Lomonosov. The Sibiryakov, in
1932. 3. Allan Bombard, a Frenchman.
Ex. VII 1. I. A. Goncharov; the frigate Pallcda, the book of essays
entitled Frigate Pallada. 2. To study the system of educa-
tion in various countries of Europe. 3. A. P. Chekhov;
to the island Sakhalin; in the 1890s. 4. The journey to
New York, in 1925. New York reminded the poet of his
country before the Revolution.
TO LOCK, TO STARE, TO GLANCE, TO PEEP
Ex. I 1. looked 2. stared 3. glanced 4. looked 5. peeped 6. peep-
ing 7. stared 8. looked/glanced 9. glanced 10. peeped
11. glanced 12. stared
Ex. HI 1. Tern and Sid were lying silently, staring into the dark-
ness. 2. The girl looked first at the man and then at his
dog. 3. If you peep into the book, the teacher will think
that you don't know the rule. 4. Open the door and look
what they are doing there. 5. Having glanced at the old
fortress, Natasha and her brother ran towards the centre of
the town, where they heard revolutionary songs. 6. He
stared at the Thames as if he was seeing it for the first
time. 7. I looked down and thought how beautiful our land
is. 8. Robinson Crusoe stood on the shore staring at the
horizon. 9. The Gadfly glanced at Montanelli and quickly
turned his head away. 10. He passed by and peeped in the
letter his sister was reading. 11. The old woman looked at
her grandmother and shook her head sadly.
EVERY, EACH
Ex. Ill A. each, every, each, every, each, each
B. every, each, every, every, each
Ex. IV 1. There are houses on each side of the street. There are
a lot of flowers in front of each house. 2. Each of you
must carefully read this article. 3. Every man must know
his duty. 4. Every summer their class goes to the Crimea.
5. The old man's sleep was not sound, he woke up every
half hour. 6. We issue our wall newspaper every two weeks,
and we broadcast our radio-bulletin every two days. 7. Every
man strives for happiness. 8. "Why do you stop at every
step? At this speed we shall not get to the place even in
three hours." 9. There is a park at the foot of the monu-
merit on Mamaev Mount in which every delegation visit-
ing that sacred place plants a tree in memory of the
defenders of Stalingrad. 10. Everything looks different in
space. Each continent, each ocean has its own colour.
EMPTY, VACANT, BLANK
Ex. I 1. empty 2. vacant 3. empty 4. empty 5. blank 6. empty
7. blank 8. empty 9. empty 10. empty
Ex. Ill empty truck; empty classroom; blank page; vacant chair;
empty pockets; empty house; empty cup; blank column;
empty tram; empty hall; empty streets; vacant seat; empty
envelope; empty plate; empty hand-bag; vacant desk; blank
cheque
Ex. IV 1. An empty one. 2. Only one, after that the bottle will
no longer be empty.
TO OFFER, TO SUGGEST
Ex. II 1. suggested 2. offered 3. suggested 4. suggested 5. offered
6. suggested 7. offered 8. suggested 9. offered 10. suggested
11. offered 12. suggested 13. suggested 14. suggested 15. of-
fers 16. offered, suggested
Ex. VII 1. I suggest every one should read the book again and
then discuss it. 2. "What did Vera suggest?"—"She sug-
gested giving some poetic name to this corner of the
woods." 3. "What else can you suggest?" — "I can suggest
we all go skiing." 4. My brother offered to help me assemble
a radio receiver. 5. The friendly hostess offered us a
delicious pie, and when we were leaving she offered us
an umbrella, as it was raining outside. 6. I offered to
fetch the doctor, but they said that Peter had done it
already. 7. Who could suggest boating in stormy weather?
8. She was offered hard but interesting work. 9. When a
passer-by saw that the woman would not dare to cross
the street alone, he immediately offered her his help.
10. Why didn't you suggest holding the chess tournament
in our school? We have a big hall. 11. Our teacher sug-
gested organizing an English social at the end of the term.
12. We were offered tickets to the theatre but we refused
to go as we were busy that night. 13. Our Komsomol
leader suggested joining the 10 "B" form and continuing
the excursion together. 14. She suggested sending a tele-
gram at once, otherwise nobody would meet Katya at the
station.
" ALONE, LONELY
Ex. 1 1. lonely 2. lonely 3. alone 4. lonely 5. alone 6. alone
7. alone 8. alone 9. lonely 10. lonely 11. lonely 12. alone
13. alone 14. lonely 15. lonely 16. lonely
Ex. V 1. The Soviet cosmonauts were not alone in their flight:
all the Soviet people were with them. 2. The old man felt
quite lonely in the big house. 3. On a lawn in the yard
sat a child quite alone. He seemed sad and lonely without
toys. 4. They are not alone in their struggle for independ-
ence: all progressive mankind supports them. 5. A man
can feel lonely even in a crowd. 6. You will find the house
easily. It stands alone on the hill. 7. We offered her an
interesting book, so that she did not feel lonely. 8. Our
neighbour is so gay. Nobody feels lonely with him. 9. Why
are you sitting here alone? Everyone is in the hall. There
is a concert on there now. 10. A lonely pine-tree grew on
the edge of the forest. 11. The house is big. There is much
work to be done in it. I can't do everything alone.
Ex. VI 1. A nose. 2. Salt.
EVENT, INCIDENT, ACCIDENT
Ex. I 1. accidents 2. incidents 3. events 4. events 5. incidents
6. accident 7. accident 8. incident 9. event 10. events
11. incident 12. accidents
Ex. Ill A Railway Incident. A Little Accident While Cycling.
Ex. VI 1. The breaking of the Taman Army through the encir-
clement of the whiteguard troops. 2. B. Lavrenyev
"A Split" (or "A Break").
TO PULL, TO DRAW, TO DRAG
Ex. II 1. drag 2. dragged 3. pulling 4. drew 5. drew 6. pulling
7. draw 8. drag 9. pull 10. pulled 11. pull 12. pull
Ex. IV A ball of wool.
FEW, A FEW, LITTLE, A LITTLE
Ex. I 1. a little 2. few 3. few 4. little 5. few 6. a few 7. a little
8. little 9. a few 10. a little
Ex. И 1. a little 2. little 3. little 4. few 5. little 6. few 7. little
8. a little 9. little 10. few 11. few, few, little 12. a few,
few 13. a little, a few
Ex. IV little, a few, a few, a little, little, a little, few
Ex. VI 1. Few tourists come to our town in winter. 2. There are
only a few coloured pencils in the box. 3. They saw a few
mushrooms under a big oak. 4. The old woman got few
letters and felt lonely. 5. "Do you put much sugar in
your tea?"—"No, not much, only a little." 6. I think I'll
need little time to get there. It's near. 7. There was
little hope of having the job done. 8. We buy little milk,
we don't like it. 9. Who used my fountain-pen? There is
little ink left in it. 10. In spite of the bad weather a few
people came to the lecture. 11. Few pupils understood the
rule, so I'll explain it again. 12. He drank a little water
and felt much better after it. 13. There was little milk in
the glass, so mother poured in some more. 14. There was
little snow last winter, so we did not ski.
DIFFERENT, VARIOUS
Ex. II different, different, different, various, various, different, vari-
ous, various, various, various
Ex. IV 1. The collective farmers make efforts, to supply our country
with various products. 2. They gave two different stories
of one and the same event. 3. For many years this man
worked as a clerk in various government offices. 4. Seche-
nov was not only a great research worker, but a great
educator too. He gave public lectures on various subjects.
5. Their approach to the problem was different. 6. They
say they are quite different people but I think they have
much in common. 7. There are many and various circles
in our school, but I attend the chess club. 8. "How do you
get to your work?"—"By various means of transport."
9. Light is a combination of rays of different colours.
10. Mr. Pickwick and his friends travelled about the country*
meeting various members of English society. 11. The three
men made different suggestions.
HABIT, CUSTOM
Ex. I 1. custom 2. custom 3. custom 4. habit 5. habit 6. custom
7. habit 8. habit 9. custom 10. habit 11. custom 12. habit
13. custom 14. custom 15. habit 16. custom 17. custom
18. custom
Ex. II force of habit; nasty habit; long-standing habit; to break
it; make it; habit cures habit; develop a habit
TO CATCH, TO SNATCH, TO SEIZE
Ex. I 1. catch 2. caught 3. seized 4. snatched 5. snatched 6; caught
7. snatched 8. snatched 9. seized 10. caught 11. seized
12. caught 13. snatching
Ex. II 1. to snatch 2. to snatch 3. to seize 4. to catch
Ex. Ill to catch, to seize, catch, catch, catch, seized, catch, caught.
Ex. V 1. The drowning man seized the edge of the boat and held
on to it until help arrived. 2. A passer-by snatched at his
cap but failed to hold it; the blow of the wind was very
strong. 3. The small boy, seizing the back of the chair,
tried to stand up. 4. "Don't snatch your food, eat slowly,"
said Mother. 5. When the telephone rang, the man hurriedly
came up and snatched the receiver. 6. It's a good thing
you've come just now. In 15 minutes you wouldn't have
caught me, as I'm leaving. 7. The militiaman seized the
culprit's arm. 8. The cat ran after a mouse but did not
catch it. 9. Terror seized the people when they saw a child
on the edge of the gap. 10. Don't catch an interlocutor by
his arm, it's not polite.
BESIDES, EXCEPT
Ex. I 1. except 2. besides 3. besides 4. except 5. except 6. be-
sides 7. besides 8. besides, except 9. besides 10. besides
11. besides 12. besides 13. besides 14. except 15. besides
16. besides
Ex. II 1. besides 2. except 3. besides 4. except 5. besides 6. be-
sides 7. besides 8. except 9. except 10. besides
Exs IV 1. Besides this I must solve one more problem. 2. Every-
body knows this rule except you. 3. He visited all the big
towns of the Urals, except Chelyabinsk. 4. Who else, be-
sides Oleg, did you meet that day? 5. Besides Komsomol-
skaya Pravda, I subscribe regularly to Literaturnaya Gazette.
6. What other English playwrights do you know besides
Shakespeare? 7. Besides swimming my friend goes in for
boxing. 8. She attends her sports club every day except
Sunday. 9. Who else, besides you, went to the skating-rink
yesterday? 10. Besides me, one more pupil of our school
took part in the tournament. 11. Besides his outward
appearance, kindness to people attracted him in that man.
12. There are a lot of good workers besides Ivanov at
that plant. 13. The Russian people have many good tradi-
tions besides this.
Ex. V 1. Lara, from Old Woman IsergiL 2. Lermontov M. Y.
3. The poem Good. 4. V. V. Mayakovsky, the poem War
and Peace.
TO JOIN, TO CONNECT, TO UNITE
Ex. II 1. connects 2. united 3. join 4. join 5. connect 6. joins
7. connecting 8. unite 9. join 10. joined 11. joined 12. unite
Ex. IV 1. We saw our friends and decided to join.them. 2. The path
went down, joining the wide road. 3. The inhabitants of the
village were united in the kolkhoz named after V. Kuybishev.
4. M. Gorky said that "Comrade" is a great word called on
to unite the world. 5. A new road connects the capital with
the chemical complex. 6. The troops joined for a decisive
offensive. 7. Oil can be united with water by means of alkali.
8. All progressive mankind was united under the slogan
"Fascism shall not pass!" 9. Connect the ends of the rope but
do not tie them in a knot. 10. The strike continues. Work-
ers of other plants are joining the strikers. 11. In this
museum anyone may join a group of tourists and listen to
the story of the excursion guide.
LINE, ROW, RANK
Ex. I. 1. line 2. row 3. row 4. ranks 5. ranks 6. ranks, line 7. row
8. row 9. line 10. row 11. row 12. rows
Ex. Ill 1. A row of reproductions from Russian painters hung along
the wall. 2. The pioneer leader made them stand in line
and then they went down the bank of the river. 3. The
members of the Komsomol have been and always are in the
first ranks. 4. The Negro woman smiled and we saw a row
of white even teeth. 5. Look for them somewhere in the
third or fourth rows. They usually take those seats. 6. A long
line of cars stood waiting on the road — the children were
crossing the street. 7. A row of new many-storeyed houses
stretched along the sides of the street. 8. The books were
placed in close rows on the shelves. 9. The distance between
the rows is very narrow, the tractor is unable to cultivate
the crops. 10. Row upon row the demonstrators marched along
the platform in the May Day columns. 11. In what row did
you reserve seats? 12. Go along the rows of maize and see
for yourself that the harvest is excellent.
Ex. IV 1. A. N. Radishchev. 2. Manolis Glezos, a Greek journal-
ist; Anna Segers, a German writer; John Bernal, an Eng-
lish scientist; Nikolai Tikhonov, a Soviet writer; Nguyen
Thi Dinh, a public and political figure; Jean Effel, a
French artist.
TO CHOOSE, TO SELECT, TO ELECT
Ex. SI 1. elected 2. chosen 3. choose 4. choose 5. selected 6. elected
7. chose 8. elected 9. selected 10. chosen 11. choose
12. cho