Vocabulary:
separation – разделение, интервал, расстояние
failure – повреждение, разрушение, отказ
malleable – ковкий, податливый, способный деформироваться
to bend (bent, bent) – сгибать(ся), гнуть(ся), изгибать(ся)
dense – плотный
(to) fracture – ломать(ся), разрушение, излом, перелом
dictile – эластичный, ковкий, пластичный
grain – зерно
to depend – зависеть
shape – форма, формировать
size – размер, величина
treatment – обработка
stress – давление, напряжение
alloy – сплав
brittle – хрупкий, ломкий
to apply – применять
useful – полезный
edge – кромка, край, лезвие
to avoid – избегать, уклоняться
to undergo – подвергаться
flaw – недостаток, дефект
Text 1.
METALS
Metal are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.
The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals very greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.
The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these drains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.
Heat treatment controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. This is called alloying (легирование) and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.
All metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion, but some require hot-working. Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical processes. Metals can be worked using machine-tools.
The ways of working a metal depend on its properties. Many metals can be melted and cast in moulds, but special conditions are required for metals that react with air.
Additional vocabulary:
metallurgy – металлургия
arrangement – расположение
regularly – регулярно, правильно
coarse – грубый, крупный
to draw – волочить, тянуть
wire – проволока
lead – свинец
iron – железо, чугун
composition – волочить
to hammer – ковать (напр. молотом)
extrusion – экструзия
rolling – прокатка
metal fatigue – усталость металла
creep – ползучесть
to slide – скользить
vessel – сосуд, котел, судно
to cast – отливать, отлить
mould – форма (для отливки)
Questions:
1. What are metals and that do we call metallurgy?
2. Why are most metals dense?
3. Why are metals malleable?
4. What is malleability?
5. What are grains?
6. What is alloying?
7. What is crystalline structure?
8. What to the properties of metals depend on?
9. What changes the size of grains in metals?
10. What are the main processes of metal forming?
11. How are metals worked?
12. What is creeping?
Complete the following sentences:
1. Metals are…
2. Metallurgy is…
3. Most metals are…
4. The regular arrangement of atoms in metals…
5. Irregular crystals…
6. The properties of the metals depend…
7. Metals with small grains will be…
8. …controls the nature of the grains in the metal.
9. Alloying is…
10. All metals can be formed by…
11. Creep is…
12. Metals can be worked using…
Translate into English:
1. Металлы – плотные материалы потому, что между атомами в металлах малое расстояние.
2. Металлы имеют кристаллическую структуру из-за правильного расположения атомов.
3. Чем меньше зерна, тем тверже металл.
4. Легирование изменяет структуру зерен и свойства металлов.
5. Металл деформируется и разрушается из-за усталости и ползучести.
Text 2.
STEEL
The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy – steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is strong but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. The amount of carbon in steel influences its properties considerably. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. Both mild and medium-carbon steels are suitable for forging and welding. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cant carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools, also called silver steel, contains about 1 per cant carbon and is strengthened and toughened by quenching and tempering.
The inclusion of other elements affects the properties of the steel. Manganese gives extra strength and toughness. Steel containing 4 per cent silicon is used for transformer cores or electromagnets because it has large grains acting like small magnets. The addition of chromium gives extra strength and corrosion resistance, so we can get rust-proof steels. Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to from a hard surface on steel (case-hardening). High-speed steels, which are extremely important in machine-tools, contain chromium and tungsten plus smaller amounts of vanadium, molybdenum and other metals.
Additional vocabulary:
carbon – углерод
to corrode – разъедать, ржаветь
rusting – ржавление
stainless – нержавеющий
to resist – сопротивляться
considerably – значительно, гораздо
tough – крепкий, жесткий, прочный, вынословый
forging – ковка
welding – сварка
cutting tools – режущие инструменты
core – сердечник
surgical instruments – хирургические инструменты
blade – лезвие
spring – пружина
inclusion – включение
to affect – влиять
marganese – марганец
silicon – кремний
post-proof – нержавеющий
case-hardening – упрочнение цементацией
nitrogen – азот
tungsten – вольфрам
Questions:
- What is steel?
- What are the main properties of steel?
- What are the drawbacks of steel?
- What kinds of steel do you know? Where are they used?
- What gives the addition of manganese, silicon and chromium to steel?
- What can be made of mild steels (medium-carbon steels, high-carbon steels)?
- What kind of steels can be forged and welded?
- How can we get rust-proof (stainless) steel?
- What is used to form a hard surface on steel?
- What are high-speed steels alloyed with?
Find the following words and word combinations in the text:
- сплав железа и углерода
- прочный и жесткий
- легко коррозирует
- нержавеющая сталь
- низкое содержание углерода
- ковкость
- листовое железо, проволока, трубы
- конструкционные стали
- пригодны для ковки и сварки
- твердый и хрупкий
- режущие инструменты
- хирургические инструменты
- инструментальная сталь
- упрочнять
- добавление марганца (кремния, хрома, вольфрама, молибдена, ванадия)
Complete the following sentences:
- Steel is an alloy of…
- Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used…
- Both mild and medium-carbon steels are suitable for…
- The inclusion of other elements affects…
- Steel containing 4 per cent silicon is used for transformer cores or…
- Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to from…
Text 3.