Действительный и страдательный залог в английском
Active and Passive Voice (английские названия действительного и страдательного залога) показывают соответственно, что человек (предмет) выполняет действие или действие происходит с человеком (предметом).
Active voice: Акцент на исполнителе действия
We built the well last year. – Мы построили колодец в прошлом году.
Passive voice: Акцент на самом действии
The well was built last year. – Колодец был построен в прошлом году.
Active and Passive Voice: правило
Действительный залог используется, когда важно показать, кем (или чем) выполняется действие. Например, Tourists visit the UK. – Туристы приезжают в Соединенное Королевство. В этом предложении акцент делается на то, что приезжают именно туристы (не бизнесмены, не политики, а туристы).
| Время | Present | Past | Future |
| Simple | Вспом. глагол: do/does Окончание: –, -s Формула: V (+s) + I work + He writes – I do not work – He does not write ? Do I work?? Does he write? | Вспом. глагол: did Окончание: –, -ed Формула: V2 + I worked + He wrote – I did not work – He did not write ? Did I work?? Did he write? | Вспом. глагол: will Окончание: – Формула: will + V + I will work + He will write – I won’t work – He won’t write ? Will I work?? Will he write? |
| Continuous | Вспом. глагол: be (am/is/are) Окончание: -ing Формула: am/is/are + Ving + I am working + He is writing – I am not working – He is not writing ? Am I working?? Is he writing? | Вспом. глагол: be (was/were) Окончание: -ing Формула: was/were + Ving + I was working + He was writing – I was not working – He was not writing ? Was I working?? Was he writing? | Вспом. глагол: will be Окончание: -ing Формула: will be + Ving + I will be working + He will be writing – I won’t be working – He won’t be writing ? Will I be working?? Will he be writing? |
| Perfect | Вспом. глагол: have/has Окончание: -ed Формула: have/has + V3 + I have worked + He has written – I have not worked – He has not written ? Have I worked?? Has he written? | Вспом. глагол: had Окончание: -ed Формула: had + V3 + I had worked + He had written – I had not worked – He had not written ? Had I worked?? Had he written? | Вспом. глагол: will have Окончание: -ed Формула: will have + V3 + I will have worked + He will have written – I won’t have worked – He won’t have written ? Will I have worked?? Will he have written? |
| Perfect Continuous | Вспом. глагол: have/has been Окончание: -ing Формула: have/has been + Ving + I have been working + He has been writing – I have not been working – He has not been writing ? Have I been working?? Has he been writing? | Вспом. глагол: had been Окончание: -ing Формула: had been + Ving + I had been working + He had been writing – I had not been working – He had not been writing ? Had I been working?? Had he been writing? | Вспом. глагол: will have been Окончание: -ing Формула: will have been + Ving + I will have been working + He will have been writing – I won’t have been working – He won’t have been writing ? Will I have been working?? Will he have b een writing? |
Образование страдательного залога: Времена действительного и страдательного залога образуются почти аналогично. Если вы хорошо владеете системой времен действительного залога, то, наверняка, уже заметили, что если вспомогательный глагол страдательного (to be) поставить в нужное время и добавить смысловой глагол в третьей форме – грамматически получится страдательный залог
Например:
He is drinking juice. – The juice is being drunk. (Present Continuous).
Аналогично образуются и другие времена.
Страдательный залог применяется в тех случаях, когда не важно, кем выполняется действие, а внимание акцентируется на самом действии. Например, London is visited every year. – В Лондон приезжают круглый год. Смысл этого предложения сводится к тому, что Лондон является очень посещаемым приезжими городом. И не важно, кто приезжает – туристы, политики, спортсмены или ученые.
Активный и пассивный залог в английском языке: таблица примеров:
| Active | Passive | |
| Present Simple | I print cards. | Cards are printed. |
| Present Continuous | I am printing cards. | Cards are being printed. |
| Present Perfect | I have printed cards. | Cards have been printed. |
| Past Simple | I printed cards. | Cards were printed. |
| Past Continuous | I was printing cards. | Cards were being printed. |
| Past Perfect | I had printed cards. | Cards had been printed. |
| Future Simple | I will print cards. | Cards will be printed. |
| Future Continuous | I will be printing cards. | - |
| Future Perfect | I will have printed cards. | Cards will have been printed. |
Активный и пассивный залог в английском широко применяются и в устной, и в письменной речи. При этом в общении есть тенденция шире использовать действительный залог, а при письме (особенно в официальном стиле) – страдательный.
2. Выполните тестовое задание, вставьте необходимые временные формы глаголов из предложенных четырёх вариантов в текст. Запишитеответыввидецифрыибуквы:
Microsoft
Microsoft is the largest software company in the computer world, and its operating systems are on almost all computers. Its release of Windows 95 and the Microsoft Office 95 (1)_____ the size of already giant company, It (2)____ so successful because of the low priced and easy (3)____software it creates. From six years old to presidents of large corporations use their products.
William Gates, a 19-year old dropout from Harvard, (4)____Microsoft with his friend Paul Allen. The two (5)____ BASIC, a language that let people (6)____ programs for their PC. Then, IBM chose them (7)____ an operating system for the new IBM-PCs. Gates and Allen (8)____ 50, 000 to Tim Paterson for his QDOS, and (9)____it to MS-DOS. The operating system was extremely successful, and soon all other PC manufacturers (10)____ to be compatible with IBM. This gave Microsoft the chance (11)____huge profits, and they (12)____, Their next big success was Windows, which was a graphical operating system that (13)_____ popular because it was extremely easy to use. Then, in 1993, they (14)____ Windows NT, which (15)____networking extremely easy. By this time, Bill Gates (16)____the PC operating system market and (17)____ a billionaire.
1. A has increased C having increased
B had increased D increasing
2. A is being C has been
B were D had been
3. A using C to use
B had been using D has used
4. A found C had found
B had founded D founded
5. A rewrote C had rewritten
B rewrite D are rewriting
6. А to create C creating
B create D created
7 A writing C to have written
B to write D to be writing
8 A have paid C had paid
B paid D paying
9 A renaming C renamed
B had renamed D having renamed
10 A wanted C had been wanted
B want D wanting
11 A to make C having made
B making D made
12 A did C do
B was done D had done
13 A became C had become
B becoming D to become
14 A releasing C had been released
B were released D released
15 A making C made
B had been made D to make
16 A monopolized C have monopolised
B had monopolized D monopolising
17 A became C had become
B has become D become
3.Прочитайте и переведите текст устно. Повторите типы вопросов. Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту (письменно):
Давайте вспомним, что в английском есть определенный порядок слов в предложении: сначала идет подлежащее, за ним сказуемое, потом дополнение и остальные члены предложения. Но такой порядок слов нарушается в вопросе. Вопрос может начинаться с вопросительного слова или вспомогательного глагола (кроме разделительных вопросов), потом идет подлежащее, сказуемое, дополнение и остальные члены предложения. Всего в английском языке пять типов вопросов:
| Тип вопроса | Пример |
| Общий | Are you a booklover? – Ты любитель книг? Do you read books? – Ты читаешь книги? вспомогательный или модальный глагол + подлежащее + сказуемое + дополнение + остальные члены предложения. |
| Специальный | Why are you a booklover? – Почему ты любитель книг? When do you usually read books? – Когда ты обычно читаешь книги? вопросительное слово + вспомогательный или модальный глагол + подлежащее + сказуемое + дополнение + остальные члены предложения. |
| Альтернативный | Are you a booklover or a nonreader? – Ты любитель книг или нет? Do you read books or magazines? – Ты читаешь книги или журналы? И самое главное – здесь всегда вы встретите союз or (или). Формула такая же, как в общем вопросе, но надо не забыть поставить or там, где нужно. |
| Разделительный | You are a booklover, aren’t you? – Ты любитель книг, не так ли? You don’t read books, do you? – Ты не читаешь книги, не так ли? Начало предложения утвердительное + краткий отрицательный вопрос. Начало предложения отрицательное + краткий положительный вопрос. |
| Вопрос к подлежащему | Who is a booklover? – Кто любитель книг? Who reads books? – Кто читает книги? Самый легкий для формирования вопрос. Вам нужно взять утвердительное предложение, убрать подлежащее и вместо него поставить who (кто) или what (что). Никакие вспомогательные глаголы не нужны. Есть лишь один нюанс – в настоящем времени прибавляем окончание - s к глаголу. |
USA Holidays
Memorial Day is a legal holiday, observed annually on the last Monday in May in most of the United States, It honours the nation's armed services killed in wartime. The holiday, originally called Decoration Day, is traditionally marked by parades, memorial speeches and ceremonies, and the decoration of graves with flowers and flags. Memorial Day was first observed on May 30, 1868, on the order of General John Alexander Logan for the purpose of decorating the graves of the American Civil War dead. It was observed on May 30 until 1971, when most states changed to a newly established federal schedule of holiday observance.
Independence Day is an annual holiday commemorating the formal adoption by the Continental Congress of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia. Although the signing of the Declaration was not completed until August, the Fourth of July holiday has been accepted as the official anniversary of United States independence and is celebrated in all states and territories of the U.S.
The Fourth of July is traditionally celebrated publicly with parades and pageants, patriotic speeches, and organised firing of guns and cannons and displays of fireworks. Family picnics and outings are a feature of private Fourth of July celebrations.
Thanksgiving Day, a legal holiday in the U.S., was first celebrated in early colonial times in New England. The actual origin is probably the harvest festivals that are traditional in many parts of the world. After the first harvest was completed by the Plymouth colonists in 1621, Governor William Bradford proclaimed a day of thanksgiving.
In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln appointed a day of thanksgiving, and since then each president has issued a Thanksgiving Day proclamation, generally designating the fourth Thursday of November as a holiday.
New Year's Day is the first day of the year, January 1 in the Gregorian calendar. In the Middle Ages most European countries used the Julian calendar and observed New Year's Day on March 25, called Annunciation Day and celebrated as the birth to the Son of God. With the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1582, Roman Catholic countries began to celebrate New Year's Day on January 1.
The custom of visiting friends, relatives and neighbors on New Year's Day is one of the Old World traditions that has taken on a new form in the United States. A favourite place to see the old year out is New York City's Time Square.
Christmas is an annual festival, held on December 25, to celebrate the Nativity, or birth of Christ. The Christmas tree, an evergreen trimmed with lights and other decorations, is derived from the so-called paradise tree, symbolizing Eden.
Saint Valentine's Day, a holiday honoring lovers, is celebrated on February 14. There is a custom of sending greeting cards or gifts to express affection. The cards, known as valentines, are often designed with hearts to symbolize love. The holiday probably derives from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalis (February 15). The festival gradually became associated with the feast day (February 14) of two Roman martyrs; both named St. Valentine, who lived in the 3rd century. St. Valentine has traditionally been regarded as the patron saint of lovers.
4. Вставьте в текст слова по смыслу, не забывая, что одно из них лишнее. Запишите в виде цифры и вставляемого слова.
| Admitted | Found | Public |
| Aim | Founded | Superb |
| Arranged | Holdings | Used |
| Celebrity | Illustrates | Well |
| Criterion | Including | |
| Extended | Personalities |
National Portrait Gallery, in London, is the national collection of portraits of British men and women including drawings, miniatures, busts, and photographs as (1) ______ as oil painting. The gallery was (2) _____ in 1856 and opened to the (3) ____ in 1859 with a collection of 57 portraits. Its (4) _____ is to record and collect historical pictures and also to illustrate the (5) _____ of great men and women. The (6) ____ for inclusion in the gallery has always been the (7) ____ of the sitter rather than the merit of the artist, thought many (8) ___works of art are in the collection. Portraits of living persons were (9) ____ to the gallery only after many years of excluding them. The gallery moved to its present building, just off Trafalgar Square, in 1896 and was (10) _____ in the 1930s.
The collection is (11) ______ chronologically, beginning with the Tudors and moving on through the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries to portraits of leaving people. The arrangement of the gallery (12) _____ different themes in Britain history, and maps and other objects are (13) _____ to complement the pictures. Among the gallery’s (14) _____ are portraits of the kings and queens of England, (15) _____ one of Hans Holbein of Henry VIII with his father and a fine portrait of Elisabeth I. other famous portraits include Peter Paul Rubens’ splendid portrait of Thomas Howard and so on.