THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Forms of the Type ‘’I should/he would (be)’’ and ‘’I/he were’’ in Simple Sentences and Independent Clauses
Exercise 2 p. 85. Answer the following questions.
a ) Imagine: 1. You meet a friend of yours. What would you say? 2. It is a good day for winter sports. Would you go skiing or skating? 3. What would your family do on a sunny day in summer? 4. A man has a weak heart. When do you think it would be the best time for him to go to the South? 5. Where would you advise me to go for my summer holiday? 6. I don’t know from which platform my train leaves. Where could I inquire? 7. We have missed our train. What would you do in our place?
b) Combine the answers into a narration. Retell the story in the third person singular. Imagine you come to the institute and find that a student in your group, a friend of yours, is absent, as he has fallen ill.
Would you go to see him? When at your sick friend’s place, whom would you ask about his health? Would you ask for permission to see him? What would you tell him? What would he answer you? What would you wish him? What would he say in parting? Would you promise to come again? When would you promise to come? What would the other students ask you next day? What would you tell them?
Exercise 4 p. 86. Translate into English.
1.Она бы сделала все возможное, чтобы спасти положение, но ее сейчас нет. 2. К сожалению, я только недавно смотрел эту картину, а то бы я пошел вместе с вами. 3. Хорошо бы вместе отправиться в туристский поход. 4. Как удачно, что мы встретили вас: мы бы не знали, что теперь и делать. 5. Как жаль, что у него нет времени; он навестил бы вас. 6. Я уверен, что он перевел бы это по-другому и гораздо лучше. 7. Ему бы совсем неплохо заняться спортом. Это бы пошло ему только на пользу. 8. Было бы неразумно с его стороны отказаться от такого предложения, об этом можно было бы только мечтать. 9. Почему вы никогда не зайдете к нам? Мы бы все были очень рады вас видеть. 10. Я бы ни за что не согласился на это. А вы?
Exercise 5 p. 87. Change the form of the verb in the following sentences from the non-perfect into perfect.
1. He would not recognize you. 2. I should give you a different answer. 3. You would not find it inconvenient, would you? 4. Nobody would blame them. 5. They would not make much fuss about it. 6. She could not manage it alone, could she? 7. He would notice even the slightest change. 8. One might think you forgot something. 9. What steps would you take in my place? 10. It would be most unwise of you to agree to it. 11. I should not mention it in your place. He might not understand you. 12. What would you do in a similar case? I should do the same.
Exercise 7 p. 87. Give answers to suit the situation.
Imagine: 1. You had to stay in a town where you had not a friend or a relation. Where would you have put up? 2. You were caught in the rain without an umbrella or a rain coat. What would you have done? 3. A student could not translate an article for he had no dictionary at hand. What would you have done in his place? 4. A friend of yours comes to see you after a long absence. How would he greet you? 5. One has hurt somebody without meaning to. What would he say to apologize? 6. You are to make a report. What book would you choose? 7. A ticket was offered you last night. Would you have gone to the theatre? 8. Would he have accepted their invitation for Sunday last in spite of being otherwise engaged? 9. A skier has his leg broken. Would he take part in competitions the same year? 10. Where would you have gone in the summer to see something of the typical Russian countryside?
Exercise 8 p. 87. Translate into English. (Dictation – translation.)
1. Было бы ошибочно думать, что языком можно овладеть, не работая систематически. 2. Было бы лучше сказать ей правду тогда же. 3. Почему вы не позвонили мне? Я бы пришел и помог вам. 4. Хорошо, что он сам отказался ехать. А то сейчас бы ворчал и действовал всем на нервы. 5. Мы бы давно все закончили и ушли, но прислали новое срочное задание. 6. Хорошо, что вы пришли вовремя. Никто бы не стал принимать во внимание ваши извинения. 7. Стали бы вы браться за дело, в которое не верите? – Я бы не стал. 8. Я уверен, что они слишком торопились, иначе бы они нашли более удачное решение. 9. Заказ не очень сложный. За какой срок вы смогли бы его выполнить? 10. Очень сожалеем, но мы вряд ли смогли бы предупредить вас об этом намного раньше.
Exercise 9 p. 88. Replace the infinitives by the correct form of the subjunctive mood.
1. But for the toothache I (to enjoy) the concert. 2. But for him we still (to sit) here waiting for the car. 3. But for my smile he (to believe) me. 4. The children (to sleep) in the open air but for the train. 5. Nobody (to recognize) him but for the scar on his left cheek. 6. But for his severe look the child (not to begin) crying. 7. But for the accent with which he speaks nobody (to say) he is not Russian. 8. One (may take) him for a Russian but for the accent with which he speaks. 9. But for the late hour I (to stay) here longer. 10. But for the darkness they (not to lose) their way. 11. But for the fog we (to continue) our way. 12. But for the heavy bag she (to go) there also on foot. 13. I (to read) the book sooner but for the small print. 14. But for his assistance it (to be) impossible to do the work in time. 15. But for the hot climate he (to go) there together with us. 16. But for Fieta Lanny (to see) by Gert in his own house, and something terrible (may happen). 17. Lanny probably (to learn) never that he was the son of old Gert Villier but for Mako and Isaac. 18. Lanny (to choke) by Gert but for Mad Sam, who came to his rescue.
Exercise 10 p. 88. Complete the following.
1. But for the rain the tourists…. 2. But for the late hour we…. 3. I... but for you. 4. The plane … but for the sudden change of weather. 5. But for the fact that we did not know the language …. 6. But for your being so careless…. 7. The Gadfly … from prison but for the fit of sickness. 8. But for his mother`s unhappy marriage to Mr. Murdstone David’s life ….
Exercise 11 p. 88. Translate into English.
1. Если бы не важность этого дела, я бы остался дома. 2. Если бы не гроза, мы бы уже подходили к вершине. 3. Я бы присоединился к вашей компании, если бы не неожиданный приезд моего знакомого. 4. Если бы не этот веселый и интересный человек, мы бы чувствовали себя неловко среди незнакомых людей. 5. Мы бы так и не узнали, что он за человек, если бы не этот случай. 6. Мы бы все время работали точно по плану, если бы не эта маленькая задержка.
Exercise 12 p. 89. Use the Past Indefinite instead of the Present Indefinite in the principal clause making all other necessary changes in the subordinate clause.
1. a) I’m certain that nobody will think him a stranger. b) I’m certain that nobody would think him a stranger. c) I’m certain that nobody would have thought him a stranger. 2. a) She knows that you refused to help him and thinks she would not have done that in your place. b) I know that he will refuse to help me. c) I know that he would refuse to help me for he is very busy. 3. a) He is sure that I shall come in time. b) He is sure that she would come in time for she is punctual, as a rule. c) He is sure that she would have come in time: something must have happened to her. 4. a) I believe that it will not be bad to have dinner. b) I believe that it would not be bad to have dinner. c) I believe that it would not have been bad to have dinner then.
Exercise 13 p. 89. Use the verb in brackets in the subjunctive mood.
1. I (not to advise) you to act hastily in the situation. 2. He never (to leave) you so soon, but he had some very urgent matter to attend to. 3. We (to stay) much longer but for the late hour. 4. There were not so many people as one (to expect). 5. They (to start) earlier, but they promised to wait for him. 6. I think nobody (to object) to having a day off tomorrow. 7. Everyone in your place (to inquire) for her address the very first thing. 8. It was possible to make it some other day, but it (not to make) much difference if at all. 9. But for a week’s delay the year’s quota (to be fulfilled) well ahead of schedule. 10. But for his impatience with the pupils, he (to make) a good teacher.
Exercise 14 p. 89. Translate into English.
1. Я слышал, вы едете на Кавказ. Я бы с удовольствием присоединился к вам. – И я только что подумал, хорошо бы нам поехать вместе. 2. Он очень аккуратный и ни за что не опоздал бы без причины. Что бы это могло его задержать? 3. Жаль, что вы не обратились к нему. Он помог бы вам. 4. Если бы не собака, дети еще долго блуждали бы по лесу. 5. С ее стороны было бы неразумно выходить на улицу, когда она еще не совсем здорова. 6. Он не знал, что вы были там в одно с ним время, а то бы он разыскал вас. 7. Почему вы не написали ей об этом сразу? Я уверен, она бы все поняла и приехала. 8. Если бы не важность вопроса, мы перенесли бы обсуждение на следующий день. 9. Я не стал бы читать книгу в переводе, но пока, к сожалению, не могу прочесть ее в оригинале. 10. Было бы совсем неплохо закончить более легкую часть работы как можно быстрее, мы бы освободили себе больше времени для более трудоемкой.
Exercise 15 p. 90. Analyse the form of the verb in the given sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. If only I could have learnt it a day earlier! 2. Oh, that he knew how near he was to the object of his search! 3. If they had known the kind of man he was! 4. If we were some years younger! 5. If she had been with us! 6. Oh, were he only stronger-willed!
Exercise 16 p. 90. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1. If we (to give) thought to it at the time! 2. Oh, he (not to be) late the other day! 3. If only it (to be) true! 4. If you (can help) her! 5. Oh, that I (to realize) the importance of it before! 6. If there (to be) the slightest possibility!
Exercise 17 p. 90. Translate into English. (Dictation-translation.)
1. Если бы это могло повториться! 2. Если бы только этого не случилось! 3. Ах, если бы всегда было так. 4. Если бы он понимал, на какой риск он идет. 5. Если бы был хотя бы один шанс из десяти! 6. Если бы я встретил его раньше! 7. Если бы вы только знали, как я волновался.
REVISION EXERCISES
Exercise 18 p. 90. Replace the infinitives by the correct form of the subjunctive mood.
1. Oh, that she never (to come) to see it again! 2. But for the promise, she never (to come). 3. If only he (to be) free this week! He (to be) your untiring guide around the city. 4. Oh, I (not to make) the mistake! Everything (to look) different now. 5. If only we (can avoid) misunderstandings! It (to make) things so much simpler in future! 6. If you (to warn) me before I (can avoid) the mistake! 7. “If mother (to cry)! It (to be) better,” Lanny thought. 8. Sarie tried to see herself as a coloured person, “If she (to be) coloured and Lanny white? How she (to feel)?” 9. If Lanny (to read) the letter as soon as it came! He (can write) and (put) Celia off. 10. If Lanny (can go) straight to his house and (walk) in! What a pleasant surprise it (to be)! 11. If Lanny (to be) on that lorry. He (to be) back home over an hour now.
Exercise 19 p. 90. Translate into English.
1. Если бы он был здоров! Он бы ни минуты не остался дома. 2. Если бы она знала раньше о вашей поездке! Она послала бы с вами подарки своим друзьям. 3. Если бы мы только могли убедить его не уезжать! Мы сейчас уже завершали (завершили) бы эту работу. 4. Если бы я слышал прогноз погоды! Я захватил бы плащ. 5. Если бы была хоть малейшая возможность! Они бы обязательно ухватились за нее. 6. Если бы вы не сомневались, что он говорил правду! Насколько бы вам обоим было легче и проще все эти годы! 7. Ах, если бы я только мог остаться здесь с вами! Мы бы вместе могли отправиться вниз по Волге. 8. Если бы нам не нужно было так торопиться! Я уверен, с ним бы этого не произошло. 9. Было бы благоразумнее с вашей стороны обратиться к врачу немедленно. Вы бы не были сейчас в больнице. 10. Было бы неплохо прокатиться на лодке. Мы бы совсем не чувствовали жары.
FORMS OF THE TYPE “I SHOULD/HE WOULD (BE)”AND ‘’I/HE WERE” IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
Exercise 4 p. 92. Translate into English.
I. а) Если у него сейчас занятия, нам придется долго ждать. b) Если бы у него сейчас были занятия, нам пришлось бы долго ждать. 2. а) Если я ее увижу в ближайшее время, я, конечно, расскажу ей об этом. b) Если бы я ее увидел в ближайшее время, я бы, конечно, рассказал ей об этом. 3. а) Если он не был это время болен, он посещал тренировки. b) Если бы он не был это время болен, он бы посещал тренировки. 4. а) Если она смогла выбрать время, она просмотрела ваши замечания. b) Если бы она смогла выбрать время, она бы просмотрела ваши замечания. 5. а) Если вы там бывали, вы знаете, как выглядят эти места. b) Если бы вы там побывали, вы бы знали, как выглядят эти места.
Exercise 5 p. 92. Answer the following questions.
1. Where do you think your brother would go if he were on leave? 2. Would you have made the mistake if you knew the rule? 3. What would you reply if somebody apologized to you? 4. What would he have answered if somebody had thanked him? 5. What would you say if you wanted to interrupt somebody? 6. What would one do if he wanted somebody to hold his parcel for a moment? 7.What language would you like your son to know? And your daughter, if you had one? 8. How much time would he spend on this work, if he were asked to do it? 9. What museum would you choose to go on an excursion to if you were to organize one? 10. Would you have answered the questions in the same way if you were in my place?
Exercise 7 p.93. Translate into English. Join the clauses asyndetically where possible.
1. Будь я на вашем месте, я бы пошел пораньше, чтобы застать его. 2. Если бы я был художником, я бы обязательно нарисовал портрет этого человека. 3. Что бы вы сказали, если бы я обратился к вам за советом? 4. Вы были бы недовольны, если бы я не пришел? 5. Если бы вы пришли на заседание научного кружка, вы бы услышали интересный доклад одного из наших студентов. 6. Если бы он поступил в институт четыре года назад, oн в будущем году уже окончил бы его. 7. Если бы меня поставили в известность раньше, я бы не оставил это дело без внимания. 8. Если бы мы знали, что вам нужна эта книга, мы бы захватили ее с собой. 9. Они бы заметили эту ошибку, если бы были более внимательны. 10. Если бы она сейчас же пошла в читальню, она бы еще застала там библиотекаря. 12. Если бы Пирогов не был к тому времени уже опытным хирургом, он не смог бы спасти столько жизней во время Крымской войны. 13. Вы бы пошли куда-нибудь вечером, если бы я пригласил вас? 14. Если бы вы не были таким рассеянным, вы бы не сделали так много орфографических ошибок. 15. Если бы поезд вышел вовремя, он прибыл бы в конечный пункт завтра рано утром. 16. Если бы вы занимались систематически, у вас не было бы таких пробелов. 17. В том, что я сделал, нет ничего особенного; любой на моем месте сделал бы то же самое. 18. Если бы не его лукавая улыбка, я бы искренне поверил ему. 19. Кто бы мог предвидеть, что все так внезапно изменится? 20. Если бы вы выполнили все предписания врача, вы давно бы выздоровели и работали сейчас вместе с нами. 23. Если бы вы мне дали это понять немного раньше! 22. Я бы отложил свою работу и поехал бы с вами на экскурсию, если бы я знал об этом заранее. 23. Я бы посоветовал вам серьезно подумать над этим. 24, Если бы не метро, я бы тратил на дорогу около часа и при этом делал бы две пересадки. 25. Я бы на вашем месте ни минуты не колебался и принял это предложение. 26. Если бы я знал, что вы так хотите прочесть эту книгу, я бы давно закончил ее и дал вам, 27. Если бы они представляли себе, как в действительности обстоит дело, они бы прекратили излишние разговоры на эту тему и приняли бы решительные меры.
Exercise 10 p. 94. Translate into English. (Dictation-translation).
1. Даже если бы вы позвонили мне вчера, я не смог бы прийти. 2. Он бы выполнил это задание, даже если бы оно было вдвое труднее. 3. В зале было так много народу, что я не мог бы найти его, даже если бы знал, что он там. 4. Даже если бы вы предупредили меня, я не успел бы повидать его. 5. Я не смог бы поговорить с ним на эту тему, даже если бы я его вчера видел. 6. Я не закончу эту работу к вечеру, даже если бы мне помогли. 7. Даже если бы он очень изменился внешне, я бы всегда узнал его по голосу. 8. Он ни за что с вами не согласится, даже если бы он был неправ.
MODAL VERBS
Must, To Have (to), To Be (to)
Exercise 1 p. 115. State the meaning of the verb must in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.
1. "You see," Celia said, "I really don't want you to go, Lanny." "I'm sorry, Celia, but I must go. That community sent me here." (Ab) 2. "You must speak out. You must not allow your father to take such a mad step. You must prevent it, Agnes, while there's time." (CD.) 3. "I am afraid I must he going now," he said. 4. "I must be getting old," thought old Jolyon. (Gls.) 5. We must have met somewhere, your face seems very familiar to me. 6. "I am the preacher. You were too young when you went away to remember me, sir, hut I remember you." "Then you must remember my name," Lanny said. (Ab) 7. On tiptoe Sister Swartz went into the room. She mustn't disturb Lanny. He must be very tired after his journey. She looked on the shelf but the sixpence wasn't there, Mabel must have taken it. (Ab.) 8. Andrew felt that he must laugh. (Crn) 9. He had the sudden conviction that he must lose his case tomorrow. (Crn)
Exercise 2 p. 115. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the rendering of the meaning of the verb must.
1. Her English is very poor, she must study very hard. 2. Her English is rather good, she must be studying hard. 3. Her English has considerably improved, she must have studied hard during her vacation. 4. She must have been studying English these five years. Her English is rather idiomatic and fluent. 5. She must have been studying at that moment, that's why she did not answer our telephone call. 6. You must always think twice before you say anything. 7. She must be thinking of what I have said. 8. She must be at home now, I saw her leaving the Institute. 9. She must be at home now, she can't go as there is no one else to take care of her sick father. 10. Eight bars, and all so thick and strong!... He must have been filing for hours, yes, of course, that was what made his arm ache. (V.) 11. "It is certainly very cold," said Peggotty. "Everybody must feel it so." "I feel it more than other people," said Mrs. Gummidge. (CD.)
Exercise 3 p. 116. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Она, должно быть, ждет нас в институте. 2. Она должна ждать нас винституте. 3. Доктор говорит, что он должен жить на юге. 4. Он, должно быть, живет на юге. 5. Он должен много читать вслух, чтобы исправить свое произношение. 6. Он, должно быть, много читает вслух; у него хорошее произношение. 7. Я должен остаться здесь до зимы. 8. Она, должно быть, гостит у своих друзей, так как она писала, что проведет свой отпуск у них. 9. Они, должно быть, ждут меня, а я никак не могу дать им знать о себе. 10. Книга распродана; надо поискать ее в букинистических магазинах. 11. Он, по всей вероятности, забыл, что обещал прийти. 12. Они, наверно, пишут сочинение уже около двух часов и скоро должны кончить.
Exercise 4 p. 116. Combine the verb must with the proper form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. Look! People are hurrying along the street with collars and umbrellas up. It must (to rain) hard. 2. Peggotty enclosed the half-guinea in the letter; I was afraid she must (to have) a world of trouble to get it out of Mr. Barkis's box. (CD.) 3. You must (to follow) my advice. There is no other way out for you. 4. I saw an old woman sleeping soundly in Green Park. A shower was falling at the time, she must (to be) drenched to the skin. (Ldn) 5. All time we were out the two gentlemen smoked incessantly — which, I thought, if I might judge from the smell of their rough coats, they must (to do) ever since the coats had first come home from the tailor's. 6. "The hotels must (to do) a tremendous business," old Jolyon thought. "A few years ago there had been none of these big hotels." Then he thought of his son. "... If Jo were only with him. The boy must (to be) forty by now." (Gls.) 7. She must (to be) angry with you. She does not even look in your direction. 8. She must (to get) angry with me. She left without saying good-bye. 9. Mary must (to be) ill, otherwise she would have come. 10. Mary must (to fall) ill. She looked so pale and tired last night.
Exercise 5 p. 116. Paraphrase the sentences using the verb must.
1. I am sure he has got all he needed. Did you see how triumphant he was? 2. The boy was evidently reading something funny. He was smiling all the time. 3. The boy is probably reading something funny. He is smiling all the time. 4. They have most likely not realized what opportunity they were losing. 5. I shan't bother you any longer; no doubt you are tired of my talking. 6. I see something is eating him. He is like on tenterhooks. 7. It was clear the family were expecting some guests: the mother was bustling about the house tidying up the rooms. 8. She was obviously upset by something. I never saw her so unbalanced. 9. He surely did not find out the real reason for their silence.
Exercise 6 p. 117. Analyse the meaning of the verb to have.
1. King Lear had three daughters. 2. Have a look at the picture. I think it is a Repin. 3. I have to answer many letters. 4. I have some information to pass on to you. 5. During our trip we had an accident in which I had my leg badly hurt. 6. I'll have him come at six o'clock if that suits you. 7. He has just come from abroad. 8. You will have to leave at six to catch the train. 9. Is that all you have to say to me? 10. There are two kinds of speeches: there is the speech which a man makes when he has something to say, and the speech when he has to say something.
Exercise 7 p. 117. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the verb to have (to).
1. Thoughtfully Lanny went up the side street to the house where he lodged. Only two more hours before he had to catch his train and then Cape Town would be behind him. (Ab) 2. The Gadfly and Michele were waiting for an emissary, to whom important directions had to be given. (V.) 3. "You arc too young to know how the world changes every day," said Mrs. Creakle, "and how the people in it pass away. But we all have to learn it, David; some of us when we are young, some of us when we are old, some of us at all times of our lives." (CD.) 4. Lickcheese. Why not Dr. Trench marry Miss Blanche, and settle the whole affair that way? С о k a n e. You forget, Mr. Lickcheese, that the young lady, whose taste has to be considered, decisively objected to him. (Sh.) 5. They had to repeat what they were doing several times before the engine burst open and started. (Ald)
Exercise 8 p. 117. Change the following into the negative and interrogative.
1. Mother has to cook dinner after work. 2. He had to sit up late with this work. 3. You will have to get up very early tomorrow. 4. The girl had to take care of her younger sister and brothers. 5. She will have to do it once over again. 6. These documents have to be filed. 7. They had to cover the whole distance on foot. 8. We shall have to speak to him about it.
Exercise 9 p. 117. Translate into English using the verb to have in its modal meaning,
1. Мне сейчас приходится много работать, так как я болела и отстала от группы. 2. Вам придется поговорить с ним лично. 3. Нам пришлось переждать дождь на станции. 4. Я вынужден был извиниться, хотя мне это и было неприятно. 5. Книгу необходимо переплести, иначе некоторые страницы могут потеряться. 6.Вам приходится очень рано вставать, не так ли? 7. Он вынужден был сделать вам замечание, не правда ли? 8. Ему не нужно было сдавать вступительные экзамены. 9. Нам не пришлось провожать их в гостиницу. Они сами хорошо знали дорогу. 10. Работу придется сделать сегодня. 11. Он сказал, что вам придется ехать туда одному. 12. Всю страницу пришлось перепечатать из-за одной опечатки.
Exercise 10 p. 118. Fill in the blanks with must or had (to).
1. When 1 asked him why he was so late, he told me that he had missed an earlier train and... wait for another one. 2, The man warned us that the place was dangerous to bathe in and we... look for a safer spot. 3. His wife kept telling him that he... not sit up so late. 4. The doctor told him he... give up smoking, as it might be ruinous to his lungs. 5. The father said to the children that they... be careful while crossing the street. 6. The bus was not going that direction, so he... change. 7. It was not that the work... be finished soon, but we ourselves wanted to be through with it as soon as possible. 8. 1 had no special desire to do it, but as I felt it... be done this way or another, I started on it, though reluctantly. 9. I saw that I... speak louder to make myself heard. 10. Telling himself that he... control himself, he did not answer anything. 11. Martin knew that he... stand up to be introduced. 12. For a moment she felt her heart... break.
Exercise 11 p. 118. Refer the following to the past. Make all the necessary changes.
1. It is getting pretty late. I must leave, or I shall be late for the last bus. 2. This is getting too far, I feel I must do something before it is too late. 3. It can't go on like this any longer. It must blow up sooner or later. 4. I know it's a secret and I must keep it. 5. He is trying to explain why the measures he proposes must be resorted to if we want to save the situation. 6. He does not understand why such urgent measures as have been taken must be resorted to even in the face of the situation. 7. It is impossible to change anything. One must take things as they are. 8. I do not agree with him that one must always take things as they are without trying to change them. 9. Do you realize that you mustn't mention it to anybody?
Exercise 12 p. 118. Analyse the modal meaning of the verb to be (to) in the following sentences and translate them into Russian.
1. Large sums are now being spent on educational developments and still larger sums are to be spent in the near future. 2. He was to leave that night... for Gravesend, where the ship, in which he was to make the voyage, lay, and was to be gone I don't know how many years. (CD.) 3. Mr. Priors was to remain shut up in the room while I was gone, and was on no account to open the door. (CD.) 4. What do you want with my things? Am I to be moved into another cell? (V.) 5. Mrs. Pearce. I want to know on what terms the girl is to be here. Is she to have any wages? And what is to become of her when you've finished your teaching? You must look ahead a little. H i g g i n s. Give her orders: that's enough for her. Eliza, you are to live here for the next six months, learning how to speak beautifully. (Sh.) 6. It is evident that we are to have a backward season for grains. (Tw) 7. A little disconsolate, he watched the steamer splashing down the channel towards the pier. What sort of fellow-travellers was he to have? (Blk). 8. "My dear Trot!" cried my aunt, in a terrified whisper... "I don't know what I am to do?" (CD.) 9. There was something in his manner that was not to be resisted. 10. Why are you late? You were to have come an hour ago.
Exercise 13 p. 119. Explain the difference in meaning between the two sentences in the following pairs.
1. a) The plane was not to take off at night as the weather was too bad. b) The plane was to have taken off at night, but the weather was too bad. 2. a) There was to be an interesting concert last night, but I didn't feel well and had to stay at home. b) There was to have been an interesting concert last night, but the singer fell ill and the concert had to be postponed. 3. a) The order came that we were not to leave the village before dawn. b) We were not to have left the village before dawn, but by the time the order came we were two miles away from it.
Exercise 14 p. 119. Combine the modal verb to be (to) with the proper form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. I stood at the window, looking at them disappear, and my heart kept repeating "Good-bye, good-bye!" I was not (to see) them for nearly five years. (EL) 2. You know Mako's Kraal... on the other side there is land with water, that was the land Sam was (to buy). There they were (to live). (Ab) 3. Nobody met me when I came. I was (to arrive) by the ten o'clock train, but I couldn't get a ticket for it. 4. Remember that we are (to be) at his place not later than eight. 5. Why are you so late? Didn't you get my letter saying that we were (to meet) at 4? 6. There was a violent storm that night and the Albatross which was (to arrive) at the port in the morning had to drop anchor near an island a hundred miles off the port.
Exercise 15 p. 119. Insert the verb to be (to) or to have (to) in the necessary tense form.
1. I wondered what... to happen to us. 2. It looks like raining. You... to take your raincoats. 3. We agreed that the one who came first... to reserve seats for the rest of us. 4. Nobody met me at the airfield as I... to have arrived a day later and could not warn any of my friends of the change. 5. He always puts off doing what he... to do until it... to be done. 6. We... to leave on Monday, but because of a two days' delay with the visas we... to book tickets for Wednesday. 7. There is nothing strange in what he did. It... to be expected. 8. It was too late to change the plan, and it... to remain as it was. 9. You... not to tell him about it if you don't want to. 10. You... not to tell him anything about it before you get further instructions. 11. They hoped to spend the summer together, but that... not to be. 12.... I to do it all by myself? 13. When no food... to be had he seemed capable of doing without.
Exercise 16 p. 120. Fill in the blanks with to be (to), to have (to) or must using the correct form of the infinitive.
1. I did not know who... (to be) my travelling companion. 2. According to the state plan, many new dwelling houses... (to build) this year. 3. We … to work hard to achieve good results. 4. I think we... (to drop) anchor in that bay until the storm quiets down," the captain said to his mate. 5. … (to say) your behaviour has been far from straightforward. (Sh) 6. "Mabel has gone," Lanny said in a flat, impersonal voice. The old woman went back to her chair and sat down heavily. "It … (to be). Where did she go, son?" (Ab) 7. "Have you been studying much law lately?" I asked, to change the subject. "Oh, Master Copperfield," he said with an air of selfdenial; "My reading... hardly (to call) study." (CD.) 8. Sartorius. If I give in now I … (to give in) always. (Sh.) 9. Mrs. P e a r с e. What … (to become) of the girl?... she (to pay) anything? (Sh.) 10. This is serious; you … (not to joke) about it (Sh.)
Exercise 17 p. 120. Translate into English using to have (to), to be (to) or must.
1. Вы должны приготовить эту работу к четвергу. 2. Я должен был приготовить эту работу к четвергу. (Два варианта). 3. Вы не должны прекращать работу, пока не закончите ее. Завтра уже четверг. 4. Мне пришлось приготовить эту работу к четвергу. 5. Мне придется приготовить эту работу к четвергу. 6. Ему приходится готовить эту работу сегодня, так как все эти дни он был занят. 7. Вам не придется готовить эту работу. 8. Мне не нужно было готовить эту работу. 9. Так как он приготовил все заранее, ему не нужно делать этого теперь. 10. Если бы он не приготовил все заранее, ему нужно было бы сделать это теперь. 11. Если бы мы приготовили все заранее, нам не пришлось бы делать это теперь. 12. “На этой неделе нам предстоит провести ряд новых опытов”, -- сказал директор лаборатории. 13. Выбора не было, и ему пришлось согласиться. 14. Мне было поручено сделать подробный доклад по этому вопросу, и для этого я должен был просмотреть много литературы. 15. Я должен был ходить в библиотеку почти каждый день: оставалось всего несколько дней, до того как мне нужно было сдать доклад, а я еще не написал и половины. 16. Мне придется посидеть эти дни дома. Врач говорит, я не должен никуда выходить, пока температура не будет нормальной. 17. Я думаю, что, если бы вам довелось выполнять подобное задание в первый раз, вы бы тоже были вынуждены неоднократно обращаться к кому-нибудь за помощью. 18. Посидите здесь, пока он занят. Я думаю, вам не придется долго ждать.
Exercise 18 p. 121. Translate into Russian.
1. I did not expect that the worst was yet to happen. (CD.) 2. Sir Peter [looks at his watch]. This is the time I was to have gone. (Shr) 3. I've been in the editorial business going on fourteen years, and it is the first time I ever heard of a man's having to know anything in order to edit a newspaper. (Tw) 4. С о k a n e [to Trench]. How is anybody to know that you are well brought up if you don't show it by your manners? (Sh) 5. "We shall wait on the steps," he said as they trooped out. "You have only to call." 6. One has only to attend her lesson once to be convinced that she has all the makings of an excellent teacher. 7. "I've spoken to many women, but I have still to speak to one who is not opposed to war," said Mrs. Seares, an active fighter for peace. 8. Mabel complained violently while she dressed. Nothing but work here. Best to run away. Go to Cape Town where girls wore beautiful high-healed shoes and didn't have to work. Why should she work all the days of her life? (Ab) 9. This very evening I was to have brought him a gentleman from the city, who does not know him, and will, I believe, advance him some money. (CD.)
Need
Exercise 19 p. 121. Analyse the meaning of the verb need.
1. You may keep the money I've given you, I don't need it yet. 2. Must I go there immediately? — No you needn't. Wait till I ring you up. 3. Need you bother about such trifles? 4. Do you need my help? 5. You needn't have gone into so many details. The report was too long. 6. Mr. Maugham is very discreet, Louisa: you needn't be afraid of telling him anything. (M) 7. "All is agreed and understood between us now, Trot," said my aunt, "and we need talk of this no more." (CD.) 8. Sartorius. Need you be so inflexible, Blanche? (Sh.) 9. Pickering. Does it occur to you, Higgins, that the girl has some feelings? Higgins. Oh, no, I don't think so. Not any feelings that we need bother about. (B. Sh.) 10. Why need my name have been dragged in? (Lw)
Exercise 20 p. 122. Paraphrase the following using the modal verb need:
1. I see no reason why we should argue. 2. It was not necessary for her to carry the bags all by herself: there were porters at the station. 3. Is it so very necessary that you should go there at all? 4. There is no use worrying about her; she is quite able to take care of herself. 5. What's the use of reproaching yourself. 6. I don't think there is any need to bother them. 7. It was quite unnecessary for you to do the work instead of him.
Exercise 21 p. 122. Translate into English using (don't) have to, needn't (have).
1. У нас поставили телефон, и нам теперь не нужно ходить к соседям. 2. Вам незачем идти на улицу: у соседей есть телефон. 3. У нас теперь построили стадион, и детям не приходится ездить далеко. 4. Им незачем ездить так далеко, можно заниматься в нашем читальном зале. 5. Можешь не отвечать на этот вопрос, если не хочешь. 6. Не обязательно вам приходить самому. Можете прислать кого-нибудь. 7. Ему незачем беспокоиться. Все будет в порядке. 8. Нам не нужно было ходить в библиотеку. У нас были все необходимые книги. 9. К вечеру зуб перестал болеть, и он решил, что ему не надо идти к врачу. 10. Много ли вам пришлось потратить времени на эту работу? 11. Оказалось, что у меня есть этот словарь, так что мне не пришлось покупать новый. 12. Вам не нужно было покупать этот словарь, у меня есть лишний экземпляр, и я с удовольствием дал бы его вам, если бы вы только попросили. 13. Разговор наш продолжался недолго, все было достаточно ясно, и нам не к чему было вдаваться визлишние подробности. 14. Ему не к чему было вдаваться в подробности: это все равно не помогло. 15. Все слова в тексте были знакомы, и им незачем было пользоваться словарем; это только отняло у них больше времени. 16. Все слова в тексте были настолько хорошо знакомы, что мне даже незачем было пользоваться словарем.
Exercise 22 p. 122. Translate and make up your own sentences on the same pattern.
1. Must I myself get in touch with him or is the secretary to do this? 2. Will they have to come here every day? 3. Need you be in a hurry? You have a lot of time left before you leave. 4. Am I to understand that I am not wanted here? 5. Did he have to make a living for the whole family at such an early age? 6. Do you think that she must make the first step to make up the quarrel with him? 7. You have to get up very early to catch the first train, don't you? 8. Need you so exert yourself having such big boys to help you?
Exercise 23 p. 123. Translate into English using the verbs must, to be (to), to have (to) or need. (Dictation-translation.)
1. Сказал ли преподаватель, что мы должны выучить этот текст наизусть? 2. Я не знал, что этот текст не надо учить наизусть. 3. Зря вы учили этот текст наизусть; его надо было просто читать. 4. Не шумите: дети, должно быть, спят. 5. Никто, наверно, не сказал ему об этом. 6. Они должны были прийти в 5, а уже 6 часов. 7. Они, наверно, забыли, что должны были прийти в 5 часов. 8. Надеюсь, вас не пришлось долго ждать, да? 9. Надеюсь, нам не придется ждать. 10. Эту книгу можно найти в любой библиотеке. 11. Стоит ли волноваться из-за таких пустяков?
Should
Exercise 24 p. 123. Analyse the meaning of the modal verb should and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. My family are of opinion that Mr. Micawber should quit London and exert his talents in the country. (CD.) 2. Bosinney looked clever; but he should be easy to deal with in money matters (Soames thought). (Gls.) 3. Soames thought: "Why is all this? Why should I suffer? What have I done? It is not my fault!" (Gls.) 4. Eliza. I want to know what I may take away with me. I don't want to be accused of stealing, Mr. Higgins. Higgins. Stealing! You shouldn't have said that, Eliza. That shows a want of feeling. (Sh.) 5. And suddenly Lanny remembered... on the highveld one did not speak to a white man till he spoke to you. He should have remembered. (Ab) 6. When Swithin approached his usual seat, who should be sitting there but Rozzi. (Gls.) 7. "To think that you should be the first to kindle the sparks of ambition in my 'umble breast, and that you've forgotten it! Oh!" exclaimed Uriah. (CD.)
Exercise 25 p. 123. State whether should is auxiliary or modal.
1. You (we, he) should have done it long ago. 2. We told him that we should let him know the day of our arrival. 3. Had it not been for the rain, we should have come in time. 4. He should be more careful about his health. 5. Is it possible that he should have misunderstood me? 6. I should gladly do it for you, but I am too busy now. 7. "I shouldn't have missed the chance," he reproached himself.
Exercise 26 p. 124. Use should or had (to) with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. We... (to call) on him yesterday, but we were too busy as we... (to attend) an extra meeting. 2. I... not (to tell) him this news; he was so much upset, but I really... (to do) so, for the circumstances demanded that. 3. You... (to see) him dance! You have missed a lot. I... (to take) you to the concert. 4. It was very hard work but we... (to do) it. 5. She... (not to let) it pass like that, she... (to explain) it to him that he was wrong. 6. Although it was unpleasant to her, she... (to tell) him that he was wrong.
Exercise 27 p. 124. Use should or need with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. I am very sorry, I... not (to bother) you with this trifle.2. You... not (to come) so early, now you will have to wait. 3. You... not (to give) the child so much money. It will spoil him. 4. You... not (to return) the money so soon. I could have waited. 5. You... not (to help) him with this work. He could have managed it himself.
Exercise 28 p. 124. Fill in the blanks with either should or must. Translate into Russian.
1. a) You... have spoken to him already. I see you know everything. b) You... have spoken to him of the matter. Why keep him in the dark? 2. a) They... have studied the subject more thoroughly; they will regret it later on. b) They... have studied the subject thoroughly; they answered every question. 3. a) You... have ignored the traffic regulations. That's why you were fined. b) You... have followed the traffic regulations, then you would not have been fined. 4. a) He... have forgotten to send them a telegram. b) He... have remembered to send them a telegram. 5. a) I... have taken Grandfather's spectacles. I cannot see anything through them, b) I... have taken my opera-glasses. I don't see anything.
Exercise 29 p. 124. Translate into English using must, to be (to), have (to), needn't or should.
1. Я не должен был говорить с ней таким тоном. Именно мой тон, должно быть, и обидел ее. 2. Мы, должно быть, пропустили его. Мы должны были прийти пораньше. 3. Вам не надо было так торопиться; нужно было быть здесь не раньше пяти. 4. Она должна была выгладить это платье, до того как оно высохло; теперь ей придется смочить его снова. 5. Она не должна была закрывать окно так быстро, надо было проветрить комнату получше. 6. Эго должно было случиться. Всем известна его расcеянность. 7. Этого следовало ожидать, и нечего удивляться. 8. Нам не пришлось тащить вещи на себе: нам попалась попутная машина. 9. Вы не должны так расстраиваться по пустякам. Надо держать себя в руках. 10. Вы не должны грызть ногти. Это отвратительная привычка, и нужно от нее избавиться. 11. Надеюсь, ты не должна теперь так рано вставать; ты ведь теперь работаешь в десяти минутах ходьбы от дома. 12. Она, очевидно, была очень приятной женщиной. Все говорят о ней с такой любовью. 13. В Крыму есть много растений, которые нельзя трогать руками, так как они оставляют ожоги. 14. Это лекарство можно получить только по рецепту врача. 15. Там, наверно, идет дождь; смотри, какое темное небо. 16. С какой стати я буду делать то, что я не должна. 17. Они, вероятно, что-то горячо обсуждали; они даже не заметили, как мы вошли. 18. Через год эта железная дорога будет полностью электрифицирована.
Ought to
Exercise 30 p. 125. Analyse the meaning of the verb ought (to) and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. The young ought to respect old age. 2. I know that from every practical standpoint, from the standpoint of common decency, from the standpoint of what is right and wrong, I have done what I ought to do. (M) 3. The girl cannot be blamed. She was behaving naturally, as others ought to have behaved. (Vk) 4. He was a lawyer, and thought that things ought to be done according to juridical formulas which he had learned. (Gls.) 5. You ought not to show to him that you notice his stammer, he feels it very keenly. 6. "Do you know your mistress's name?" asked Mr. Murdstone. "She has been my mistress a long time, sir," answered Peggotty. "I ought to know it." (CD.) 7. With his straight delicate nose, his fine brow and well shaped mouth he ought to have been good-looking, but surprisingly enough he was not. (M) 8. "I could have my tea here with you," she suggested. "I'd love it," replied Jon. "Only I feel, you ought to be with the other guests, oughtn't you?" (Gls.) 9. "... perhaps he was right," she told herself..." after all, Erik ought to know far more than anyone else what he wanted." (W) 10. Where is Bosinney? — He ought to be in his study. (Gls.)
Exercise 31 p. 125. Fill in the blanks with ought, to be (to), to have (to).
1. Don't contradict her, you... to respect her age. 2. She is not a bad sort, if somewhat capricious; so you sometimes... to put up with her whims. 3. The situation grew awkward. He felt that something... to be done, or else the party would break up; so he... to say a few conciliating words to put the guests at their ease. 4. He was boiling with rage, but he... to control his feelings not to give himself away. 5. I thought I... to do something to return their hospitality. 6. Not a living thing... to be seen. 7. Why do you ask my opinion? You have been in the business much longer, you... to know better. 8. You are a father, you... not to neglect your duties to your children. 9. According to the rules of the game a football player... not to touch the ball with his hands. 10. He... to have taken the floor and spoken in favour of the proposal. 11. Ring me up at 6. The situation... to clear up by then.
Exercise 32 p. 126. Fill in the blanks with must, should or ought (to).
1. Your questions surprise me, you... (to know) this. 2. Children... (to obey) their parents. 3. Though it is a very unpleasant mission, I feel I... (to tell) you the truth. 4. Why... I (to know) where he is? 5. Let's tell him all as it is. He... (to understand). 6. You... (to apologize) when you saw that his feelings were hurt. 7. You... (not to eat) so much bread; you will gain weight, which is not good for your heart. 8.She... (not to speak) about such things in the child's presence. Now you see the results. 9. I... (to know) that it might come to that. 10. a) If they had been warned in time, they... (to be) there by now. b) If they were warned in time they... (to be) there by now. 11. His heart was now thumping so violently he felt it... (to burst). 12. He gave you just that feeling of assurance, of confidence that a doctor... (to give).
Can and May
Exercise 33 p. 126. Analyse the meaning of the verb can. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. In the dimness of the landing I could not see very well. (Ldn) 2. "Your servant, sir," said Mr. Omer. "What can I do for you, sir?" (CD.) 3. You can take a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink. 4. Eliza. I can do without you; don't think I can't. H i g g i n s. I know you can, Eliza. I told you you could. (Sh.) 5. I think you could do it if you tried. 6. She could not have said why but she was sure of it. (Dr) 7. "Martha, is it you?" says Emily. "Oh, Martha, can it be you?" (CD.) 8. She cannot deceive me. Her name cannot be Doolittle. Doolittle is an English name, and she is not English. (Sh.) 9. Could this old woman be Louise? She can't have changed like that. 10. I should think there never can have been a man who enjoyed his profession more than Mr. Creakle did. (CD.) 11. I cannot conceive whose stockings they can have been that Peggotty was always darning, or where such an unfailing supply of stockings in want of darning can have come from. (CD.) 12. I was fresh and lively myself, in the pleasure of being there, that I could have stopped the people in the streets and shaken hands with them. (CD.) 13. She can't have failed to notice this mistake.
Exercise 34 p. 127. Use can in the correct form followed by the appropriate infinitive.
1.... you (to call) a little later? I'm afraid I shall be busy till seven. 2.... it (to be) a joke? 3. You... not (to see) him at the meeting. He was ill. 4.... we (to cover) fifteen kilometres? The village is not yet seen. 5. He... not (to forget) your address; he has visited you several times. 6. If you had let us know, we... (to send) our car for you. 7. I should be very much obliged to you if you... (to lend) me your dictionary for a couple of days. 8. I don't believe her, she... (to fail) to recognize me. 9. He said he... (to manage) the task by himself. 10. Why didn't you ask me? I... (to do) it for you.
Exercise 35 p. 127. Translate into English using the verb can (Dictation-translation.)
1. He может быть, чтобы он опоздал. Он всегда такой пунктуальный. 2. Неужели он произвел на вас впечатление рассеянного человека? 3. Не может быть, чтобы я неправильно вас понял. 4. Он не мог прочитать эту книгу так быстро; она трудна для него. 5. Не может быть, чтобы она не нашла вашего дома. 6. Вряд ли она забыла об этом; я об этом напоминала ей только вчера. 7. Неужели вы не помните, что я возвратил вам эту книгу? 8. Разве мог кто-нибудь подумать, что эта команда займет первое место? 9. Если бы не хорошая погода, экспедиция не смогла бы подняться на вершину горы. 10. Неужели вы не нашли мою книгу?
Exercise 36 p. 127. Analyse the meaning of the verb may. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. I said to Mrs. Micawber: "May I ask what you and Mr. Micawber intend to do, now that Mr. Micawber is out of his difficulties? Have you settled yet?" (CD.) 2. He said I might come to him any day I liked. 3. "The door was open," he said. "Might I see your wife for a minute?" (Gls.) 4. If he walks from the station, he may arrive in the course of the next half-hour. If he drives, he may be here at any moment. (Sh.) 5. Here Miss Murdstone ceased her speech, and shutting her mouth, looked as if she might be broken, but would never be bent. (CD.) 6. It was some special occasion. I don't remember what. It may have been my birthday. (CD.) 7. He may not have learned the news, that's why he looks as if nothing had happened. 8. We might have gone about half a mile, when the carrier stopped short. (CD) 9. Mrs. Micawber beckoned to me to climb up and put her arm round my neck, and gave me just such a kiss as she might have given to her own boy. (CD) 10. I do think, after all I’ve done for them, they might be thankful. 11. Mrs. Higgins. Eliza is upstairs. Higgins. Upstairs!!! Then I shall jolly soon fetch her downstairs. But you might have told us this half an hour ago. (Sh) 12. Whenever you may come, you are always welcome. 13. Sartorius. I desire that there may be no wrong impression as to my daughter’s breeding. (Sh) 14. I borrowed the halfguinea that I might not be without a fund for my travelling expenses. 15. A faint wind moaned through the trees, and Tom feared it might be the spirit of the dead. (Tw)
Exercise 39 p. 129. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verbs can or may in the correct form.
1. I don't believe that he had done the work carelessly. 2. Perhaps, you changed at the wrong station, that's why it took you so long to get here. 3. I think he will be able to substitute for you in case you shouldn't come. 4. Is it not in your power to change the timetable? 5. Most probably he did not see you, otherwise he would have come up to you. 6. Perhaps I shall have to take him to hospital; it is possible that he has broken his arm. 7. Why blame her? Maybe she did not know it was so urgent. 8. It is impossible that she has w