Week 7
Text: “Advantages of WTO”
Grammar: The Gerund
Communicative practice: “Eating out”
Text:
Advantages of WTO (ПреимуществаВТО)
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| Advantages of WTO | Преимущества ВТО |
| World Trade Organization (Всемирная торговая организация) helps member states in various ways and this enables them to reap benefits such as: | Всемирная Торговая Организация оказывает помощь государствам-членам по-разному, и это дает им возможность извлечь такие выгоды, как: |
| Helps promote peace within nations: Peace is partly an outcome of two of the most fundamental principle of the trading system; helping trade flow smoothly and providing countries with a constructive and fair outlet for dealing with disputes over trade issues. Peace creates international confidence and cooperation that the WTO creates and reinforces. | Помощь в поддержании мира внутри стран: мир является отчасти следствием двух наиболее фундаментальных принципов торговой системы, содействия торговле и предоставления странам с конструктивной и справедливой политикой для рассмотрения споров по вопросам торговли. Мир создает условия для международного доверия и сотрудничества, ВТО создает и укрепляет это. |
| Disputes (споры) are handled constructively: As trade expands in volume, in the numbers of products traded and in the number of countries and company trading, there is a greater chance that disputes will arise. WTO helps resolve these disputes peacefully and constructively. If this could be left to the member states, the dispute may lead to serious conflict, but lot of trade tension is reduced by organizations such as WTO. | Конструктивное решение споров: Как только торговля расширяется в объеме, растет число продуктов на рынке, существует большая вероятность того, что могут возникнуть споры. ВТО поможет решить эти разногласия мирно и конструктивно. Если этот вопрос возложить на государства-члены, то спор может привести к серьезному конфликту, и множество торговых споров решается благодаря таким организациям, как ВТО. |
| Rules make life easier for all: WTO system is based on rules rather than power and this makes life easier for all trading nations. WTO reduces some inequalities giving smaller countries more voice, and at the same time freeing the major powers from the complexity of having to negotiate trade agreements with each of the member states. | Правила делают жизнь проще для всех: Система ВТО основывается на правилах, а не на власти, и это делает жизнь проще для всех торговых Наций. ВТО снижает некоторые неравенства, давая небольшим странам больше возможностей, и в то же время освобождая крупные державы от сложности и необходимости проведения переговоров по торговым соглашениям с каждым из государств-членов. |
| Free trade (свободная торговля) cuts the cost of living: Protectionism is expensive (дорогой), it raises prices, WTO lowers trade barriers through negotiation and applies the principle of non-discrimination. The result is reduced costs of production (because imports used in production are cheaper) and reduced prices of finished goods and services, and ultimately a lower cost of living. | Свободная торговли, сокращение стоимости жизни: Протекционизм-дорогой, это поднимает цены, ВТО снижает торговые барьеры путем переговоров и применяет принцип недискриминации. Это позволяет снизить затраты на производство (потому что импорт, используемых в производстве товаров дешевле) и снижение цен готовой продукции и услуг, и, в конечном счете, ведет к более низкой стоимостью жизни. |
| It provides more choice of products and qualities: It gives consumer more choice and a broader range of qualities to choose from. | Обеспечение более широкого выбора продуктов и качества: Это дает потребителю выбор больше, и более широкий спектр качеств, чтобы выбрать. |
| Trade raises income (доход): Through WTO trade barriers are lowered and this increases imports and exports thus earning the country foreign exchange thus raising the country's income. | Торговля повышает доходы: Через ВТО торговые барьеры будут снижены, и это увеличивает импорт и экспорт, таким образом, в стране есть возможность зарабатывать в иностранной валюте, тем самым увеличив доходы страны. |
| Trade stimulates economic growth (экономическийрост): With upward trend economic growth, jobs (рабочиеместа) can be created and this can be enhanced by WTO through careful policy making and powers of freer trade. | Торговля стимулирует экономический рост: С восходящего тренда экономического роста, могут создаваться рабочие места, путем тщательной разработки политики и полномочия свободной торговли. |
| Basic principles make life more efficient: The basic principles make the system economically more efficient and they cut costs. Many benefits of the trading system are as a result of essential principle at the heart of the WTO system and they make life simpler for the enterprises directly involved in international trade and for the producers of goods/services. Such principles include; non-discrimination, transparency, increased certainty about trading conditions etc. together they make trading simpler, cutting company costs and increasing confidence in the future and this in turn means more job opportunities and better goods and services for consumers. | Основные принципы, делающие жизнь более эффективной: Основные принципы сделать систему экономически более эффективной, и сократить расходы. Из большинства преимуществ торговой системы можно выделить основные принципы системы ВТО, которые делают жизнь проще для предприятий, непосредственно участвующих в международной торговле и для производителей товаров/услуг. К таким принципам относятся; недискриминации, прозрачности, повышение определенности относительно условий торговли и т.д., вместе они делают торговлю проще, уменьшают затраты компаний и повышают уверенность в будущем, а это, в свою очередь, означает больше возможностей трудоустройства и улучшение товаров и услуг для потребителей. |
| Governments are shielded from lobbying: WTO system shields the government from narrow interest. Government is better placed to defend themselves against lobbying from narrow interest groups by focusing on trade-offs that are made in the interests of everyone in the economy. | Правительства защищены от лоббирования: Система ВТО защищает правительство от узких интересов. Правительство находится в лучшем положении, чтобы защитить себя от лоббирования узких групп интересов с акцентом на компромиссы, которые осуществляются в интересах каждого человека в экономике. |
| The system encourages good governance (управление): The WTO system encourages good government. The WTO rules discourage a range of unwise policies and the commitment made to liberalize a sector of trade becomes difficult to reverse. These rules reduce opportunities for corruption. | Эта система способствует эффективному управлению: Система ВТО поощряет хорошее правительство. Правила ВТО препятствуют неблагоразумной политике и обещания по либерализации сектора торговли становится сложным. Эти правила сокращают возможности для коррупции. |
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Grammar:
The Gerund
The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character.
The gerund is formed by adding the suffix ‑ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.
The double nature of the gerund.
As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
1. The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative.
They say smoking leads to meditation. (Collins) (SUBJECT)
I like making people happy. (Shaw) (OBJECT)
The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace. (PREDICATIVE)
2. The gerund can be preceded by a preposition.
I am very, very tired of rowing. (Hemingway)
3. Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun.
“I wonder at Jolyon’s allowing this engagement,” he said to Aunt Ann. (Galsworthy)
«Меня удивляет, что Джолион допустил эту помолвку», — сказал он
тетушке Энн.
Is there any objection to my seeing her? (Galsworthy)
Кто-нибудь возражает против того, чтобы я повидался с ней?
The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle:
1. The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object.
I had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their language. (Swift)
2. The gerund can be modified by an adverb.
She burst out crying bitterly. (Hardy)
3. The gerund has tense distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in Modern English are as follows:
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
There is no gerund in the Russian language and the English gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways:
(a) by a noun.
Dancing had not begun yet... (Mansfield)
Танцы еще не начались.
(b) by an infinitive.
She had tea with Cipriano before leaving. (Lawrence)
Перед тем как уйти, она выпила чаю с Чиприано.
It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. (Galsworthy)
Бесполезно прятать голову под крыло.
(c) by деепричастие.
And without waiting for her answer he turned and left us. (Du Maurier)
И, не дожидаясь ее ответа, он повернулся и вышел.
On seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her arm through his. (Dickens)
Увидев Беллу, он остановился, подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку.
(d) by a subordinate clause.
Не regretted now having come. (Galsworthy)
Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.
It should be observed that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered in different ways, the passive forms are nearly always rendered by a clause.
As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon. (Dreiser)
Когда она рассматривала широкие витрины и внушительные вывески,
она почувствовала, что на нее смотрят.
After having been informed of the conference in my lady’s room... he immediately decided on waiting to hear the news from Frizinghall. (Collins)
После того, как ему сообщили о совещании в комнате миледи... он
сразу решил подождать, чтобы узнать новости из Фризингхолла.
Exercise 1. Point out the Gerundial Construction and comment on the way the nominal element is expressed. Translate.
1.You must excuse my being so breathless, I'm not really breathless, it's just the excitement. (Leacock) 2. These happy events occurred without any recommendation having been made by Rain-borough, and indeed without his having been officially informed. (Murdoch) 3. The maid said something about the American lady's having come back to Rodnik. (Heym) 4. It was easy to imagine Cave sitting silent. (Snow) 5. She was interrupted by her father's voice and by her father's hat being heavily flung from his hand and striking her face. (Dickens) 6. He brought in a portmanteau with him, which he doubted its being worth while to unpack. (Dickens) 7. Besides, there's no danger of it happening again. (Hansford Johnson) 8. "It's no good you staying," Jack Burton said. (Aldridge) 9. Jack laughed. Their being bothered amused him. (Lawrence) 10. He was wakened by someone knocking at the door. (Faulkner) 11. There is something so inexpressibly absurd to me in the idea of Caddy being married. (Dickens) 12. I was not surprised by Caddy's being in low spirits. (Dickens) 13. You knew young Pyle well didn't you? I can't get over a thing like that happening to him. (Greene) 14. She laughed at the thought of her husband and Johnny looking after the house. (Priestley) 15. He felt almost a gloomy satisfaction at the thought of all these disasters happening at once. (Murdoch).
Exercise 2. Insert the correct preposition before the gerund where required.
1. "I hated the idea _____________________ your going," he said simply. (Greene) 2. She said: "Excuse me _______________________ coming in knocking." (Lessing) 3. The others insisted _____________________________ accompanying them. (Lessing) 4. I am tired being old and wise. (Greene) 5. We'll look forward ____________ seeing you.
(Hansford Johnson) 6. Why were you so anxious to prevent anybody ________ leaving the house? (Maugham) 7. I'm afraid I shan't succeed_______ being as sympathetic as you have the right to expect. (Maugham) 8. I was afraid saying the wrong thing. (Maugham) 9. Look here, it may sound funny, but I'm terrifically grateful to you saying it. (Hansford Johnson) 10. Both windows needed _____ cleaning. (Hansford Johnson) 11. I've paid very heavily ____________________________ being a romantic girl. (Maugham) 12. She could not bear ___________________________ lying. (Priestley) 13. I suppose nothing is gained ____ delaying. (Maugham) 14. They were in the habit _ coming up to London for the season. (Maugham) 15. We wouldn't mind being poor again. (Hansford Johnson) 16. I didn't at all like the idea________going to the station in the luggage cart. (Maugham) 17. He looked at me for a long time ________ answering. (Clark) 18. He felt he was going to be denounced daring to suggest such a thing. (Priest ley) 19. I thought you had just been blaming me being neutral. (Snow) 20. If you won't tell me what's wrong, what's the use my being here? (Braine)