A
What are the major threads of the modern civilization to the world’s safety?
What is air pollution?
What causes air pollution?
How does air pollution form?
B
1.What types of air pollution are there? What Types of pollutants do you know?
What pollutants affect air quality?
What are the main environmental effects of air pollution?
How does air pollution spread and how can we handle this?
C
1. How does air pollution affect what we see?
2. What kinds of air pollution are produced by mobile sources?
3. How does air pollution affect our health? What organs and body systems are
damaged by air pollutants?
Text 2
Global Warming
Word List
| anthropogenic effect | антропогенноем(вызванное деятельностью человека) воздействие |
| сarbon footprint | “углеродный след” (выброс диоксида углерода в атмосферу, связанный с деятельностью отдельного человека или организации, например, поездка на автомобиле, полет на самолете, производство товаров) |
| volcanic eruption | извержение вулкана |
| heat-trapping gas | теплоулавливающий газ |
| deforestation | обезлесение, вырубка леса, сведение лесов |
| troposphere | тропосфера (самый низкий слой атмосферы) |
| stratosphere | стратосфера (слой атмосферы между тропосферой и мезосферой) |
| The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) | Межправительственная группа экспертов по изменению климата (МГЭИК) |
| radiative forcing | радиационное воздействие |
| particulate matter | материал в виде частиц; твердые вещества, не подвергающиеся процессам разложения |
| atmospheric aerosol | атмосферный аэрозоль |
| geoengineering | геотехнологии |
| food chain | пищевая цепь, цепь питания |
| ozone hole | озонная дыра, озоновая дыра |
| ozone depletion | истощение озонового слоя |
| coal-fired power plant | электростанция на угле |
| thawing | таяние, оттаивание |
| permafrost | вечная мерзлота |
While several natural processes add CO2 to the atmosphere, the most significant source today in light of global warming is the human contribution – the anthropogenic effect. Until this source of CO2 is brought under control and regulated worldwide, global warming will continue to escalate, worsening each decade.
Carbon footprints
When looking for causes of global warming, it is easy to point fingers and put the blame on industry, other nations, transportation, deforestation, and other sources and activities. But the truth of the matter is that every person on Earth plays a part and contributes to global warming. Even simple daily activities – such as using an electric appliance, heating or cooling a home, or taking a quick drive to the grocery store – contribute CO2 to the atmosphere. Scientists refer to this input as a “carbon footprint”. A carbon footprint is simply a measure of how much CO2 people produce just by going about their daily lives. For every activity that involves the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), such as the generation of electricity, the manufacture of products, or any type of transportation, the user of the intermediate or end product is leaving a carbon footprint.
Of all the CO2 found in the atmosphere, 98 percent originates from the burning of fossil fuels. Simply put, it is one measure of the impact people make individually on the Earth by the lifestyle choices they make. In order to combat global warming, every person on Earth can play an active role by consciously reducing the impact of their personal carbon footprint. The two most common ways of achieving this is by increasing their home’s energy efficiency and driving less. A carbon footprint is calculated, and a monthly, or annual, output of total CO2 in tons is calculated based on the specific daily activities of that person. The goal then is to reduce or eliminate carbon footprints. Some people attempt to achieve “carbon neutrality”, which means they cut their emissions as much as possible.
The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states: it is a greater than a 90 percent certainty that emissions of heat-trapping gases from human activities have caused “most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century”. We all know that warming – and cooling – has happened in the past, and long before humans were around. Many factors (called “climate drivers”) can influence Earth’s climate – such as changes in the sun’s intensity and volcanic eruptions, as well as heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere.
So how do scientists know that today’s warming is primarily caused by humans putting too much carbon in the atmosphere when we burn coal, oil, and gas or cut down forests?
· There are human fingerprints on carbon overload. When humans burn coal, oil and gas (fossil fuels) to generate electricity or drive our cars, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, where it traps heat. A carbon molecule that comes from fossil fuels and deforestation is “lighter” than the combined signal of those from other sources. As scientists measure the “weight” of carbon in the atmosphere over time they see a clear increase in the lighter molecules from fossil fuel and deforestation sources that correspond closely to the known trend in emissions.
· Natural changes alone can’t explain the temperature changes we’ve seen. For a computer model to accurately project the future climate, scientists must first ensure that it accurately reproduces observed temperature changes. When the models include only recorded natural climate drivers – such as the sun’s intensity – the models cannot accurately reproduce the observed warming of the past half century. When human-induced climate drivers are also included in the models, then they accurately capture recent temperature increases in the atmosphere and in the oceans. When all the natural and human-induced climate drivers are compared to one another, the dramatic accumulation of carbon from human sources is by far the largest climate change driver over the past half century.
· Lower-level atmosphere – which contains the carbon load – is expanding. The boundary between the lower atmosphere (troposphere) and the higher atmosphere (stratosphere) has shifted upward in recent decades. This boundary has likely changed because heat-trapping gases accumulate in the lower atmosphere and that atmospheric layer expands as it heats up (much like warming the air in a balloon). And because less heat is escaping into the higher atmosphere, it is likely cooling. This differential would not occur if the sun was the sole climate driver, as solar changes would warm both atmospheric layers, and certainly would not have warmed one while cooling the other.
Global warming is primarily a problem of too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This carbon overload is caused mainly when we burn fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas or cut down and burn forests. There are many heat-trapping gases (from methane to water vapor), but CO2 puts us at the greatest risk of irreversible changes if it continues to accumulate unabated in the atmosphere. There are two key reasons why.
CO2 has caused most of the warming and its influence is expected to continue. CO2, more than any other climate driver, has contributed the most to climate change between 1750 and 2005. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued a global climate assessment in 2007 that compared the relative influence exerted by key heat-trapping gases, tiny particles known as aerosols, and land use change of human origin on our climate between 1750 and 2005. By measuring the abundance of heat-trapping gases in ice cores, the atmosphere, and other climate drivers along with models, the IPCC calculated the “radiative forcing” (RF) of each climate driver – in other words, the net increase (or decrease) in the amount of energy reaching Earth’s surface attributable to that climate driver. Positive RF values represent average surface warming and negative values represent average surface cooling. CO2 has the highest positive RF of all the human-influenced climate drivers compared by the IPCC. Other gases have more potent heat-trapping ability molecule per molecule than CO2 (e.g. methane), but are simply far less abundant in the atmosphere and being added more slowly.
Human activities have pumped excessive amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Natural processes that absorb CO2 cannot keep up. As the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, it becomes more acidic. This combined with increasing ocean temperatures, diminishes its ability to continue absorbing CO2. As a result, more CO2 stays in the atmosphere. Hence a ton of CO2 emissions today results in more heat-trapping capacity in the atmosphere than the same ton emitted decades ago.
The natural processes that have helped clean up the excess CO2 pumped into the atmosphere by human activities have not been able to keep up at the same rate.
Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes or odor in harmful amounts – aerosols are a subset of air pollution that refers to the tiny particles suspended everywhere in our atmosphere. These particles can be both solid and liquid and are collectively referred to as “atmospheric aerosol particles”. Most are produced by natural processes such as erupting volcanoes, and some are from human industrial and agricultural activities. Those particles in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, where our weather occurs, usually stay relatively close to the source of emissions and remain in the atmosphere only a few days to a week before they fall to the ground or are rained out; those higher up in the atmosphere travel farther and may linger in the atmosphere for a few years.
Light-colored aerosol particles can reflect incoming energy from the sun (heat) in cloud-free air and dark particles can absorb it. Aerosols can modify how much energy clouds reflect and they can change atmospheric circulation patterns – in short, aerosols can modify our climate.
Several climate engineering (so-called “geoengineering”) strategies for reducing global warming propose using atmospheric aerosol particles to reflect the sun’s energy away from Earth. Because aerosol particles do not stay in the atmosphere for very long – and global warming gases stay in the atmosphere for decades to centuries – accumulated heat-trapping gases will overpower any temporary cooling due to short-lived aerosol particles.
The sun is the source of most of the energy that drives the biological and physical processes in the world around us – in oceans and on land it fuels plant growth that forms the base of the food chain, and in the atmosphere it warms air which drives our weather. The rate of energy coming from the sun changes slightly day to day. Over many millennia in the Earth-Sun orbital relationship can change the geographical distribution of the sun’s energy over the Earth’s surface. It has been suggested that changes in solar output might affect our climate – both directly, by changing the rate of solar heating of the Earth and atmosphere, and indirectly, by changing cloud forming processes. Over the time-scale of millions of years the change in solar intensity is a critical factor influencing climate (e.g., ice ages). However, changes in solar heating rate over the last century cannot account for the magnitude and distribution of the rise in global mean temperature during that time period and there is no convincing evidence for significant indirect influences on our climate due to twentieth century changes in solar output.
Ozone (O3) high in the atmosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun, thereby protecting living organisms below from this dangerous radiation. The term ozone hole refers to recent depletion of this protective layer over Earth’s polar regions. People, plants, and animals living under the ozone hole are harmed by the solar radiation now reaching the Earth’s surface – where it causes health problems from eye damage to skin cancer.
Ozone depletion occurs when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – formerly found in aerosol spray cans and refrigerants – are released into the atmosphere. These gases, through several chemical reactions, cause the ozone molecules to break down, reducing ozone’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation-absorbing capacity. Because our atmosphere is one connected system, it is not surprising that ozone depletion and global warming are related in other ways. For example, evidence suggests that climate change may contribute to thinning of the protective ozone layer.
In 1988, the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organization set up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to examine the most current scientific information on global warming and climate change. The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report is the most comprehensive evaluation of global warming that serves as thebasis for international climate negotiations.
Reducing oil dependence. Strengthening energy security. Creating jobs. Tackling global warming. Addressing air pollution. Improving our health. The world has many reasons to make the transition to a clean energy economy. What we need is a comprehensive set of smart policies to jump-start this transition without delay and maximize the benefits to our environment and economy.
If the countries of the world continue burning coal the way they do today, it will be impossible to achieve the reductions in carbon emissions needed to have a reasonable chance of preventing the worst consequences of global warming. Coal-fired power plants represent the United States’ largest source of carbon dioxide (CO2, the main heat-trapping gas building up in our atmosphere and causing climate change). While existing coal power technologies are incompatible with climate protection, advanced coal technologies not yet in widespread use may provide an opportunity for the world’s coal reserves to continue playing a role in the energy mix of the future.
The IPCC has stated that nearly 90 percent of the 29,000 observational data series examined revealed changes consistent with the expected response to global warming, and the observed physical and biological responses have been greatest in the regions that warmed the most.
The kinds of changes already observed that create this consistent picture include the following.
Examples of observed climatic changes
· Increase in global average surface temperature of about 1°C in the 20th century;
· Decrease of snow cover and sea ice extent and the retreat of mountain glaciers in the latter half of the 20th century;
· Rise in global average sea level and the increase in ocean water temperatures;
· Likely increase in average precipitation over the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, and over tropical land areas;
· Increase in the frequency of extreme precipitation events in some regions of the world.
Examples of observed physical and ecological changes
· Thawing of permafrost;
· Lengthening of the growing season in middle and high latitudes;
· Poleward and upward shift of plant and animal ranges;
· Decline of some plant and animal species;
· Earlier flowering of trees;
· Earlier emergence of insects;
· Earlier egg-laying in birds.