| Principal forms Classes | Infinitive | Past Tense | Participle II | NE |
| I | -an/-ian | -de/-ede/-te | -ed/-d/-t | |
| (a) styrian (b) temman (c) dēman (d) cēpan (e) tellan (f) þyncan | styrede teraede dēmde cēpte tealde þūhte | styred temed dēmed cēped teald þūht | stir tame deem keep tell thin | |
| II | -ian | -ode | -od | |
| lōcian | lōcode | lōcod | look | |
| III | -an | -de | -d | |
| libban habban | lifde hæfde | lifd hæfd | live have |
Class 1: includes regular and irregular verbs.The verbs of the Class I, being i-stems, originally contained the element [-i/-j] between the root and the endings. This caused palatal mutation of the root vowel, and the lengthening of consonants. [-i/-j] was lost in all verbs before the age of writing.
Two groups of verbs in Class I – types (e) and (f) had an interchange of root-vowels: the Infinitive had a mutated vowel like all the verbs of ClassI, while the other two forms retained the original non-mutated vowel. These verbs are called irregular in Class1
Minor groups of verbs.
Preterite-present or past-present verbs. Originally the Present tense forms of these verbs were Past tense forms (or, more precisely, IE perfect forms, denoting past actions for the present). Later these forms acquired a present meaning but preserved many formal features of the Past tense. Mos of these verbs had new forms of the Past tense built with the help of the dental suffix. Some of them also acquired the forms of the verbals: Participles and Infinitives; mos of the verbs dfid not have a full paradigm and were in this sense “defective”
Conjugation of Preterite-Presents in Old English
| Infinitive | cunnan (NE can) | sculan (NE shall, should) |
| Present tense | ||
| Indicative | ||
| Singular 1st | cann | sceal(l) |
| 2nd | canst | scealt |
| 3rd | cann | sceal(l) |
| Plural | cunnon | sculon |
| Subjunctive | ||
| Singular | cunne | scule, scyle |
| Plural | cunnen | sculen, scylen |
| Participle I | — | — |
| Past tense | ||
| Indicative | ||
| Singular 1st | cūðe | sceolde |
| 2nd | cūðest | sceoldest |
| 3rd | cūðe | sceolde |
| Plural | сūðоn | sceoldon |
| Subjunctive | ||
| Singular | сūðе | sceolde |
| Plural | cūðen | sceolden |
| Participle II | cunnen, cūð | — |
These verbs had noParticiple I; some preterite-presents built Participle I from the Present Tense stem, e. g. OE maзon, mæз, Participle I — maзende (NE may).
In OE there were twelve preterite-present verbs. Most of them did not indicate actions, but expressed a kind of attitude to an action denoted by another verb, an Infinitive of which followed the preterie-present, eventually preterite-present verbs developed into modal verbs.
Anomalous verbs had irregular forms. The verb willan had a past tense form wolde. Some verbs combined the features of strong and weak verbs. OE dōn had a week Past tense form with a vowel interchange and a Participle in – n like strong verbs n: dōn – dyde – зedōn.Būan-būde-зebūn.
Suppletive verbs.Two verbs were suppletive. OE зān whose Past tense was built from a different root: зān – eōde – зeзān and wesan,bēon. The verb bēon is an ancient IE suppletive verb. N nmany languages its paradigm is made up oif several roots (R. Быть, есть). In Oe the Present tense forms were the modifications of the roots * wes- and * bhu-. The Past tense was built from the root * wesan on the pattern of the strong verbs of the Class 5.
Conjugation of OE bēon, NE be
| OE | NE | ||
| Infinitive | wesan | bēon | be |
| Pres. Indicative | |||
| 1st p. sg | eom/am | bēo/biom | am |
| 2nd p. sg | eart | bist/bis | - |
| 3rd p. sg | is | biþ | is |
| Pl | sint/sindon | bēoþ | are |
| earon/aron | |||
| Pres. Subjunctive | |||
| Sg | sīe, sý | bēo | be |
| Pl | sīen, sýn | bēon | |
| Imperative | |||
| Sg | wes | bēo | be |
| Pl | wesaþ | bēoþ | |
| Part.1 | wesende | bēonde | being |
| Past Indicative | |||
| 1st p. sg | wæs | was | |
| 2nd p. sg | wǽre | ||
| 3rd p. sg | wæs | was | |
| PI | wǽron | were | |
| Past Subjunctive | - | ||
| Sg | wǽre | were | |
| Pl | wǽren | ||
| Part. II | - | been |
Syntax
Ways of expressing syntactical relations: agreement, government, joining.
The sentence. The simple sentence. The main parts, the secondary parts. Word order. Multiple negation. Compound and complex sentences. Connectives.
Lecture 6
Old English Vocabulary
Plan
1. Etymological survey of the OE vocabulary.
2. Foreign element in the Old English vocabulary.
3. Word formation in OE.
Literature
Rastorgueva T.A. A History of English. M.,1983; M.,2005. - p.131-.147
Ilyish B. History of the English language. Л. 1972. – p 56-63.
Reznik R.V., Sorokina T.S., Reznik I.V. A History of the English Language. M., 2001. – p. 173-178,190-202.
Аракин В.Д. История английского языка. М., 1985. – c.92-101.
Бруннер К. История английского языка. М., 2003. – Т.1, 108-175. 355-386.
Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П., Беляева Т.М. История английского языка. СПб., 1998. с. 15-18.
Смирницкий А.И. Древнеанглийский язык. М., 1998. – с. 155-206.
Etymological survey of the Old English Vocabulary.
Native words. Common Indo-European words, common Germanic words, specifically English words.
Foreign element in the Old English vocabulary. Borrowings from Celtic. Latin loan-words.
Lecture 7