THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY




Семестр

 

TEXT 1.

 

VOCABULARY

Minning industry – горнодобывающая промышленность

A works – зд. завод, мастерские

An equipment – оборудование

Graphic method of timing train movement – графический метод движения поездов (график, расписание)

Steam-powered locomotive – локомотив на паровой тяге

Elliptical rails – эллиптические рельсы

Straight track – прямой путь (без кривых)

Level track – ровный путь (без уклонов)

A gauge – колея

Cast–iron rails – чугунные рельсы

 

THE BEGINNING OF RAILWAY CONSTRUTION IN RUSSIA.

 

1. The beginning of railway construction in Russia may be traced as far back as the second half of the XVIII century. Road building was closely connected with the development of mining industry.

2. Among the numerous works built in the Urals at that time, the most important and the best equipped ones were the Voskresensk Works. It was at those works that the first tram-ways in Russia were laid to link the mines and the works. K.D. Frolov, a highly qualified and talented engineer, took part in the construction of those industrial tracks.

3. The next very important step forward was use of cast-iron railsproposed by A.S. Yartsev, manager of the Petrozavodsk Works. In 1788, a 173.5m long track was constructed to meet the needs of the works.

4. In 1809, another line, using cast-iron rails, was laid in the Altai Mountains by R.K. Frolov, a son of K.D. Frolov. The line was 1 867 m long and its technical equipment was much superior to that of all railways built in Russia at that time. R.K. Frolov used elliptical rails and was the first engineer who applied the graphic method of timing train movement.

5. A very significant innovation, which promoted the development of Russian Railways, was the introduction of steam traction. The first steam-powered locomotive in our country was built by the Cherepanov’s, father and son, the most skilled and talented mechanics of their time. Thanks to their invention, the first railways in Russia, using steam traction was put in operation at the Nizhniy Tagil Metallurgical Plant in 1833. It was a short distance line covering only 854 m.

6. Some 4 years later, in October 1837, the first public railway St.Petersburg – Pavlovsk, was laid and opened to traffic. It was a 6 ft gauge line, 27 km long, built by Franz Anton Ritter von Gerstner. Locomotives were supplied by Stephenson and Hackworth Company, England.

7. The most significant event in the history of Russian Railways was the construction of the St.Petersburg - Moscow Railroad, 644 km long. The line was begun in 1843 and was 8 years under construction: it was opened to traffic in November 1851. It was the first railway in Russia to adopt a 5 ft. gauge (now the standard). The St.Petersburg – Moscow Railway was a first-class double track tine, which connected the largest industrial and cultural centers of the country. 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built along the track to make it as straight and level as possible. P.P. Melnikov and N.O. Kraft, both prominent Russian engineers, were in charge of the construction.

8. After the end of the Crimean War in 1856, railway construction in Russia was developing very rapidly. Many new railroads were laid in the country. The first Asiatic line, in the Caucasus, more than 300 km long, was opened in 1872. The connection between the Black and the Caspian Seas had been completed by 1885, when the Trans-Caspian Railway was built. A really great event for the development of Russian economy was the beginning of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

9. By the end of the XIX century, more than 30,000 km of railway tracks had been laid across the vast Russian territory. By 1913, the railway network of the country included 25 state lines and 13 private tracks, belonging to different companies. Although the Russian Railway System was the largest in Europe, it was in­adequate to the great territory and did not meet the growing demands of the country’s national economy.

 

 

TEXT 2.

 

VOCABULARY

To build - строить

To complete - завершить

To join - присоединить

A line – зд. магистраль

A trade - торговля

Population - население

To investigate – проводить изыскания

To survey – производить землемерную съёмку

 

THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY

1. The Trans-Siberian Railroad was the first railroad built across Siberia, the vast area that makes up most of the Asian part of Russia. When completed, it has become the longest railroad of the world, extending over 5,000 miles (8 000km) from Yekaterinburg in the Ural Mountains to Vladivostok, east of China. It was originally called the Great Siberian Railroad. Today, a train called the Trans-Siberian Express travels from Moscow to Vladivostok in 6 days. It runs from Moscow to Yekaterinburg, where it joins the original Trans-Siberian Railroad line. The whole route with minor gaps has been electrified.

2. Construction of the Trans-Siberian Line marked the beginning of a new era in the history of Siberia. Industries and trade began to develop rapidly, and the population grew. During World War I (1914 -1918) and World War II (1939 -1945), the line was used to transport troops and supplies across a vast territory of Russia.

3. The Trans-Siberian Railroad was built in several sections. The land had been investigated and surveyed; and construction started in 1891 and was finished in 1916. The section in the Far East, between Vladivostok and Khabarovsk, was completed about 1897. From 1892 to 1912 other sections were being built across western and central Siberia.

4. Between 1897 and 1903, Russia built the Chinese Eastern Railway across Manchuria, in the northeast China. That railroad connected Vladivostok with the sections of the Trans-Siberian Railroad in western and central Siberia. By 1904, a continuous railroad stretched from Vladivostok across China and Siberia to the Ural Mountains.

5. But the country needed a railroad route that did not cross the territory of China. Therefore, a line north of China from Khabarovsk to Kuenga was constructed. Completed in 1916, it became the last link in a continuous railroad route on Russian land between Vladivostok and the Ural Mountains. Another railroad led from the Urals west to the capital of the country, Moscow. Since the 1920’s the Trans-Siberian Railway line has been joined to the other railroads in the region.

 

TEXT 3.

VOCABULARY

To serve – служить, обслуживать

A resource - ресурс

A trade - торговля

The Roman times – во времена Римской империи

Bulk - крупногабаритный

Commuter train – пригородный поезд

Intercity train – междугородний поезд

A coach – зд. пассажирский вагон, разделённый на купе

A car – зд. вагон

 



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