Самостоятельная работа студента.

Контрольная работа.

Контрольная работа состоит из 10 вариантов. Каждый вариант контрольной работы содержит 7 теоретических вопросов.

Вариант тестового задания определяется преподавателем, теоретический вопрос контрольной работы определяется по последней цифре шифра – номера личного дела студента.

Требования к выполнению контрольной работы:

- текст набирается шрифтом Times New Roman кеглем не менее 12, строчным, без выделения, с выравниванием по ширине;

- абзацный отступ должен быть одинаковым и равен по всему тексту 1,27 см;

- строки разделяются полуторным интервалом;

- поля страницы: верхнее и нижнее не менее 20 мм, левое не менее 30 мм, правое не менее 10 мм;

- разрешается использовать компьютерные возможности акцентирования внимания на определенных терминах, формулах, теоремах, применяя шрифты разной гарнитуры;

- в контрольной работе необходимо прописать контрольные вопросы и условия задач. После вопроса должен следовать ответ на него. Содержание ответов должно быть четким и кратким. Решение задач следует сопровождать пояснениями.

- допускается выполнение контрольной работы в рукописном виде. В данном случае контрольная работа выполняется в отдельной тетради.

- при выполнении тестового задания вопрос и ответ к нему пишется полностью.

I вариант

Задание 1. Вставьте many, much, few или little. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She ate so … dessert that she is in bed today with a stomachache. 2. Fortunately, very … passengers were injured in a traffic accident. 3. The students enjoyed the concert very …. 4. I drink … coffee. I don’t like it. 5. There is …juice in my glass. Have you got any juice? 6. How …money did you spend last Friday? 7. That man drank so … wine, and he smoked so … cigarettes that he has a terrible headache today. 8. The children returned from the wood very sad because they had found very … mushrooms. 9. My brother says I eat too … French fries and drink too beer. 10. The theatre was almost empty. There were very … people there. 11. …of these students don’t like to look up words in the dictionary. 12. The Smiths have … money. They aren’t rich. 13. There are so … teachers at our school, but not … of them are men. 14. I have … time, so I can’t go with you. 15. Thanks awfully for the books you sent me yesterday. – Don’t mention it, it wasn’t … bother.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму прилагательного, и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The Thames is (short) than the Volga. 2. The Arctic Ocean is (cold) than the Indian Ocean. 3. Chinese is (difficult) than English. 4. Spanish is (easy) than German. 5. Today the weather is (cold) than it was yesterday. 6. This book is (interesting) of all I have read this year. 7. January is the (cold) month of the year. 8. My sister speaks English (bad) than I do. 9. Which is the (hot) month of the year? 10. Which is the (beautiful) place in this part of the country? 11. This good-looking girl is the (good) student in our group. 12. Her eyes are (grey) than mine. 13. He was the (fat) in the village. 14. As he went on, the box became (heavy) and (heavy). 15. My sister is the (tall) girl in her class.

Задание 3. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must или need. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Peter … return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 2. Why..not you understand it? It is so easy. 3. …we do the exercise at once? –Yes, you …do it right now. 4. … you pronounce the word? 5. You … not have bought this meat: we have everything for dinner. 6. I … not go out today: it is too cold. 7. … I take your pen? –Yes, please. 8. We … not carry the bookcase upstairs: it is too heavy. 9. We … not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it. 10. When … you come to see us? – I … come only on Sunday.

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к тексту.

The history of banking

1. The history of banking goes back to the early stages of the human civilization. Traces of banking can be found in the early history of Egypt, Babylonia and Greece. The temples at these places practiced an early form of banking – approving loans. These temples provided gold and silver which were deposited as safekeeping for loans to the borrowers and charged high interest rates on those items. Private banking was modified by the Greeks, Romans and Byzantines.

2. Next emerged banks oriented to some particular purpose like the Bank of Venice and the Bank of England, which looked after loans to the government, and the Bank of Amsterdam was formed to receive gold and silver deposits.

3. With developments in the business sector the banking sector also developed, and the 18th and the 19th century experienced rapid growth in this sector.

Слова к тексту

1. banking – банковское дело, банковские услуги

2. loan –заем

3. todeposit – класть деньги (в банк)

4. safekeeping –хранение

5. borrower- заемщик

6. interestrate – ставка процента

7. particularpurposeoriented – предназначенная для конкретных целей

Задание 5. Переведите письменно 1-ый и 3-ий абзац текста «The history of banking»

Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту «The history of banking»

1. What was the early form of trading?

2. Where was it practiced?

3. What was the purpose of establishing the Bank of England?

4. What was the purpose of establishing the Bank of Amsterdam?

5. What function did the temples have in the early history of Egypt, Babylonia and Greece?

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте «The history of banking» английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1. история банковского дела

2. храмы производили золото и серебро

3. ранняя форма банковского дела

4. конкретная цель

5. взимали высокую процентную ставку на эти предметы

II вариант

Задание 1. Вставьтеmany, much, few или little. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Mary must not eat too … food because she has a weight problem. 2. Tom Canty was the son of poor parents and had very … clothes. 3. Mike wrote so … letters that he is never going to write a letter again. 4. Walk slower please. We have very … time. 5. There is … traffic on the roads this morning. I’m glad. 6. There are … things here which I can’t understand. 7. There are very … people who don’t know that the Earth is round. 8. There are … cookies in the box. I should have bought them last Friday. 9. My friend is very lazy. She has done very … today. 10. He had … English books at home, so he had to go to the library for more books. 11. This woman drank so … wine and she didn’t smoke at all that she hasn’t a terrible headache as her husband does. 12. I have … spare time, and I can go with you. 13. I am sorry to say I have read very … books by Walter Scott. 14. The students of our group ask so … questions at the session. They want to know everything. 15. Do you drink … coffee? – No, I don’t like it.

1. – How do you like Smucker’s Sweet Orange Marmalade, Mrs Johnson? – I think it’s (delicious). It’s much (delicious) than the marmalade I usually buy. – We agree with you, Mrs Johnson. We think Smucker’s Sweet Orange Marmalade is (delicious) marmalade in the world. 2. The rivers in America are much (long) than those in England. 3. The island of Great Britain is (small) than Greenland. 4. What is the name of the (high) mountain in Asia? 5. The English Channel is (wide) than the Straits of Gibraltar. 6. Which is (large): the United States or Canada? 7. What is the name of the (big) port in the United States? 8. Moscow is the (large) city in Russia. 9. The London Underground is the (old) in the world. 10. St Petersburg is one of the (beautiful) cities in the world. 11. Who is the (attentive) student in your group? 12. A bus is (fast) than a tram. 13. The (tall) trees in the world grow in California. 14. Oil is (light) than water. 15. He worked (hard) and (hard) as the end of the term came nearer.

Задание 3. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must или need. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Shall I write a letter to him? – No, you … not, it’s not necessary. 2. … I offer you something to drink? 3. Everything is clear and you … not go into detail now. 4. He … not drink alcohol when he drives. 5. Don’t worry! I … change a light bulb. 6. By the end of the week I … have finished writing my book. 7. She … not call the doctor again unless she feels worse. 8. Peter … return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 9. Why..not you understand it? It is so easy. 10. …we do the exercise at once? –Yes, you …do it right now.

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к тексту.

The types of banks

1. In the modern tomes the banking sector developed with the developing sector of trade and commerce. Today there are different types of banks established for different purpose:

2. - Commercial banks. This type of banking includes national and state charted banks, stock

saving banks and industrial banks. They provide many services to society, which include the basic functions of saving, providing loans, dealing in time deposits etc.

- Mutual saving banks. These banks also provide a huge number of facilities. In these

banks the investment and loan amount depends on available customer’s deposits.

3. The growth in multinational trade demanded some kind of international organization. So, the following international banks were formed in order to fulfil the demands of the modern global market: the World Bank, the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and the European Central Bank.

Словактексту

1. statechartedbank –уполномоченныйбанк

2. stocksavingbank – акционерныйсберегательныйбанк

3. timedeposit –срочныйвклад

4. mutualsavingbank – взаимно-сберегательныйбанк

5. monetary – валютный

Задание 5. Переведите письменно 2-ой и 3-ий абзац текста «The types of banks»

Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту «The types of banks»

1. What kind of banking organizations do commercial banks include?

2. Where do mutual saving banks operate?

3. Name the international banks.

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте «The types of banks» английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1. коммерческий банк

2. основные функции сбережения

3. огромное количество возможностей

4. валютный фонд

5. различные цели

III вариант

Задание 1. Вставьте many, much, few или little. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She ate so … dessert that she is in bed today with a stomachache. 2. There is too … soup in my soup plate. Give me some more, please. 3. His father didn’t earn … money, but he enjoyed his job. He loved teaching English very ….4. She ate so …ice cream that she’s going to have a sore throat. 5. There was too … light in the room, and I could not read. 6. Mark must not eat too … food because he has a weight problem. 7. … of her advice was not useful at all. 8. There is very..hope of getting financial support for the research project. 9. There are … cookies in the box. He should have bought them last Monday. 10. Do you have … work to do today? – Not, not very …. 11. There was..lemonade in the bottle. There were … peaches in the basket. 12. This university offers very … scholarships. 13. Please don’t put..pepper on the meat. 14. Not … of these answers were correct. 15. Walk quicker, please. We have very..time.

1. A bus is (fast) than a tram. 2. Which building is the (high) in Moscow? 3. The English Channel is (wide) than the Straits of Gibraltar.4. The Volga is (short) than the Mississippi. 5. Take some of these sweets: they are very (nice). They are (nice) than the sweets in that box. 6. He clearly didn’t like the explanation, and as he listened to it, he became (angry) and (angry). 7. Mary is a (good) student than Lucy. 8. The Alps are (high) than the Urals. 9. – How do you like Smucker’s Sweet Orange Marmalade, Mrs Johnson? – I think it’s (delicious). It’s much (delicious) than the marmalade I usually buy. – We agree with you, Mrs Johnson. We think Smucker’s Sweet Orange Marmalade is (delicious) marmalade in the world.10. What is the name of the (high) mountain in Asia? 11. This garden is the (beautiful) in our town. 12. He worked (hard) and (hard) as the end of the term came nearer.13. The (tall) trees in the world grow in California. 14. The rivers in America are much (long) than those in England. 15. The island of Great Britain is (small) than Greenland.

Задание 3. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must или need. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Peter … return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 2. …we do the exercise at once? –Yes, you …do it right now. 3. You … not have bought this meat: we have everything for dinner. 4. … I take your pen? –Yes, please. 5. We … not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it. 6. We … not carry the bookcase upstairs: it is too heavy. 7. Shall I write a letter to him? – No, you … not, it’s not necessary. 8. Everything is clear and you … not go into detail now. 9. Don’t worry! I … change a light bulb. 10. She … not call the doctor again unless she feels worse.

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к тексту.

The international banks

1. The following international banks were formed in order to fulfil the demands of the modern global market:

2. The World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development). It was founded in 1945 in order to approve loans to private investors and the governments of different countries.

3. The IMF (International Monetary Fund). It has been involved in simplifying the process of debt clearance between the nations and has also provided valuable suggestions in the field of international banking.

4. The European Central Bank (European monetary system). It was founded in 1998 to handle the joint monetary policy of those European countries which have adopted a single currency.

Слова к тексту

1. to approve –одобрять

2. loan – заем

3. monetary – валютный

4. to simplify – упрощать

5. debt clearance – урегулированиедолгов

6. currency – валюта

Задание 5. Переведите письменно 2-ой и 3-ий абзац текста «The international banks».

Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту «The international banks».

1. Why were international banks formed?

2. When was the World Bank founded?

3. What is the function of the IMF?

4.Whast is another name for the European Central Bank?

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте «The international banks» английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1. упрощение процесса урегулирования долгов

2. валютная система

3. одобрять заем частному инвестору

4. принимать единую валюту

5. в области международного банковского дела

IV вариант

Задание 1. Вставьте many, much, few или little. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She doesn’t eat..fish. 2. I drink … coffee. I don’t like it. 3. I wrote so … letters that I’m never going to write a letter again. 4. Do you have … work to do today? – No, not very …. 5. There was … lemonade in the bottle. There were … peaches in the basket. 6. You mustn’t eat too … food because you have a weight problem. 7. There is not too …space in your flat. 8. He has … English books. 9. I have … time, so I can not go with you. 10. My brother is a young teacher. Every day he spends too … time preparing for his lessons. 11. I ate so … ice cream that I’m going to have a sore throat. 12. There are not … pictures in this room. 13. He had got so … pairs of socks. 14. There are … cookies in the box. Last Sunday he should have bought them. 15. He has got … friends.

1. The new cinema in our district is much (big) than the old one. 2. He is one of the (dangerous) criminals in the world. 3. Nevsky Prospect is much (beautiful) than our street. 4. Our house isn’t as (big) as yours. 5. That’s he (funny) story I’ve ever heard. 6. She’s getting (good). That’s the (important) thing. 7. What is your weight? You are (tall) than me. 8. She left as (strong) as her brother. 9. We started (early) than you. 10. He was (careful) than I was. 11. This student is the (attentive) in your group. 12. I need a (warm) coat. 13. He is as (tired) as you. 14. He was one of the (experienced) workers at the factory. 15. (good) late than never.

Задание 3.Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must или need. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She..not call the doctor again unless she feels worse. 2. By the end of the week I … have finished writing my book. 3. Don’t worry! I … change a light bulb. 4. He … not drink alcohol when he drives. 5. Everything is clear and you … not go into detail now. 6. … I offer you something to drink? 7. Shall I write a letter to him? – No, you … not, it’s not necessary. 8. Why..not you understand it? It is so easy. 9. We … not carry the bookcase upstairs: it is too heavy. 10. When … you come to see us? – I … come only on Sunday.

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к тексту.

Economics

1. Economics (from the Greek "household management") is a social science that studies the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services.

2. Economics, which focuses on measurable variables, is broadly divided into two main branches: microeconomics, which deals with individual agents, such as households and businesses, and macroeconomics, which considers the economy as a whole, in which case it considers aggregate supply and demand for money, capital and commodities. Aspects receiving particular attention in economics are resource allocation, production, distribution, trade, and competition. Economic logic is increasingly applied to any problem that involves choice under scarcity or determining economic value. Mainstream economics focuses on how prices reflect supply and demand, and uses equations to predict consequences of decisions. The fundamental assumption underlying traditional economic theory is the utility-maximizing rule.

Слова к тексту

1.economics экономика, народное хозяйство, экономическая наука, политическая экономия, хозяйственная жизнь

2. consumption 1) потребление; затрата, издержки, расход; 2) сфера потребления

3. measurablevariable измеримая переменная

4.aggregatesupply совокупное предложение (предложение всех товаров и услуг, имеющихся на рынке в данное время)

5. supplyanddemand предложение и спрос

6.commodity товар, продукт (продукт труда, предназначенный для продажи)

7. resourceallocation распределение ресурсов

8. competition конкуренция, соревнование, состязание

9. scarcity недостаток, нехватка, дефицит; недостаточное количество

10. economictheory теория экономической деятельности

11. utility-maximizingrule правило максимизации полезности

Задание 5. Переведите письменно 2- ой абзац текста «Economics»

Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту «Economics»

1. What is the definition of economics?

2. What are the two main branches of economics?

3. Which aspects receive particular attention in economics?

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте «Economics» английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1. сфера потребления товаров и услуг

2. разделяться на микроэкономику и макроэкономику

3. имеет дело с бизнесом

4. фундаментальное предположение

Контрольная работа по иностранному языку для 2 курса по специальности 080114 Экономика и бухгалтерский учет (по отраслям)

V вариант

Задание 1. Вставьте many, much, few или little. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. My friend ate so … ice cream that he’s going to have a sore throat. 2. My little sister is a young teacher. Every day she spends too … time preparing for his lessons. 3. I drink … coffee. I like it. 4. I drank so … wine and smoked so … cigarettes that I have a terrible headache today. 5. The theatre was almost full. There were very … people there. 6. His father didn’t earn … money, but he enjoyed his job. He loved teaching English very …. 7. Please don’t put..pepper on the meat. 8. He was the son of poor parents and had very … clothes. 9. Mary can eat too … food because she hasn’t a weight problem. 10. My friend is very lazy. She has done very … today. 11. I can say I have read very … books by Walter Scott. 12. Unfortunately, very … passengers were injured in a traffic accident. 13. Does your sister read …? – Yes, she does, And your brother? –Oh, he doesn’t. He has so … books, but reads very …. 14. You don’t make … mistake in your spelling. Do you work hard on it? – Oh, yes, I do, I work very …. 15. I have … money, so we cannot go to the cinema.

1. He is one of the (dangerous) criminals in the world. 2. Our house isn’t as (big) as yours. 3. She is getting (good). That’s the (important) thing. 4. She left as (strong) as her brother. 5. He was (careful) than I (was). 6. I need a (warm) coat. 7. He was one of the (experienced) workers at the factory. 8. She was not so (attractive) as her mother. 9. He was the (old) in the family. 10. This is the (small) room in our flat. 11. He clearly did not like the explanation, and he listened to it, and became (angry) and (angry). 12. He worked (hard) and (hard) as the end of the term came nearer. 13. The (tall) trees in the world grow in California. 14. Please be (careful) next time and don’t spill the milk again. 15. Bobby was a (quiet) child. He was (quiet) than his sister.

Задание 3. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must или need. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Mike … return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 2. We … not carry the bookcase upstairs: it’s too heavy. 3. I … not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it. 4. … I take your pencil? – Yes, please. 5. I … not go out today: it’s too cold. 6. … you pronounce the word? 7. Why … not you understand it? It’s so easy. 8. … we do the exercise at once? – Yes, you … do it right now. 9. You … not have bought this meat: we have everything for dinner. 10. She … not call the doctor again unless she feels worse.

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к тексту.

Accountancy

1. Accountancy (British English) or accounting (American English) is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about information that helps managers and other decision makers make resource allocation decisions. Financial accounting is one branch of accounting and historically has involved processes by which financial information about a business is recorded, classified, summarized, interpreted, and communicated. Auditing, a related but separate discipline, is the process whereby an independent auditor examines an organization's financial statements in order to express an opinion (with reasonable but not absolute assurance) as to the fairness and adherence to generally accepted accounting principles, in all material respects.

2. Practitioners of accountancy are known as accountants. Officially licensed accountants are recognized by titles such as Chartered Accountant (UK) or Certified Public Accountant (US). Accountancy attempts to create accurate financial reports that are useful to managers, regulators, and other stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors, or owners. The day-to-day record-keeping involved in this process is known as book-keeping.

3. At the heart of modern financial accounting is the double-entry book-keeping system. This system involves making at least two entries for every transaction: a debit in one account, and a corresponding credit in another account. The sum of all debits should always equal the sum of all credits. This provides an easy way to check for errors. This system was first used in medieval Europe, although some believe that the system dates back to Ancient Greece.

4. According to critics of standard accounting practices, it has changed little since. Accounting reform measures of some kind have been taken in each generation to attempt to keep book-keeping relevant to capital assets or production capacity. However, these have not changed the basic principles, which are supposed to be independent of economics as such.

Слова к тексту

1. accountancy- бухгалтерское дело, счетоводство

2. financialaccounting - финансовый учет

3. auditing - 1) проверка отчетности; 2) ревизия баланса и отчетности; 3) аудит

4. financial statement(s)- финансовыйотчет

5. Chartered Accountant (UK)- дипломированныйбухгалтервысшейквалификации; присяжныйбухгалтер; аудитор; консультантпоналогам

6. record-keeping- учет, ведениеучета [бухгалтерскихкниг]

7. entry - (бухгалтерская) запись

8. transaction- сделка, торговая операция

9. account- счет, вклад, депозит

Задание 5. Переведите письменно 1-ый и 4-ый абзац текста «Accountancy»

Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту «Accountancy»

1. What is accountancy or accounting?

2. What is auditing?

3. What is the essence of the double-entry book-keeping system?

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте «Accountancy» английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1. принимать решения о распределении ресурсов

2. проверяет финансовую отчетность

3. принцип бухгалтерского учета

4. сумма всех дебетов

5. создание точных финансовых отчетов

VI вариант

Задание 1. Вставьте many, much, few или little. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He has got … friends. 2. The pupils of our class ask so … questions at the lesson. They want to know everything. 3. My brother says I eat too … French fries and drink too … beer. 4. There is not too …space in the flat. 5. Idrink … coffee. I don’t like it. 6. You don’t make … mistakes in your spelling. Dou you work hard on it? – Oh, yes, I work very …. 7.You ate so.. dessert that you are in bed today with a stomachache. 8. I have … time, so I can’t go with you. 9. There is so… traffic on the roads today. I’m very glad. 10. There is..juice in your glass. Have you got any juice? 11. That man drank so…wine, and he smoked so …cigarettes that he has a terrible headache today. 12. He has got … English books. 13. He is lazy. He has done very…today. 14. Mary mustn’t eat so … food, because she has a weight problem.15. Very …people can afford to own a plane.

1. He clearly didn’t like the explanation, and he listened to it, and he became (angry) and (angry). 2. She is not so (busy) as I am. 3. I need a (warm) dress. 4.The cinema in our town is much (big) than the old one. 5. Today the streets aren’t as (clean) as they used to be. 6. My sister is the (small) girl in the class. 7. This good-looking girl is the (good) student of our university. 8. The Alps are (high) than the Urals. 9. Which building is the (beautiful) in Taganrog? 10. Max is a (good) pupil than Mike. 11. He left as (strong) as his father. 12. He was one of the (experienced) teachers in our college. 13. That’s the (funny) story I’ve ever heard. 14. This pupil is the (attentive) in your group.

Задание 3. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must или need. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. By the end of the week I … have finished writing my book. 2. Don’t worry! I … change a light bulb. 3. Everything is clear and you … not go into detail now. 4. … I take your book? – Yes, please. 5. We … not go out today: it’s windy today. 6. … you pronounce this sound? 7. The drivers … not drink alcohol when they drive. 8. – Mum. you … not have bought the meat: we have everything for supper. 9. We..not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it. 10. Shall I write a letter to her? – No, you … not, it isn’t necessary.

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к тексту.

HISTORY OF TAXATION

1.Political authority has been used to raise capital throughout history. In many pre-monetary societies, such as the Incan empire, taxes were owed in labor. Taxation in labor was the basis of the Feudal system in medieval Europe.

2.In more sophisticated economies such as the Roman Empire, tax farming developed, as the central powers could not practically enforce their tax policy across a wide realm. The tax farmers were obligated to raise large sums for the government, but were allowed to keep whatever else they raised.

3. Many Christians have understood the New Testament to support the payment of taxes, through Jesus's words "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's".

4. There were certain times in the Middle Ages where the governments did not explicitly tax, since they were self-supporting, owning their own land and creating their own products. The appearance of doing without taxes was however illusory, since the government's (usually the Crown's) independent income sources depended on labor enforced under the feudal system, which is a tax exacted in kind.

5. Many taxes were originally introduced to fund wars and are still in place today, such as those raised by the American government during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Income tax was first introduced into Britain in 1798 to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic wars and into Canada in 1917 as a "temporary" tax under the Income War Tax Act to cover government expenses resulting from World War I.

6. The current income tax in America was set up by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913. It was called The Federal Income Tax and was deducted from incomes at rates varying from 1-7%. But, since then, the American Tax Code has been modified and new taxes have been added, especially over the World War I and II periods. Since World War II, the American Tax Code has increased in size four-fold.

Слова к тексту:

1. tax–налог

2. publicfinance - государственные финансы; государственный бюджет

3. taxfarmer - откупщик, сборщик налогов, податей

4. incometaxact - закон о подоходном налоге

5. taxcode- налоговый кодекс

Задание 5. Переведите письменно 4-ый и 6-ой абзац текста «History of taxation»

Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту «History of taxation»:

1. How were taxes paid in medieval Europe?

2. Why were many taxes originally introduced?

3. What kind of document describes what taxes people have to pay?

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте «History of taxation» английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1.для привлечения капитала

2. независимые источники дохода

3. в качестве «временного» налога

4. покрытие государственных расходов

5. текущий налог на прибыль

VII вариант

Задание 1. Вставьте many, much, few или little. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I never eat … bread with soup. 2. The Smiths have … money. They aren’t rich. 3. I’m sorry to say, I’ve read very … books by Walter Scott. 4. My brother is a young teacher. Every say he spends … time preparing for his lessons. 5. The children returned from the wood very sad because they had found very … mushrooms. 6. … in this work was too difficult for me. 7. There are … teachers at our school, and … of them are women. 8. There was too … light in the room, and I couldn’t read. 9. I know very … about this writer. it is the first book I’m reading. 10. The pupils of our class ask … question at the lesson. They want to know everything. 11. There are very … people who don’t know that the Earth is round. 12. My mother says I eat too … French fries and drink too … beer. 13. Mary mustn’t eat too … salt because she has problems with her blood pressure. 14. There is … juice in my glass. Have you got any juice? 15. You don’t make … mistakes in your spelling. Do you work hard at it? – Oh, yes, I do, I work very ….

1. Oil is (light) than water. 2. It is autumn. Every say the air becomes (cold), the leaves (yellow). 3. As we went on, the box became (heavy) and (heavy). 4. My brother is the (tall) boy in his class. 5. The (tall) trees in the world grow in California. 6. The Alps are (high) than the Urals. 7. Australia is (small) than Asia. 8. Mary is a (good) student than Lucy. 9. Today the streets aren’t as (clean) as they used to be. 10. This garden is the (beautiful) in our town. 11. Moscow is the (large) city in Russia. 12. The English Channel is (wide) than the Straits of Gibraltar. 13. Which is (large): The United States or Canada? 14. – How do you like Smucker’s Sweet Orange Marmalade, Mrs Johnson? – I think it’s (delicious). 15. The rivers in America are much (big) than those in England.

Задание 3. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, may, must или need. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Why …not you understand it? It is so easy. 2. … you pronounce this sound? 3. I … not go out today it is too cold. 4. We … not carry the bookcase downstairs: it is so heavy. 5. When … you come to see us? – I … come only on Sunday. 6. … you cut something without a knife? 7. He … not drink alcohol when he drives. 8. By the end of the month I … have finished translating this book. 9. … I take this book for a little while? – I’m sorry, but I … return it to the library at once. 10. … I help you with your coat?

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к тексту.

Types of taxes

1. Taxes are sometimes referred to as direct or indirect. The meaning of these terms can vary in different contexts, which can sometimes lead to confusion. In economics, direct taxes refer to those taxes that are collected from the people or organizations on whom they are imposed. For example, income taxes are collected from the person who earns the income. By contrast, indirect taxes are collected from someone other than the person responsible for paying the taxes.

2. From whom a tax is collected is a matter of law. However, who pays the tax is determined by the market place and is found by comparing the price of the good (including tax) after the tax is imposed to the price of the good before the tax was imposed. For example, suppose the price of gas in the U.S., without taxes, were $2.00 per gallon. Suppose the U.S. government imposes a tax of $0.50 per gallon on the gas. Forces of demand and supply will determine how that $0.50 tax burden is distributed among the buyers and sellers. For example, it is possible that the price of gas, after the tax, might be $2.40. In such a case, buyers would be paying $0.40 of the tax while the sellers would be paying $0.10 of the tax.

Слова к тексту:

1. confusion - 1) замешательство; 2) беспорядок, путаница, неразбериха

2. income tax - подоходный налог

3. market place - 1) рынок; базарная площадь (место для проведения торговли); 2) сфера торговли (область экономической деятельности, характеризующаяся куплей-продажей товаров (услуг))

4. progressive tax- прогрессивный налог

Задание 5. Переведите письменно 2-ой абзац текста «Types of taxes»

Задание 6. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту «Types of taxes»:

1. What are the two main kinds of taxes?

2. What determines who pays the tax?

3. What does the income tax mean?

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте «Types of taxes» английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1. в разных контекстах

2. прямым налогам

3. собираются с людей или организаций, к которым они применяются.

4. косвенные налоги

5. ответственный за уплату налогов

VIII вариант

Задание 1. Вставьте many, much, few или little. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. There are … boys in your group and … girls. 2. We are thirsty! – It’s a problem. There is … water. 3. There is … cheese in the fridge. It’s not enough for the salad. 4. There are … people at the stadium. – Because it has been raining all day. 5. There isn’t … snow in the yard. 6. There is … food in the kitchen. We can’t feed our guests. 7. The disc has only … good songs. I don/t want to buy it. 8. My younger brother likes to go to the kindergarten. There are … toys there. 9. There is … furniture in my parent’s bedroom: a bed, built-in wardrobe and two beside table. 10. I want to knit a short jacket. I don’t need … wool yarn for it. 11. Please don’t put … pepper on the meat. 12. The theatre was almost empty. There were very … people there. 13. I earned … money, but I enjoyed my job. I love teaching very …. 14. Walk quicker, please. We have very … time. 15. He doesn’t make … mistake in his spelling. Does he work hard at it?

1. When we win a game, we are (happy) people in the world. 2. Yesterday it was (difficult) match of all. 3. My friend is (tall) than me, so he plays basketball (good) than me. 4. John is (good) player in our team. 5. For me it’s (interesting) to play football myself than to watch it on TV. 6. This season our team is playing (bad) than last year. 7. Windsurfing is one of (dynamic) sports. 8. Karate is (popular) of the Japanese material arts. 9. I t is much (difficult) to get up after falling down in ice skating than it is with roller blading. Also ice skating is (slippery) than roller blading. 10. Who are (famous) female tennis players ever? 11. St Petersburg is one of the (beautiful) cities in the world. 12. A football match isn’t as (exciting) as a hockey match. 13. That’s the (funny) story I’ve ever heard. 14. We should eat (healthy) food. 15. Is the word “newspaper” (long) than the word “book”?

Задание 3. Вставьте модальные глаголы may, must или need. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. … I take this book for a little while? – I’m sorry, but I … return it to the library at once. 2. Alec … practice this sound specially, but the other pupils … not: they all pronounce it properly. 3. They … come any time they like between ten and twelve in the morning, but they … not come if they don’t want to. 4. … I go there right now?- Yes, you … 5.…. we hand in our compositions tomorrow? – No, you … not, you … hand them in after Sunday. 6. … John really do this today? – No, he … not, he … do it tomorrow if he likes. 7. You … not let this cup fall: it … break. 8. … I help you with your coat? 9. You … park your car only in your own space in the back of the building. 10. You … have cancelled your trip to Canada. But you have always wanted to visit the largest French city Montreal and see your friend Nina.

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к тексту.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

1. People and societies organize economic life to deal with the basic problems through economic systems. An economic system can be described as the collection of institutions, laws, incentives, activities that govern economic relationships among people in a society and provide a framework for answering the basic economic questions.

2. Most economic systems use one or more of three basic methods to make economic decisions: tradition, command and markets. So economic systems are classified into four broad categories, according to how most economic decisions are made. These are traditional, command, market and mixed economies.

3. Traditional economy. People generally repeat the decisions made at an earlier time or by an earlier generation. Can just anyone be king or queen of England? Tradition answers that question. In the US, women were strongly directed to certain "traditional" occupations for many years, such as teaching, raising children, nursing and being librarians.

4. Command economy. They rely almost totally on government to make economic decisions through centralized authorities. The government owns all the major productive resources. The former USSR and some other eastern bloc countries are examples of countries where government decisions were dominant.

5. Market economy. Most productive resources are owned by private individuals. Individuals make economic decisions in response to market signals and on the basis of their own preferences.

6. Mixed economy. The economic system used in most countries lies between the two extremes of command and market economies. Mixed economies answer the basic economic questions partly through the market and partly through the government, with some decisions based on tradition as well.

Задание 5. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

Иметь дело с основными проблемами через экономические системы; описывать; обеспечивать; один или более трех основных методов; командная экономика; в соответствии с; смешанная экономика; воспитание детей; почти полностью; бывший; страны восточного блока.

Задание 6. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is an economic system?

2. What are three basic methods that most economic systems use?

3. What does it mean "traditional" occupations for women in the US?

4. What were "traditional" occupations for women in the US?

5. What does it mean "command" economy?

6. What does the government own?

Задание 7. Переведите 3-ий, 5-ый и 6-ой абзацы текста «Economic systems »

IX вариант

Задание 1. Вставьте many, much, few или little. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. There are … boys in your group and … girls. 2. We are thirsty! – It’s a problem. There is … water. 3. There is … cheese in the fridge. It’s not enough for the salad. 4. There are … people at the stadium. – Because it has been raining all day. 5. There isn’t … snow in the yard. 6. There is … food in the kitchen. We can’t feed our guests. 7. The disc has only … good songs. I don’t want to buy it. 8. My younger brother likes to go to the kindergarten. There are … toys there.9. I never eat … bread with soup. 10. The Smiths have … money. They aren’t rich. 11. I’m sorry to say, I’ve read very … books by Walter Scott.12. The children returned from the wood very sad because they had found very … mushrooms. 13. I know very … about this writer. it is the first book I’m reading. 14. My friend ate so … ice cream that he’s going to have a sore throat. 15. There are … cookies in the box. Last Sunday he should have bought them.

1. When we win a game, we are (happy) people in the world. 2. Karate is (popular) of the Japanese material arts. 3. The English Channel is (wide) than the Straits of Gibraltar. 4. This garden is the (beautiful) in our town. 5. That’s the (funny) story I’ve ever heard. 6. This good-looking girl is the (good) student of our university. 7. He clearly did not like the explanation, and he listened to it, and became (angry) and (angry). 8. Who are (famous) female tennis players ever? 9. This season our team is playing (bad) than last year. 10. Windsurfing is one of (dynamic) sports. 11. Mary is a (bad) student than Lucy. 12. The cinema in our town is much (big) than the old one. 13. Nevsky Prospect is much (beautiful) than our street. 14. Our house isn’t as (big) as yours. 15. Take some of these sweets: they are very (nice). They are (nice) than the sweets in that box.

Задание 3. Вставьте модальные глаголы may, can, must или need. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. … I take this book for a little while? – I am sorry, but I … return it to the library at once. 2. Alex … spend more time studying, but the other boy … not: he has successfully passed the exam. 3. They … come any time they like between eleven and twelve in the morning, but they … not come if they don’t want to. 4. You … not let this cup fall: it … break.5. We … pay the monthly water bill. 6. I … not believe, I failed another test. – But you … go to more classes and fewer parties. 7. Perhaps we … meet next week. 8. … he speak English in childhood? 9. My neighbors … grow their own vegetables. 10. … you turn the music down, please.

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к тексту.

WHAT IS ECONOMICS

1. Unlike history, mathematics, english and chemistry, economics is a subject that most students encounter only briefly before they begin college. Economics is a basic discipline, not an applied subject like accounting or drafting in which specific skills are taught.

2. Economics has some similarities to mathematics because logical reasoning and mathematical tools are used in it extensively. It also has some similarities to history because economics studies people as they interact in social groups.

3. Like chemistry, economics employs the scientific method, although some of economics has a descriptive rather than an analytical flavour. Finally, like english grammar, economics has a few simple rules and principles, but from these principles economics can derive many conclusions.

4. Economics is the science of making choices. Individuals must decide whether to study another hour or to go for a walk, whether to buy a six-pack of Pepsi or a 0,5 gallon of milk at the grocery, whether to choose fire fighting or teaching as an occupation and whether to play golf or to watch television for an afternoon of recreation. As a group, people must also choose through their governments whether to build a dam or to repair highways with their taxes, whether to invest money to business or to expand national parks.

5. The common element in all these decisions is that every choice involves a cost. In fact, economics is the study of the choice that people make and the actions that they take in order to make the best use of scarce resources in meeting their wants.

Задание 5. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

Знакомиться; бухгалтерский учет; особые навыки; широко использоваться; взаимодействовать в социальных группах; несколько простых принципов; налоги; расширять; стоимость; потребности.

Задание 6. Закончите предложения.

1. Economics is not an applied subject like...

2. Like chemistry, economics...

3. As a group, people must also choose whether to invest money to business or to expand national parks through...

4. The common element of all decisions is...

Задание 7. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the difference between economics and such disciplines as history, mathematics, english and chemistry?

2. What is used extensively in economics?

3. What similarities has economics to chemistry?

4. Is economics the science of making choices?

5. What is the common element in all choices?

6. What does economics study?

X вариант

Задание 1. Вставьте many, much, few или little. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. There are … boys in your group and … girls. 2. We are thirsty! – It’s a problem. There is … water. 3. There is … cheese in the fridge. It’s not enough for the salad. 4. There are … people at the stadium. – Because it has been raining all day. 5. There isn’t … snow in the yard. 6. There is … food in the kitchen. We can’t feed our guests. 7. The disc has only … good songs. I don’t want to buy it. 8. There was too … light in the room, and I couldn’t read. 9. I know very … about this writer. It is the first book I’m reading. 10. The pupils of our class ask … question at the lesson. They want to know everything. 11. There are very … people who don’t know that the Earth is round. 12. He has got … English books. 13. He is lazy. He has done very…today. 14. Mary mustn’t eat so … food, because she has a weight problem.15. Very …people can afford to own a plane.

1. She is getting (good). That’s the (important) thing. 2. He worked (hard) and (hard) as the end of the term came nearer. 3. Max is a (old) pupil than Mike. 4. Today the streets aren’t as (clean) as they used to be. 5. This garden is the (beautiful) in our town. 6. My friend is (tall) than me, so he plays basketball (good) than me. 7. This season our team is playing (bad) than last year. 8. Karate is (popular) of the Japanese material arts. 9. Australia is (small) than Asia. 10. My sister is the (small) girl in the class. 11. He was (careful) than I (was). 12. Our house isn’t as (big) as yours. 13. The English Channel is (wide) than the Straits of Gibraltar. 14. The rivers in America are much (long) than those in England. 15. The Thames is (short) than the Volga.

Задание 3. Вставьте модальные глаголы may, can, must или need. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I … not believe. I’m already out of money. – You … learn not to spend so much. – But I … not help it, there are just things that I … buy. 2. If you want to improve your English, you.. work very hard. 3. … I take this book? – Certainly, but you … not give it to anybody. 4. Mother, … I go to the country tomorrow? – No, you.. not. The doctor says you.. stay at home for a day or two. 5. There is something wrong with your television set. You … call a repairman. –Oh, we … not do it! My brother … fix it himself. 6. … we bring these textbooks every day? – No, you … not: you … take them from the library. 7. … you go to the country with us? – No, I’m afraid I* … not: I … go to the library. 8. … I borrow your pen for a minute? 9. She … have seen “War and Peace” nine or ten times. 10. … I take this book for a little while? – I am sorry, but I … return it to the library at once.

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к тексту.

ECONOMIST

1. I'm a student of the Mordovian State University. In the near future I'll graduate from the University and become a professional economist. I'm sure that the profession of an economist is one of the most important nowadays in our Republic.

2. What makes a good economist? Whatever he does, an economist should have a through training in economic theory, mathematics and statistics and our University offers such training. At the University we are taught various general and special subjects, such as Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Management, Accounting, Money and Banking, Economic Theory, Statistics, Computer Science, Business Ethics, english.

3. The profession of an economist is quite diversified. The graduates of the faculty work at the educational institutions, various research centers and laboratories, in industry, business, banks.

4. Being employed in industry and business, our graduates work as managers, as executive managers, sales managers, financial managers. Some of us work as accountants. An accountant is one of the prestigious and widely required professions of an economist in a society. You shouldn't mix an accountant with a book-keeper. While a book-keeper is mostly involved in calculations, like balance sheets, income statements, invoices, an accountant is responsible for designing the financial policy of a company.

5. Some of us work at the banks, at the Stock Exchange, others work for the government or are employed by various agencies and by military services. Economists can solve many problems facing our republic.

Задание 5. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

В ближайшем будущем; в настоящее время; основательное обучение; предлагать; знание; вовлекать; разносторонний; исследовательские центры; менеджер по продажам; престижный; расчет; быть ответственным за что-либо; финансовая политика.

Задание 6. Переведите 3-ий и 4-ый абзац текста «Economist»

Задание 7. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What should an economist have to be a good economist?

2. What subjects does an economist need for his future profession?

3. Where can graduates work?

4. What is the difference between an accountant and a book-keeper?

Средства обучения

Основные источники:

Кравцов Л.Н. Английский язык. – М.: "Высшая школа", 2007г.
Агабекян И.П. Английский для средних специальных заведений. – Ростов-на-Дону: "Феникс", 2007г.
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Самостоятельная работа студента.

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