Medical inventions
c. 7000 drill and bow drill, in Mehrgarh
c. 7000 BC, dental drill, in Mehrgarh
c. 7000 BC, surgery and dental surgery, in Mehrgarh
c. 2600 BC, surgical suture, by Imhotep
c. 2600 BC, pharmaceutical cream, by Imhotep
c. 500 BC, cosmetic surgery, by Sushruta
c. 500 BC, plastic surgery, by Sushruta
c. 400 BC, Hippocratic bench, by Hippocrates
c. 750 AD, inoculation and variolation, by Madhav
c. 1000, cataract extraction and hypodermic needle, by Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
c. 1000, injection and syringe, by Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
c. 1000, adhesive bandage and plaster, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)
c. 1000, cotton dressing and bandage, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi[citation needed]
c. 1000, catgut, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
c. 1000, curette, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
c. 1000, forceps, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
c. 1000, ligature, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
c. 1000, retractor, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
c. 1000, scalpel, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
c. 1000, sound, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
c. 1000, surgical hook, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
c. 1000, surgical needle, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
c. 1000, surgical rod, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
c. 1000, surgical spoon, by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
c. 1025, thermometer, by Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
c. 1025, steam distillation, by Avicenna
c. 1025, essential oil, by Avicenna
c. 1150, inhalational anaesthetic, by Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)
c. 1280, spectacles, in Italy
1540, artificial limb, by Ambroise Paré
1714, mercury thermometer, by Gabriel Fahrenheit
1792, ambulance, by Jean Dominique Larrey
1796, vaccination, by Edward Jenner
1816, stethoscope, by René Laennec
1817, dental plate, by Anthony Plantson
1827, endoscope, by Pierre Segalas
1846, general anaesthetic, by James Simpson
1851, ophthalmoscope, by Hermann von Helmholtz
1853, hypodermic syringe, by Alexander Wood
1865, antiseptic, by Joseph Lister
1885, rabies vaccination, chicken cholera vaccination by Louis Pasteur
1887, contact lens, by Adolf Fick
1895, X-ray, by Wilhelm Roentgen
1903, electrocardiograph, by Willem Einthoven
1905, sphygmomanometer by Nikolai Korotkov
1928, penicillin, by Alexander Fleming
1931, electron microscope by Ernst Ruska
1938, penicillin as an antibiotic, by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
1957, artificial pacemaker, by Clarence Lillehei and Earl Bakken
1967, heart transplant, by Christian Barnard
1970, MRI and fMRI, by Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield (among others?)
1973, CAT scan, by Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack
1979, ultrasound scan, by Ian Donald
1982, artificial heart, by Robert Jarvik
Задание 6: Напиши, кем и когда были открыты(изобретены):
1. Электрокардиограф;
2. Общая анестезия;
3. Термометр;
4. Косметическая хирургия;
5. Искусственное сердце.
Используй речевую модель:
… was\ were discovered\ invented by …. in …...
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Требования к оформлению презентации:
1. Первый слайд презентации – титульный (на русском языке). На нем указывается:
a. Место учебы (полностью);
b. Название работы;
c. ФИО автора презентации (полностью), номер курса и группы.
d. Фото автора (по желанию).
e. Год выпуска.
2. Второй слайд – содержание работы. С данного слайда текст идет на английском языке.
3. Третий слайд должен содержать аннотацию данной презентации (краткое изложение содержания, а также причин выбора данной темы, ее целей и выводов).
4. Последний слайд презентации – список источников.
5. Общее количество слайдов презентации – 10-15.
Требования к содержанию работ:
1. Презентация должна носить образовательный и (или) информационный характер.
2. В тексте не должно содержаться лексических или грамматических ошибок.
3. Презентация не должна содержать материалов «для взрослых».
Технические требования для презентации:
| Стиль | · Соблюдайте единый стиль оформления · Избегайте стилей, которые будут отвлекать от самой презентации. · Вспомогательная информация (управляющие кнопки) не должны преобладать над основной информацией (текстом, иллюстрациями). |
| Фон | Для фона предпочтительны холодные тона. |
| Использование Цвета | · На одном слайде рекомендуется использовать не более трех цветов: один для фона, один для заголовка, один для текста. · Для фона и текста используйте контрастные цвета. · Обратите внимание на цвет гиперссылок (до и после использования). |
| Анимационные Эффекты | · Используйте возможности компьютерной анимации для представления информации на слайде. · Не стоит злоупотреблять различными анимационными эффектами, они не должны отвлекать внимание от содержания информации на слайде. |
| Содержание информации | · Используйте короткие слова и предложения (от 2 до 4 предложений) на 1 слайде. · Минимизируйте количество предлогов, наречий, прилагательных. · Заголовки должны привлекать внимание аудитории. |
| Расположение информации на странице | · Предпочтительно горизонтальное расположение информации. · Наиболее важная информация должна располагаться в центре экрана. · Если на слайде располагается картинка, надпись должна располагаться под ней. |
| Шрифты | · Для заголовков – не менее 24. · Для информации не менее 18. · Шрифты без засечек легче читать с большого расстояния. · Нельзя смешивать разные типы шрифтов в одной презентации. · Для выделения информации следует использовать жирный шрифт, курсив или подчеркивание. · Нельзя злоупотреблять прописными буквами (они читаются хуже строчных). |
| Способы выделения информации | · Следует использовать рамки; границы, заливку; штриховку, стрелки, рисунки, диаграммы, схемы для иллюстрации наиболее важных фактов. |
| Объем информации | · Не стоит заполнять один слайд слишком большим объемом информации: люди могут единовременно запомнить не более трех фактов, выводов, определений. · Наибольшая эффективность достигается тогда, когда ключевые пункты отображаются по одному на каждом отдельном слайде. |
Greek and Roman medicine
Hippocratic Corpus, is a collection of around seventy early medical works from ancient Greece strongly associated with the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates and his teachings.
Medicine in Ancient Greece was influenced by Babylonian and Egyptian medicinal traditions.[citation needed] As was the case elsewhere, the ancient Greeks developed a humoral medicine system where treatment sought to restore the balance of humours within the body. A towering figure in ancient Greek medicine was the physician Hippocrates of Kos, considered the "father of modern medicine."[14][15] The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of around seventy early medical works from ancient Greece strongly associated with Hippocrates and his students. Most famously, Hippocrates invented the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, which is still relevant and in use today.
Hippocrates, regarded as the father of modern medicine,[16][17] and his followers were first to describe many diseases and medical conditions. He is given credit for the first description of clubbing of the fingers, an important diagnostic sign in chronic suppurative lung disease, lung cancer and cyanotic heart disease. For this reason, clubbed fingers are sometimes referred to as "Hippocratic fingers".[18] Hippocrates was also the first physician to describe Hippocratic face in Prognosis. Shakespeare famously alludes to this description when writing of Falstaff's death in Act II, Scene iii. of Henry V.[19][20]
Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, and convalescence."[21][22] Another of Hippocrates's major contributions may be found in his descriptions of the symptomatology, physical findings, surgical treatment and prognosis of thoracic empyema, i.e. suppuration of the lining of the chest cavity. His teachings remain relevant to present-day students of pulmonary medicine and surgery.[23] Hippocrates was the first documented chest surgeon and his findings are still valid.[23]
The Plinthios Brokhos as described by Greek physician Heraklas, a sling for binding a fractured jaw. These writings were preserved in one of Oribasius' collections.[24]
The Greek Galen was one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations—including brain and eye surgeries— that were not tried again for almost two millennia. Later, in medieval Europe, Galen's writings on anatomy became the mainstay of the medieval physician's university curriculum along; but they suffered greatly from stasis and intellectual stagnation. In the 1530s, however, Belgian anatomist and physician Andreas Vesalius took on a project to translate many of Galen's Greek texts into Latin. Vesalius's most famous work, De humani corporis fabrica, was greatly influenced by Galenic writing and form.[25] The works of Galen and Avicenna, especially The Canon of Medicine which incorporated the teachings of both, were translated into Latin, and the Canon remained the most authoritative text on anatomy in European medical education until the 16th century.
The Romans invented numerous surgical instruments, including the first instruments unique to women,[26] as well as the surgical uses of forceps, scalpel, cautery, cross-bladed scissors, surgical needle, sound, and specula.[27][28] Romans were also pioneers in cataract surgery.[29]
Medieval medicine was an evolving mixture of the scientific and the spiritual. In the early Middle Ages, following the fall of the Roman Empire, standard medical knowledge was based chiefly upon surviving Greek and Roman texts, preserved in monasteries and elsewhere. Ideas about the origin and cure of disease were not, however, purely secular, but were also based on a spiritual world view, in which factors such as destiny, sin, and astral influences played as great a part as any physical cause.
Oribasius was the greatest Byzantine compiler of medical knowledge. Several of his works, along with many other Byzantine physicians, were translated into Latin, and eventually, during the Enlightenment and Age of Reason, into English and French. The last great Byzantine Physician was Actuarius, who lived in the early 14th Century in Constantinople.
Medicine was notably not one of the seven classical Artes liberales, and was consequently looked upon more as a handicraft than as a science. Medicine did, nevertheless, establish itself as a faculty, along with law and theology in the first European Universities from the 12th century. Rogerius Salernitanus composed his Chirurgia, laying the foundation for modern Western surgical manuals up to the modern time. The development of modern neurology began in the 16th century with Vesalius, who described the anatomy of the brain and much else; he had little notion of function, thinking that it lay mainly in the ventricles.[30]