● blackboard, whiteboard, paperboard
● chalk, felt tip pen or marker, eraser
● podium, lectern, overhead
● overhead projector system (OHP)
● screen
● pointer
● microphone, mike
● opaque projector
What should you put on a visual?
● key words
● technical words
● lists
● examples
● diagrams
● charts
Vocabulary of graphs/chart
● line graph (algorithmic, linear curve, line)
● bar chart
● flip chart
● diagram
● pie chart (segment, slice of the pie)
● flow chart
● organization chart
Size, layout, font (typeface) and size, colors.
● Size - A4
● Layout should be pleasant and easy to read: horizontal/landscape layout is preferable.
● Fonts: Ariel, Helvetica, Times New Roman, Futura, Optima, Verdana, New Century,
● Schoolbook and Courier. Some companies impose a particular style.
● Font size - maybe 20 or more depending on the size of the room you will be speaking in. A good idea is to use different sizes for different types of text: i.e. 20 for main headings, 16 for subheadings, 14 for other text.
● Use CAPITAL LETTERS, bold face, italics, underlining, (white on black) or shading to highlight.
● If possible, use color transparencies (unless you are just showing text).
How should you present a visual in a presentation?
It is not sufficient just to put up a transparency on the screen and expect the audience to turn its attention to it, to understand it and make the link with what you are saying. (See Giving Presentations Unit. 4) We would suggest the following strategy:
It is important to prepare your audience for what they are going to see. This keeps the audience on their toes and gives you the opportunity to position your visual correctly.
Let's look at the current distribution of the market, as you can see...
I'm going to show you now the most recent figures available...
My next slide concerns the method by which...
Remember to draw the attention of the audience to the points that you wish to highlight but avoid redundancy by describing everything that is in the visual!
As you can see....
The first line of figures is the most revealing...
Notice/observe how the increase has had an effect on the...
What is important here is the way that...
You can also try to rephrase your point to give it emphasis, giving the audience time to absorb the information.
In other words the number of employees has a direct effect on the...
Or to look at it in another way every time you...
That is to say no matter what technique is used, the results remain.
(from https://www.scribd.com/doc/3139911/oral-presentaion-skills)
The slides given below are prepared by your colleague for tomorrow’s presentation. Unfortunately he is ill and you will have to give the presentation instead. Look at the slides and with your partner arrange them logically and prepare a short presentation with their help.
Study the presentation notes on the topic Oil and Gas given below, choose some you will use in your presentation, arrange your speech and prepare visual aids (slides).
INTRODUCTORY SLIDES
SLIDE 1. PLAN
SLIDE 2. OIL AND GAS
Presenter notes: Oil and Gas are natural resources of enormous economic importance. Together they provide about 60% of all the energy used by society today. They provide fuel for transport and are vital for heating, lighting and cooking. In addition they are used in the manufacture of synthetic fabrics, plastics, fertilizers, detergent as well as for many other purposes. In short, it is hard to imagine how our society could function without oil and gas.
SLIDE 3. TALK OUTLINE
Presenter notes: In this talk we will examine oil and gas from three angles. In the first part we will think about the biological and geological processes responsible for the formation of oil and gas. In Practical Exercise 1 we investigate the rate at which oil and gas deposits form and consider the meaning of non‐renewable versus renewable energy. In the second part, we will look at the way geologists explore for new oil and gas deposits and consider the how oil and gas get from the well to the marketplace. In Practical Exercise 2, we will have a chance to explore for oil and gas fields ourselves in the ‘Prospector Game’. In the third part, we will examine the political importance of oil and gas. Specifically we will look at which countries control production, consider global supply and demand, and think about the likely future of oil and gas in our society.
PART 1: ORIGIN
SLIDE 4. CHEMISTRY
Presenter notes: As we begin to think about the origin of oil and gas, a basic question we need to answer is what exactly are oil and gas? Oil and gas are complicated mixtures of different hydrocarbons. A hydrocarbon is a large organic molecule. As the name suggests it is composed of hydrogen atoms attached to a backbone, or chain, of carbon atoms. Short chain hydrocarbons like methane are gases. Medium chain hydrocarbons like paraffin are liquids. Long chain hydrocarbons like bitumen are solids. When crude oil is extracted from the earth it may be a mixture of hydrocarbons in solid, liquid and gas states.
SLIDE 5. PLANKTON
Presenter notes: It may come as a surprise but most of the world’s oil and gas is made up of the fossil remains of microscopic marine plankton. That’s why oil and gas are often referred to as a fossil fuel. The most important group of plankton involved in the formation of oil and gas are single celled phytoplankton called dinoflagellates, though many types of zooplankton are equally important. Some oil and gas may have also originated from the remains of land plants, but we will not discuss these types of deposits in this talk.
SLIDE 6. BLOOMS
Presenter notes: In certain parts of the world’s oceans, plankton occurs in enormous quantities, or blooms. Exactly where those plankton blooms occur is controlled by ocean currents. The richest sites are where cold, nutrient rich waters rise to the surface from the deepest parts of the ocean. The nutrients found in these ‘upwelling zones’ feed plankton and allow them to reproduce quickly. A single litre of seawater may contain several million dinoflagellates. Where these plankton occurs in high numbers they may turn the water red. This phenomenon is known as red tide.
SLIDE 7. ON THE SEA BED
Presenter notes: When plankton dies it slowly settles to the sea bed where it forms an organic mush. Usually there are lots of animals living on the sea floor that feed on this material. One important group is the polychaete worms. These are detritivores, which means they eat the dead and decay remains of other organisms
SLIDE 8. BLACK SHALE
Presenter notes: However, under certain conditions there may be very little oxygen on the sea floor. This may be because the ocean is deep and stagnant and oxygen has not been mixed down from the surface waters. No animal life can survive where the sea bed is completely lacking oxygen. Without animals to eat the dead plankton, the organic mush builds up on the sea bed. Where ocean sediment contains more than 5% organic mush it is known as a Black Shale. The black colour comes from the dark organic matter that it contains. As we will see, Black Shale is what makes oil and gas.
SLIDE 9. COOKING
Presenter notes: As more sediment accumulates on top, layers of Black Shale become buried more and more deeply in the Earth’s crust. As they do so, they slowly heat up (a bit like being in pressure cooker). With progressive heating the organic material in the plankton undergoes chemical and physical changes. It gradually breaks down into smaller and smaller hydrocarbons. At temperatures of around 30C, a solid, sticky bitumen is produced. Around 90C liquid oil is formed. As temperatures reach 150C, natural gases like methane are given off. A Black Shale that is heated and gives off oil and gas is known in the oil industry as a Source Rock
SLIDE 10. MIGRATION
Presenter notes: The hot oil and gas does not stay in the Source Rock for long. As the hydrocarbons are less dense than the rocks that surround them, they gradually migrate upwards in much the same way that the less dense air bubbles of an underwater diver will rise through water. The migrating oil and gas may travel up between the sand grains that make up the rock or they may find their way up through cracks, fissures, and faults in the crust. As we will see when we look at oil exploration, eventually oil and gas get trapped in pockets in the crust known as reservoirs.
SLIDE 11. ANCIENT EARTH
Presenter notes: Most of the Source Rocks that gave rise to our present day oilfields were formed in the middle of the Mesozoic Era about 150 million years ago. At that time conditions were just right to build up huge thicknesses of Black Shale. On the one hand, the oceans were unusually warm, promoting vast plankton blooms. On the other hand, oxygen was mostly absent on the ocean floors so most of the plankton that settled on the bottom accumulated. There were no animals around to eat it up. The map on the left hand side shows what the Earth looked like 150 million years ago. The red circles show where the world’s main oil deposits were formed in warm, shallow, deoxygenated seas.
SLIDE 12. SOURCE OF NORTH SEA OIL
Presenter notes: A real example of a Black Shale that has formed a major oil deposit is the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay. This is a 150 million year old shale that contains up to 50% organic matter. It stretches from Dorset in southern England right across to Norway. It was this Black Shale which was the Source Rock for the North Sea oilfield.
SLIDE 13. PRACTICAL EXERCISE 1
Presenter notes: The Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset took an enormous amount of geological time to form. After that it took still many more million years before it was sufficiently cooked to start producing oil and gas. In the first Practical Exercise we will try and calculate exactly how much time it takes to form a watt of energy from oil and gas by biological and geological processes. We will compare our figures with other energy sources like wind power and solar power and think about the meaning of Non‐renewal and Renewal Energy.