Remember the following words
layer ['leɪə] n слой
come from [kʌm frɔm] происходить от
Greek expression [griːk [griːk]] греческое выражение
To enclose [ɪn'kləuz ] окружать, огораживать, окаймлять
fascia ['fæʃɪə] фасция
tendon ['tendən] сухожилиe
an organ ['ɔːgən] орган
to depend on [dɪ'pend] зависеть от
smooth [smuːð] а гладкий, ровный
striated ['strɪeɪtɪd] а поперечно-полосатый, полосатый
cardiac ['kɑːdɪæk] сердечный
viscera ['vɪs(ə)rə] n pi внутренние органы; кишки visceral ['vɪs(ə)r(ə)l] а относящийся к внутренним органам, висцеральные
contract ['kɔntrækt] v сокращать(ся)
slowly ['sləulɪ] медленно
to make up [meɪk] составлять
a wall [wɔːl] стенка
blood [blʌd] n кровь
vessel [vesl] n сосуд
internal [ɪn'tɜːn(ə)l] внутренний
digestive [daɪ'ʤestɪv] а пищеварительный
tract [trækt] тракт
long [lɔŋ] длинный
a cell [sel] клетка
tissue ['tɪʃuː] n ткань;
connective tissue соединительная ткань
to contain [kən'teɪn] содердать
a heart [hɑːt] сердце
strength [streŋθ] and force [fɔːs] сила и интенсивность
Pre-reading activity (Дотекстовые упражнения).
Exercise 1. Переведите следующие предложения.
1. Smooth muscles contract slowly.
2.to make up the walls of the internal organs
3. Tendons and fasciae depend on the muscular system.
4. Muscles enclose our body.
5. Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibres.
6. Cardiac muscle tissue is required for heart contraction.
Reading and translation of the text
Types of Muscles
The word «muscle» comes from a Greek expression that means «to enclose», that is, layers of muscles enclose the body. Tendons, fasciae and the various organs themselves depend on the muscular system.
There are three main types of muscular tissue that we classify on the basis of structure and functions:
1) smooth or visceral muscle, 2) striated or skeletal muscle, 3) cardiac muscle.
Smooth/visceral muscles can contract slowly. They make up the walls of the internal organs such as those of the blood vessels, and the digestive tract. Smooth muscle tissue consists of long cells. Smooth muscle fibres are bound (связаны) into bundles (пучки) by connective tissue which contain blood vessels and nerves.
Striated/ skeletal muscle tissue consists of large fibres in the form of bundles. Striated muscles are most necessary for walking, running, turning the head and so on. This type of muscle tissue includes the large muscle masses of the body, the muscles of the arms, legs, back etc.1
Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart. It is required for heart contraction. Cardiac muscles («heart» — Greek) have the strength and force of contraction of the skeletal muscle.
Notes
1. etc. (Lat. et cetera) [ɪt'set(ə)rə] = and so on — и так далее
Post-reading activities
Exercise 2. В правой колонке найдите перевод следующих словосочетаний.
| 1. Layers of muscles 2. There are three main types of muscular tissue 3. Tendons, fasciae and the various organs depend on the muscular system. 4. Visceral muscles make up the walls of the internal organs. 5. To be bound into bundles by connective tissue 6. To contain blood vessels and nerves 7. To consist of large fibres 8. To be required for heart contraction 9. The strength and force of contraction | a) Сила и интенсивность сокращения. b) Состоять из больших(длинных) волокон. c) Быть необходимым для сокращения сердца. d) Быть соединенным в пучки соединительной тканью. e) Содержать кровеносные сосуды и нервы. f) Висцеральные мышцы образуют стенки внутренних органов. g) Сухожилия, фасция и различные органы зависят мышечной системы. h) Существует три типа мышечной ткани. i) Слои мышц. |
Exercise 3. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы
1. How many types of muscular tissue are there?
2. Give another name for smooth muscles.
3. What is another name of striated muscles?
Exercise 4. Определите, верны ли следующие утверждения. Если нет, то исправьте ошибку.
1. The word «muscle» comes from a Greek expression that means «a mass».
2. Tendons, fasciae and the various organs don’t depend on the muscular system.
3. There are four main types of muscular tissue that we identify and classify on the basis of structure and functions:
4. Smooth muscles can contract fast.
5. Smooth muscle fibres are bound (связаны) into bundles (пучки) by nerve tissue.
6. Striated muscles are most necessary for blood circulation.
Exercise 5. Вставьте пропущенное слово.
1. …, … and the various organs themselves depend on the muscular system.
2. Smooth muscles can … slowly.
3. Smooth muscles make up the walls of the internal organs such as those of the blood …, and the … tract.
4. Smooth muscle … consists of long cells.
5. Smooth muscle … are bound into bundles by … tissue.
6. … muscles are most necessary for movement.
Fasciae, digestive, connective, striated, contract, vessels, tendons, tissue, fibres,
Exercise 6. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму:
1. Kate (to drink) tea every morning.
2. We (to play) football every day.
3. He (to be) a pupil.
4. My sister (to get up) at 7 o’clock.
5. They (to leave) home at 8.30 every morning.
6. My mother (to be) busy on Sunday.
7. We (to arrive) home late.
8. The children always (to do) homework.
9. They (to read) the newspapers every evening.
10. We often (to drink) tea together.
11. She (to have)a new dress.
Exercise 7. Поставьте в отрицательную форму
1. I run very fast.
2. He runs very fast too..
3. We often sleep in the garden.
4. Her sister leaves home early.
5. Sally opens the window in her room when it is hot.
6. Mr. Bay often goes to the cinema with his son.
7. My Mammy swims very well.
8. We swim well too.
9. She always makes a lot of mistakes.
10. The Olympic Games take place every 5 years.
Exercise 8. Вставьте do ли does.
1. The Dillons …n’t live at 45 Green Street.
2. …She come home late?
3. We … n’t do homework every evening.
4. …. They get up early?
5. …my brother visit our grandmother every Sunday?
6. He … n’t know these rules.
7. My parents … n’t work at this plant.
8. The girl …n’t play the piano.
9. Our friends … n’t like reading.
10. These boys … n”t play football.
Exercise 9. Задайте общие вопросы к предложениям.
1. Не reads books almost every day.
2. She does her home work properly.
3. My mother knits very well.
4. I often write letters to my friends.
5. They play football very well.
6. It snows all winters here.
7. We have dinner at 2 o’clock almost every day.
8. It rains all days in Summer.
9. You usually tell an interesting stories.
10. The girl draws the nice pictures at her lessons on Art.