The Infinitive
| № | The Early New English sentence | The Modern English translation | The form of the infinitive | The function of the infinitive | The Russian translation | The transformation technique |
| 1. | From faireſt creatures we deſire increaſe, That thereby beauties Roſe might neuer die, | From fairest creatures we desire increase*, That thereby beauty's rose might never die**, | * Indefinite Active ** Indefinite Active | * Direct object ** Part of a compound verbal predicate | Мы красоте желаем размноженья*, Нам хочется, чтоб цвет ее не вял**, - | * Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Noun Lexical. Modulation. ** Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Part of a compound verbal predicate→ Predicate Lexical. Concretization. |
| 2. | But as the riper ſhould by time deceaſe*, His tender heire might beare** his memory | But as the riper should by time decease*, His tender heir might bear** his memory: | * Indefinite Active ** Indefinite Active | * Part of a compound verbal predicate ** Part of a compound verbal predicate | Чтоб зрелый плод, - как все, добыча тленья* - Нам нежного наследника давал**. | * Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Noun The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Part of a compound verbal predicate→ Object Lexical. Concretization ** Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form The replacement of the doer of action. Lexical. Modulation. |
| 3. | Pitty the world, or elſe this glutton be, To eate the worlds due, by the graue and thee. | Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee. | Indefinite Active | Adverbial modifier of purpose | Так пожалей же мир, иначе плод Твоей красы с тобою гроб пожрет. | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Object→ Predicate |
| 4. | When fortie Winters ſhall beſeige thy brow, And digge deep trenches in thy beauties field, | When forty winters shall besiege thy brow, And dig deep trenches in thy beauty's field, | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | Когда твой лик осадятсорок зим, Изрыв красу твоей роскошной нивы, | 100 % coincidence |
| 5. | Thy youthes proud liuery so gaz’d on now, Wil be a totter’d weed of ſmal worth held: | Thy youth's proud livery, so gazed on now, Will be a tatter'd weed, of small worth held: | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | То блеск его, теперь неотразим, Представитсятогда мрачней крапивы. | Lexical. Modulation. |
| 6. | Then being askt, where all thy beautie lies, Where all the treaſure of thy luſty daies; Toſay within thine owne deepe ſunken eyes, Were an all-eating ſhame, and thriftleſſe praiſe. | Then being ask'd where all thy beauty lies, Where all the treasure of thy lusty days; Tosay, within thine own deep-sunken eyes, Were an all-eating shame and thriftless praise. | Indefinite Active | Parenthesis | И на вопрос, где красота былая, Сокровище твоих весенних дней, Не прозвучит ли как насмешка злая Ответ: "В глуби ввалившихся очей"? | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Noun The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Parenthesis→ Subject Lexical. Modulation. |
| 7. | If thou couldſt unſwere* this faire child of mine Shall ſum** my count, and make*** my old excuſe Proouing his beautie by ſucceſſion thine. | If thou couldst answer* 'This fair child of mine Shall sum** my count and make*** my old excuse,' Proving his beauty by succession thine! | * Indefinite Active ** Indefinite Active *** Indefinite Active | * Part of a compound verbal predicate ** Part of a compound verbal predicate *** Part of a compound verbal predicate | Твоих даров, когда ответишь*: "Вот Мой сын, в нем старости моей прощенье"... И снова лик твой миру зацветет. | * Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. ** Omission *** Omission |
| 8. | This were to be new made when thou art ould, And ſee thy blood warme when thou feel’ſt it could. | This were to be new made when thou art old, And see thy blood warm when thou feel'st it cold. | Indefinite Passive | Predicative | Так, стариком ты станешь юным вновь, Когда в другом твоя зардеет кровь. | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Predicative→ Predicate. |
| 9. | Now is the time that face ſhould forme an other, Whoſe freſh repaire if now thou not reneweſt, Thou doo’ſt beguile the world, vnbleſſe ſome mother. | Now is the time that face should form another; Whose fresh repair if now thou not renewest, Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother, | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | Скажи: пора преемника создать, Иначе ты лишишь благословенья Мир светлый и неведомую мать. | Grammatical. The replace-ment of the sentence type: full sentence→ impersonal sentence. |
| 10. | Or who is he ſo fond will be the tombe, Of his ſelfe loue to ſtop poſterity? | Or who is he so fond will be* the tomb Of his self-love, to stop** posterity? | * Indefinite Active ** Indefinite Active | * Part of a compound verbal predicate ** Adverbial modifier of purpose | Где тот, кто хочет быть подобьем гроба В самолюбви, чтоб прекратитьсвой род? | * 100 % coincidence ** 100 % coincidence |
| 11. | So thou through windowes of thine age ſhalt ſee, Diſpight of wrinkles this thy goulden time. | So thou through windows of thine age shall see Despite of wrinkles this thy golden time. | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | Тебе вернет назад дни золотые Твоей весны в дни грустные морщин! | Omission. |
| 12. | But if thou liue remembred not to be, Die ſingle and thine image dies with thee. | But if thou live, remember'dnot to be, Die single, and thine image dies with thee. | Indefinite Passive | Adverbial modifier of purpose | Но коль не хочешь памяти людей, Умри один с наружностью своей! | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Noun. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Adverbial modifier of purpose→ Object |
Cases of the infinitive
We can see that the translator used grammatical, lexical techniques, 100%- coincidences, both grammatical and lexical techniques simultaneously to translate the Infinitive from English into Russian. According to Diagram 3.1.1 both grammatical and lexical and grammatical transformations are the most frequent among the transformation technique. 29 % of the infinitives were translated with the help of these transformation techniques. Lexical transformations take place in 24% of cases. 100%- coincidences take place in 18% of cases.
According to Diagram 3.1.2 finite verb form is the most frequent part of speech used to translate the infinitive from English into Russian (56 % of cases). Noun takes place in 44% of cases.
Diagram 3.1.1
I. Grammatical – 29%
II. Grammatical and lexical – 29%
III. Lexical – 24%
IV. 100% coincidence – 18%
Diagram 3.1.2
I. Noun – 44%
II. Finite verb form – 56%
The Participle
| № | The Early New English sentence | The Modern English translation | The form of the participle | The function of the participle | The Russian translation | The transformation technique |
| 1. | Feed’ſt thy lights flame with ſelfe ſubſtantiall fewell, Making a famine where aboundance lies, | Feed'st thy light's flame with self-substantial fuel, Makinga famine where abundance lies, | Participle I, Indefinite Active | Adverbial modifier of manner | Твой юный пыл своим топливом, сам Творябесплодье вместо урожая, | 100 % coincidence |
| 2. | Thy youthes proud liuery so gaz’d on now, Wil be a totter’d weed of ſmal worth held: | Thy youth's proud livery, so gazed* on now, Will be a tatter'd** weed, of small worth held***: | * Participle II ** Participle II *** Participle II | * Attribute ** Attribute *** Attribute | То блеск его, теперь неотразим*, Предс-тавится тогда мрачней** крапивы. | * Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II → Adjective Lexical. Modulation. ** Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II →Adjective The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Attribute→ Adverbial modifier of manner. Lexical. Modulation. *** Omission |
| 3. | Then being askt, where all thy beautie lies, Where all the treaſure of thy luſty daies; | Then being ask'd where all thy beauty lies, Where all the treasure of thy lusty days; | Participle I, Indefinite Passive | Adverbial modifier of manner | И на вопрос, где красота былая, Сокровище твоих весенних дней, | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II →Noun The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Adverbial modifier of manner→ Object. |
| 4. | To ſay within thine owne deepe ſunken eyes, | To say, within thine own deep-sunken eyes, | Participle II | Attribute | Не прозвучит ли как насмешка злая Ответ: "В глуби ввалив-шихся очей"? | 100 % coincidence |
| 5. | If thou couldſt unſwere this faire child of mine Shall ſum my count, and make my old excuſe Proouing his beautie by ſucceſſion thine. | If thou couldst answer 'This fair child of mine Shall sum my count and make my old excuse,' Proving his beauty by succession thine! | Participle I, Indefinite Active | Adverbial modifier of manner | Твоих даров, когда ответишь: "Вот Мой сын, в нем старости моей прощенье"... И снова лик твой миру зацветет. | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle I, Indefinite Active → Finite verb form The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Adverbial modifier of manner→ Predicate Lexical. Modulation. |
| 6. | For where is ſhe ſo faire whoſe vn-eard wombe Diſdaines the tillage of thy husbandry? | For where is she so fair whose unear'dwomb Disdains the tillage of thy husbandry? | Participle II | Attribute | Где та, чья непорочная утроба Отвергнет радость понести твой плод? | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II →Adjective |
Cases of the participle
We can see that the translator used grammatical, lexical techniques, 100%- coincidences, both grammatical and lexical techniques simultaneously to translate the Participle from English into Russian. According to Diagram 3.2.1 both grammatical and lexical transformations are the most frequent among the transformation technique (37% of cases). Grammatical transformations and 100%-coincidences take place in 25% of cases. Lexical transformations take place in 13% of cases.
According to Diagram 3.2.2 adjective is the most frequent part of speech used to translate the participle from English into Russian (56 % of cases). Noun and finite verb form take place in 20% of cases.
Diagram 3.2.1
I. Grammatical – 25%
II. Lexical – 13%
III. Grammatical and lexical – 37%
IV. 100%-coincidence – 25%
Diagram 3.2.2
I. Adjective – 60%
II. Noun – 20%
III. Finite verb form – 20%
The Gerund
| № | The Early New English sentence | The Modern English translation | The form of the gerund | The function of the gerund | The Russian translation | The transformation technique |
| 1. | Within thine owne bud burieſt thy content, And tender chorle makſt waſt in niggarding: | Within thine own bud buriest thy content And, tender churl, makest waste in niggarding. | Indefinite Active | Object | В зачатке губишь цвет твоей услады, Скупец и мот небесной красоты. | Grammatical. Morphological replacement. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Gerund →Noun |
Case of the gerund
We can see that the translator used grammatical transformation techniques to translate the gerund from English into Russian. The gerund was used in the function of Object and in the form of Indefinite Active. According to Diagram 3.3.2 noun is the most frequent part of speech used to translate the gerund from English into Russian.
Diagram 3.3.1
I. Grammatical. The morphological replacement – 100%
Diagram 3.3.2
I. Noun -100%
Using grammatical transformations on equal terms, the translators see the text in their own way. For example, A. Finkel translated the infinitive into the finite verb form (to die→увядала). S. Marshak translated the infinitive into so-called «деепричастие» (to die→увядая). This part of speech is absent in English.The different views of the translators can be explained by the fact that the infinitive in English has its relative indexes of time and voice with regard to predicate. This case is absent in Russian.
Furthermore, we can see 100%-coincidences in the case when the infinitive is used with future tense or with modal verbs.