Read and translate the following sentences into Russian to have a better idea of how the words from the Active Vocabulary List can be used in context.

1. The best way to write a first draft is usually to dive straight in with your own rough version of what you want to say. 2. You should draft a proposal for the project and we can discuss it at the meeting. 3. Students learn to edit their essays for grammar and punctuation. 4. We have to revise our plans because of the delays. 5. He made some minor revisions to the report before printing it out. 6. She cites Ernest Hemingway in her article. 7. All citations are taken from the 2012 edition of the text. 8. Please refer to paragraph 2 for the appropriate information. 9. His poetry conveys a great sense of religious devotion. 10. Colours like red convey a sense of energy and strength. 11. The author condensed a great deal of material into 100 pages. 12. You can omit questions 10-15. 13. Don’t omit significant details. 14. Report writing is an essential skill for professionals. 15. The results of the experiment were reported in the paper. 16. I want you to report to me on what you have done. 17. There is a certain rule for the font size of academic writing. 18. This guide is intended to assist postgraduate students in writing of articles in academic journals. 19. This article highlights some of the important aspects of academic writing. 20. In academic writing you should aim to be succinct. 21. It is essential to ensure that your writing skills meet the necessary standard. 22. She was in London to accept an award for her latest novel. 23. We need to come to an arrangement that is acceptable to both parties. 24. This section deals with the basics of report writing. 25. He had some trouble articulating his thoughts. 26. He refused to elaborate on his reasons for doing so. 27. They are making the most elaborate preparations for the conference. 28. He told the story in elaborate detail. 29. The two groups were similar with respect to income and status. 30. Unlike most systems, this one is very easy to install. 31. The plants that grow here are unlike the plants that grow where I live.

9. Match the words with the definitions below.

a) draft b) citation c) elaborate d) paragraph e) revision f) report g) journal h) succinct i) acceptable j) font size

5. Anyone can join the club, without respect to class, race, or sex. 6. This is the best book in every respect. 7. Academic integrity is respect for the intellectual community in which you are participat­ing as a student.

11. a) like adj— подобный, похожий; равный, одинаковый

b) in like manner — подобным образом

c) like prep — как кто-л. (что-л.)

d) like that — таким образом

e) likely adj adv — вероятный, возможный; вероятно f) likewise adv — подобно, также, таким же образом g) be unlike — непохожий на; не такой, как h) unlike prep — в отличие от

1) unlikely adj adv — маловероятный; маловероятно

1. Like other forms of writing, academic writing follows its own rules and guidelines. 2. He voted for the change and he expected his colleagues to do likewise. 3. What is the likely outcome of this whole business? 4. Unlike informal letters, academic writing is not mod­elled on everyday speech, but has a particular language style. 5.1 had a chance to meet people of like mind. 6. In many ways, academic writing is unlike any other writing, even writing which may seem of a similar formality, such as business or legal writing. 7.Don’t do it like that. 8. He was an unlikely candidate for the position. 9. This chapter is designed to introduce you to what academic writing is like, and hopefully ease your transition as you face these daunting writing challenges. 10. You are likely to need to write in the first person. 11. She responded in like manner. 12. It is unlikely that you will be able to write a truly critical assessment of the literature until you have a good grasp of the subject.

Memorize the active vocabulary to Text 8A.

Read and translate the following international words. Look up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the part of speech.

Critical adj, argumentation n, material n, specialise v, essay n, stylistic adj, citation n, paragraph n, inform v, position n v, final adj, sum n v, title n, paraphrase v, condense v, identification n, section n, associate v, tone n, dictate v, phrase n, slang n, normal adj, punctuation n, grammar n.

Read and translate the following word combinations which come from the texts of the Unit. Mind the use of nouns as attributes in preposition. Look up your dictionary if necessary.

Source materials, a research essay, an essay format, assignment writing tasks, university assignments, an undergraduate level, a summary essay, key features, a one-sentence thesis statement, a source text, conclusion and recommendation sections, key terms, an exclamation mark.

15. Form the verbs with the help of the following suffixes. Read and translate them into Russian.

a) -en: strength, broad, length, wide, weak, quick, bright, dark, deep, fresh, hard, light, sharp, thick, white;

b) -ise/-ize: conceptual, summary, formal, modern, industrial, computer, emphasis, memory, pressure, analysis, minimum, symbol;

c) -ify/-fy: diverse, simple, pure, special, simple, identic(al), specific, intense, beauty, false, person, class, note, mode, solid.

Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE

16. Read and translate the following sentences with one (ones) used as indefinite pronouns meaning everyone/anyone and as substitution words. Use your dictionary if necessary.

1. Too often PhD students struggle with writing of scientific articles and their doctoral thesis, because there are no straightforward instructions on how to do the work swiftly and efficiently. There is no need to learn all the related aspects from scratch, as one can learn from others and learn together with others. 2. One can’t learn English in a month. 3. These are teaching issues, not just administrative ones. 4. One may benefit from a certain amount of advice. 5. The essays I wrote in English lessons at school differ from the ones 1 write for psychology at University. 6. A Ph. D. thesis is the major writing project of one’s academic career and in particular of one’s Doctorate of Philosophy programme. One writes a Ph. D. thesis in the area of academic study in which one plans to spend one’s career. 7. One should use third person almost exclusively in professional writing. 8. I don’t have a pen. I must buy one. 9. It is better to produce a short, well-written thesis than a long one full of irrelevant padding. 10. There is no deadline for the submission of Ph D. theses. However, one should submit three/four gum bound copies of their thesis to the Examinations Office at least three months in advance of the appropriate Faculty meeting.

17. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning and uses of that (those).

1. A high standard Ph D. thesis is one of the most important factors that contribute to the success of graduate education at leading universities. 2. This course offers an education similar in knowledge to that of a final year undergraduate course. 3. It is true that a PhD student must learn to think from different perspectives. 4. You should keep a notebook that contains your research notes. 5. In some countries, the number of females doing research degrees is slowly catching up with that of males. 6. We can come to your classroom to give presentations on all aspects of academic writing. Each is tailored to meet your needs and those of your students. 7. Typically scholarly writing clearly states the significance of the topic, and is organized with adequate detail so that other scholars could try to replicate the results. 8. That article contained a set of practical, proven steps guiding your preparation of the presentation. 9. The Higher Education Academy’s surveys of postgraduate taught and research students are the main source of information about students’ motivations and they show that there are specific differences between those undertaking taught courses and those undertaking research. 10. Each of those writing tasks followed particular rules, but paragraph structure was important to all of them, as clearly structured paragraphs could help you develop clear arguments and descriptions. 11. This survey deals with the issues that have the potential to affect the UK’s higher education sector’s competitiveness in a global market. 12. Here are some ways to meet people at a conference. They are particularly useful for those who are shy or who are just entering a research community.

18. Read and memorize the prepositions of two or more words. Translate the given sentences.

19. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the prepositions of two or more words.

1. The mission of the Faculty of Skills Upgrading and Postgraduate is a purposeful improvement of professional knowledge and skills by means of implementing world scientific achievements and innovative technologies of education. 2. There is no decision as to when the work might start. 3. The Center provides courses in academic writing that aim to help students develop and present their ideas effectively according to the needs of their discipline. 4. In spite of the recession, the long-term career prospects for those undertaking postgraduate study in business or finance remain buoyant. 5. Academic writing is often described as complex and abstract. This is partly due to the subject matter of the writing; however, it is also due to the language itself. 6. Academic writing is formal writing. Many novice writers have trouble telling informal writing apart from formal writing. 7. Strong reading, writing, and research skills are essential to academic success. Regardless of whether you are a native speaker of English or have learned English as an additional language, you will need to develop these skills in order to do well in your university studies. 8. This site contains very detailed and highly authoritative tutorials on academic writing as well as several self-testing options in the area of constructing paragraphs, linking words, and proper capitalization. 9. The ability to write academically is another crucial skill and it is important to spend time planning and editing your writing in addition to focusing on the subject which you are studying. 10. Academic writing is writing which produces or analyses knowledge. Scholars and postgraduate students, because of their research experience, are engaged in the production of knowledge.

20. Supply the missing prepositions of two or more words from exercise 18. One or more answers may be correct.

1. You should try to publish something from your thesis working on unrelated projects. 2. At graduate schools students can put their ideas into practice,the solid research culture and high sense of cooperation. 3. I selected this university the location and reputation for its quality

teaching. 4. Here you will find details on our postgraduate study options information on what funding sources are available. 5. The option of postgraduate study after a first degree is a popular one the cost. 6.what you have

said, 1 think we should reconsider our proposed course of action. 7. With the increasing numbers of international students, some Russian universities have started programmes in English

attract more students from abroad. 8. Some students take on postgraduate study their specific interests alone, and

only consider the graduate labour market much later. 9. Writing a research paper is an essential aspect of academics and should not be

avoided____________ one’s anxiety. 10. An attempt is made in this

paper to survey the present position postgraduate activity in the Universities and, in the light of the above observations, to outline paths along which future developments might proceed.

21. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Этот абзац длиннее, чем тот. 2. Что касается кандидатских диссертаций, то по своему содержанию они делятся на два вида: теоретические и прикладные. 3. Необходимо научиться четко и лаконично выражать свои мысли в письменной речи. 4. Мой портфель очень старый. Я должен купить новый перед началом учебного года. 5. Этот студенческий научный журнал направлен на углубление специальных знаний молодых специалистов по­средством опубликования своих научных трудов. 6. Это задание более трудное, чем то, которое мы делали на прошлом занятии. 7. Следует изменить размер шрифта в этой статье. 8. Цена золо­та выше цены серебра. 9. В этом докладе можно опустить неко­торые детали. 10. В статье следует сжато и четко изложить со­временное состояние исследуемой проблемы.

Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS

Skim Text 8B “Writing a Good Journal Paper — a Guide for Postgraduate Students” and try to understand what it is about. Give a brief overview of its structure and contents.

Text 8B. WRITING A GOOD JOURNAL PAPER — A GUIDE FOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS

The goal of academic research is publication. It is only through publication that new knowledge can be shared with the rest of the world. Writing a paper for publication is not as difficult as it may seem. This text provides some tips to postgraduate students on writing a good research paper for journal publication.

The student with the help of the supervisor has to decide in which journal the work is to be published. The paper must be written to meet the standard required by the journal. The students must read the latest on-line authors’ guideline as many journal editors continuously update the scope of their journals.

Before starting to write a journal paper it is important to list down a number of points: What is the problem being solved? Why is the problem important? Has anyone in the past solved a similar problem? What is the contribution of your study? What is its practical significance? It is usually easier to get a paper accepted if it focuses only on one clear problem! Since a PhD research is carried out over a long time and may comprise several stages, with each stage focusing on one issue, it is possible to publish several papers from one PhD work if it is properly planned.

The Introduction section is the most important part of the paper and is also the most difficult to write. A good introduction should consist of three clear paragraphs. In the first paragraph, the student should explain the background of the research. In the second paragraph, a critical review of past work should be detailed out. In the third, the author’s own contribution and the significance of the findings should be explained. However, a lengthy introduction should be avoided so that the problem highlighted is succinct.

The Introduction is usually followed by a section that describes the experimental setup used and the methodology. If the work comprises only a simulation study, then this section explains how the simulation was carried out. For experimental setups, a photograph of the setup followed by a schematic diagram will help the reader to understand the facilities used in conducting the research. Very detailed information of each equipment used should be provided, e.g. model, manufacturer, specifications etc. Detailed information is necessary to enable anyone to duplicate and verify the research results. The methodology is best described using a flowchart. Each stage in the flowchart should be explained in detail in the text.

In the section Presenting and Discussing the Results it is normally courteous to explain what the data in a table (or figure) show. Sometimes the author has to decide whether to use a table or a figure to show their results. If numerical values are important then a table should be used. However, if a trend is more important then a graph should be used. A graph should always be used when several sets of data or different trends are being compared. When discussing the results, the author should explain how the results solve the problem highlighted in the Introduction. A comparison with published results should also be made to show how the solution presented is better compared to those carried out by others.

The Conclusion section should be as concise and as succinct as possible. What has been developed in the study is not as important as how the developed method solves the problem and the significance of the solution. Explain exactly how you solved the problem highlighted in the Introduction. Ensure that what you claim in the Conclusion is substantiated by data in the Results and Discussion section.

Writing the Abstract is usually the last task in drafting the paper. An abstract is essentially a summary of the whole paper. A distinguishing feature of the abstract is that it should stand alone. Thus, the abstract should contain all the elements of the full paper in one concise paragraph: background, methodology, results, conclusion and contribution.

The method of writing references depends on the format used in the journal in which the paper is intended for publication. The method of citing the paper in the main text also depends on the Authors’ Guideline given by the publisher.

It is best to check the paper for errors and accuracy a few days after the writing has been completed. In this way the student can give a fresh look at the paper and spot errors more easily. A manuscript should not be submitted in haste.

Most manuscript submission is now done online. Many online submission systems generate a ‘pdf’ file that the author has to check and approve. It is normal for the editor of the journal to send the paper to two or three reviewers. The review process usually takes two to three months. Upon receiving the reviewers’ reports, the paper should be revised accordingly. Major correction comprises explaining some parts in more details, adding more references, including more data etc.

Reading an e-mail from an editor that starts with “I am pleased to inform you that your paper has been accepted...” can be the most gratifying moment of the entire research effort for many academic researchers. It not only gives a sense of accomplishment but also the pride of being part of the worldwide research community. Writing a good journal paper that is accepted for publication is a personal challenge [Ratnam, 2011].