Block signals have done much to increase the safety of train operation. But the collisions may still occur if the signal indications are neglected. To increase the traffic capacity of railroads and ensure high safety of operation the automatic train control systems were introduced in highly developed countries.
The term automatic train control (ATC) is applied to a system which establishes direct control of the movement or speed of a train when conditions of track occupancy ahead, or other conditions, require to reduce the speed of the train or to stop the train.
According to the above mentioned system automatic stop devices bring a train to a stop without the action of the driver. Automatic stop devices are in service, particularly on suburban tracks, subway lines and other lines where extreme danger is involved.
Automatic train control or automatic train stop equipment controls the train automatically by means of roadway contactors, magnets and inductors. In the standard form of this system, the wayside signals are controlled by the standard type of a.c. or d.c. track circuit.
In the latest developments of this system the track is coded continuously. Similar systems are used on the locomotive and at the wayside to control both the cab and wayside signals.
The locomotive cab signal is a small colour-light signal placed directly in front of the driver's seat. The typical cab signal displays two or more of the following aspects: the clear aspect, the approach and restricting aspects.
The principal advantages of cab signals are: they are always visible in the cab of the engine regardless of rain, fog or other conditions of poor visibility existing outside. Cab signaling reflects changing conditions of track occupancy ahead, protecting against conflicting movements and gives warning to the driver. Automatic train control system support drivers and supervise train speeds. This provides for effective driving. Trains that are supervised by ATS can operate without drivers by using an ATO (automatic train operation) system, a so-called autopilot.
2. Найдите английские эквиваленты
А) система управления a) trafficcontrol
Б) занятость пути b) trafficdensity
В) пропускная способность пути c) waysidesignal
Г) управление движением d) cabsignal
Д) интенсивность движения e)trackcircuit
Е) сигнал на перегоне f) controlsystem
Ё) сигнал в кабине машиниста g) trackcapacity
Ж) рельсоваяцепь h) track occupancy
3. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слово «capacity». Подчеркните сказуемое, определите его время и залог.
· Automatic train control system was introduced to increase the traffic
capacity.
· CTC provides added track capacity.
· A new electrified line of large carrying capacity has been built in the North.
4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова «some» и «same».
1. Wayside signals and cad signals have the same indications.
2. Both signals are transmitted with the same frequency.
3. Automatic stop devices are in service on suburban tracks, subway lines and some other lines.
5.Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив. Определите его функцию.
1.CTC has proved to be the means of saving train time.
2. Cab signals are known to be located in the locomotive cab.
3. Traffic capacity of railroads is reported to have been increased by introducing automatic train control systems.
4. There are many important problems to be solved in railway operation.
5. Automatic train control systems began to appear not long ago.
6. It was decided to take away wayside signals and to use instead coded track circuits.
7. Wayside signals indications are known to inform engine drivers.
8. Locomotive cad signals are equipped to give warning to the engineman.
9. Automatic equipment to be put into operation on this line will increase the safety of traffic.
10. To control the train automatically roadway magnets or inductors are used.
6. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на «-ing-овую форму». Подчеркните в каждом предложении сказуемое, определите его время и залог; определите, какими членами предложения являются слова с окончанием -ing.
1. Having been tested the new C.T.C. system was put into operation.
2. Controlling the operation of trains the dispatcher provides the safety of traffic.
3. Automatic systems controlling the operation of trains are used on modern railways.
4. In order to simplify the problem of train control, all tracks are divided into block sections, the safety of traffic requiring these sections to be as short as possible.
5. Different systems are used for operation train movement automatically.
6. Many problems were solved by the locomotive cad signals.
7. Ensuring the safety of traffic is the job of the dispatcher.
7.Напишите краткое содержание данного текста.
8.Подготовьте устное сообщение по данному тексту.