Распределите правильно слова, в соответствии с развитием транспорта




Закончите предложения, выбрав их из текста

1 ) In ….. a steam engine was built in Great Britain.

2) From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application…

3) The cars of that time were very small…

4) Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are…

5) The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity –…

Different kind of land transport

 

 

What was the reaction of the people after the invention of the steam engine?

In Washington the story is told of the Patent Office who in the early thirties of the last century suggested that the Office be closed because «everything that could possibly be invented had been invented». People experienced a similar feeling after the invention of the steam engine.

But there was a great need for a more efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an engine that could quickly be started and stopped. This problem was solved by the invention of the international combustion engine.

Who introduced the first cheap motor car?

The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto in 1876.

Since then motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly. But the person who was the first to make it really popular was Henry Ford, an American manufacturer who introduced the first cheap motor car, the famous Ford Model «T».

When did diesel-engine Lorries become general?

The rapid development of the internal combustion engine led to its use in the farm tractors, thereby creating a revolution in agriculture. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until the 1930s when diesel-engined Lorries became general.

The motor cycle steadily increased in popularity as engines and tyres became more reliable and roads improved. Motor cycles were found well suited for competition races and sporting events and were also recognized as the cheapest form of fast transport.

When were the trams introduced first?

Buses were started in Paris in 1820. In 1828 they were introduced in London by George Shillibeer, a coach builder who used the French name Omnibus which was obtained from the Latin word meaning «for all». His omnibuses were driven by three horses and had seats for 22 passengers. Then in then 20th century reliable petrol engines became available, and by 1912 the new motor buses were fast replacing horse-driven buses.

Trams were introduced in the middle of the 19th century. The idea was that, as the rails were smoother than the roads, less effort was needed to pull a tram than a bus. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were almost all driven by electricity. The electric motor driving the tram was usually with electric current from overhead wires. Such wires are also used by trolleybuses, which run on rubber tyres and do not need rails.

Another form of transport used in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, St.Petersburg,

Kiev and some other crowded cities is the underground railway.

London’s first underground railway of the «tube» type was opened in 1863, the Moscow underground in 1935.

 

What do the longest oil pipe-lines connect?

The pipe-lines, which were in use by the ancient Romans for carrying water supplies to their houses, are now mainly used to transport petroleum. The first pipe-line of this kind was laid in Pennsylvania, the United States, in 1865.

Some of the longest oil pipe-lines connect oil-fields in Iraq and near the Persian Gulf with ports on the Mediterranean coast. A famous Pipe-line Under the Ocean was laid across the English Channel in 1944.

What are the cableways used for?

A form of transport which is quite common in some mountainous parts of the world, especially in Switzerland, is the aerial cableway. Cableways are used at nearly all winter sport centers to pull or carry skiers to the top of the slopes. Cableways are used by many Alpine villages which lie high up the mountain-sides for bringing up their supplies from the valley bellow.

 

Задания:

Распределите правильно слова, в соответствии с развитием транспорта

Omnibus, cableway, steam engines, pipe-lines, motor cars, diesel engines

 

2. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

Invention of the steam engines усилие

efficient engine дизельный двигатель

internal combustion engine. омнибус

motor transport изобретение парового двигателя

The rapid development бензин для транспорта

diesel-engine троллейбусы

Trams продуктивный двигатель

Omnibuses связь с нефтяной сферой

horse-driven buses. двигатель внутреннего сгорания

Effort моторный транспорт

The electric motor трамваи

trolleybuses, лошадиная сила

pipe-lines электрический мотто

transport petroleum. трубопровод

connect oil-fields бензин

 

3. Закончите предложения, выбрав их из текста

1. People experienced a similar feeling after the….

2. The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by…

3. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until…

4. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were…

5. The first pipe-line of this kind was laid…

6. A form of transport which is quite common in some mountainous parts of the world, especially in Switzerland, is…

 

Components of Automobile

 

Basically, the automobile consist of three parts: the power plants, or the engine, the chassis and body. To these may be added the accessories: the heater, lighter, radio, speedometer and other devices. The power plant or engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes electric, fuel, cooling and lubricating systems. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders.

The chassis consists of a power train, frame with axles, wheels and springs. The chassis includes brakes and steering system.

The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels and contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, differential and the final drive. The clutch is a friction device connecting (or disconnecting) the engine crankshaft to the gears in the gearbox. It is used for freeing the gearbox from the engine and is controlled by the clutch pedal. Brakes are important mechanisms of the car. They are used to slow or to stop the car. Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. They are operated by the brake pedal. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, they are applied and the car stops.

 

Задания:

1. Переведите на русский язык встречающие в тексте интернациональные слова:

Automobile, chassis, speedometer, electric, system, cylinder, cardan, control, hydraulic, pedal, accessories, differential

 

2. Подберите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы.

Вопросы

1. What are the main basic parts of the automobile?

2. What does the chassis consist of?

3. What units does the power train contain?

4. What is the function of the clutch?

5. Why are brakes needed?

 

3. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

1. The mechanism used for stopping the car is…

 

1. clutch

2. gearbox

3. brakes

 

2. The mechanism used for changing the speed is…

a) clutch

b) gearbox

c) brakes

3. The mechanism used for connecting the engine from the gearbox is…

 

1. brakes

2. clutch

3. steering system

4. The unit carrying the power from the engine to the car wheels is…

1. power plant

2. power train

3. chassis

 

5. The instrument measuring the speed of the car is…

1. heater

2. lights

3. speedometer

 



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