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AUTOMATION
"Automation" is a new word for a new purpose. Ordinarily automation is any improvement in the control of some activity or process by non-human, i.e. 5 automatic means, but sometimes the term is defined more narrowly. Recent steps in automation have followed each other with unusual speed. Many people are surprised to learn that in industries like chemical and oil-refining entire processes have become very nearly automatic. They want to know how this has happened. Electronic computers are becoming very good at routine clerical work in offices and factories. „ Automation has many sides. It includes, for example, developments that are no more than advanced mechanization - transfer-machines in engineering, many kinds of machinery for making finished goods, and mechanical equipment for handling and assembly. Machines of this kind are automatic in that they do the actual work on their own; the operators only watch them and correct them whenever they go wrong - when, for instance, tools wear out. But automation can also mean automatic control of processes and machinery, and this is a very different thing from mechanization, though the two go together. Control is necessary in a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.
Vocabulary:
oil-refining entire processes - нефтеперерабатывающая промышленность;
control - управление;
improvement - улучшение;
routine clerical work - однообразная канцелярская работа;
engineering - проектирование;
goods - изделия, продукция;
mechanical equipment - механическое оборудование;
handling - обращение, управление;
assembly - сборка;
purpose - цель;
tools - инструменты;
are suiprised to learn - удивляются, когда узнают;
in that they do - в том смысле, что они выполняют;
on their own - самостоятельно;
whenever they go wrong - всякий раз, когда они допускают погрешности;
wear out - выходить из строя.
Match the phrases and translate them into Russian
automatic transfer mechanical; machines equipment means.
Find equivalents in English in the text: Новая цель, улучшение в управлении, химическая и нефтеперерабатывающая промышленность, готовая продукция, качество продукции.
AUTOMATED PRODUCTION LINES
An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed automation, since these lines are set up for long production runs, making large number of product units and running for several years between changeovers. Each station is designed to perform a specific processing operation, so that the part or product is constructed stepwise as it progresses along the line. A raw work part enters at one end of the line, proceeds through each workstation and appears at the other end as a completed product. In the normal operation of the line, there is a work part being processed at each station, so that many parts are being processed simultaneously and a finished part is produced with each cycle of the line. The various operations, part transfers, and other activities taking place on an automated transfer line must all be sequenced and coordinated properly for the line to operate efficiently. Modern automated lines are controlled by programmable logic controllers, which are special computers that can perform timing and sequencing functions required to operate such equipment. Automated production lines are utilized in many industries, mostly automobile, where they are used for processes such as machining and pressworking. Machining is a manufacturing process in which metal is removed by a cutting or shaping tool, so that the remaining work part is the desired shape. Machinery and motor components are usually made by this process. In many cases, multiple operations are required to completely shape the part. If the part is mass-produced, an automated transfer line is often the most economical method of production. Many separate operations are divided among the workstations. Pressworking operations involve the cutting and forming of parts from sheet metal. Examples of such parts include automobile body panels, outer shells of laundry machines and metal furniture More than one processing step is 11 often required to complete a complicated part. Several presses are connected together in sequence by handling mechanisms that transfer the partially. completed parts from one press to the next, thus creating an automated pressworking line.
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Vocabulary:
automated production line - автоматизированная поточная линия;
transfer system - система передачи;
workstation - рабочее место;
stepwise - пошаговый;
raw work part - необработанная деталь;
changeover - переключение;
programmable logic controllers - программируемые логические диспетчеры.
1. Give the English equivalents: Готовое изделие (2 синонима), выбор времени, оборудование, механическая обработка, многократные действия.
2. Define the part of speech of each word according to the suffix and translate it into Russian. Production, consists, properly, units, operation, simultaneously, efficiently, programmable, controller, functions, equipment, economical, partially.