Every computer must have an operating system to run other programmes. Operating system is the most important programme that runs on a computer. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programmes, called application programmes, can run. The application programmes must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows.
to run a programme — работать с программой
scroll wheel — колесико или кнопка на мыши для прокрутки длинных текстов
scrolling — прокрутка
to click — сделать щелчок мышью
sensor — датчик
pointer — указатель (курсор в форме стрелки, следующий за дви- кениями мыши)
cordless — беспроводной
infrared - инфракрасный
interchangeable — взаимозаменяемый
computational bandwidth — диапазон вычислительных возмож- юстей
dot-matrix printer — матричный принтер
dot — точка
pin — штифт, игла
ribbon — лента
ink-jet printer — струйный принтер
laser printer — лазерный принтер
hand-held — ручной
flatbed scanner — планшетный сканер
floppy — гибкий
storage capacity — емкость запоминающего устройства
Questions:
- What is a mouse?
- How many buttons are there on a serial mouse?
- Who invented a mouse?
- What are the types of mice?
- What are the basic characteristics of microprocessors?
- What are the types of the most widely used printers?
- What printers are the fastest?
- What is an optical scanner?
- What is a floppy disk?
- What is CD-ROM?
- What basic tasks do operating systems perform?
- What are the most popular operating systems?
- What are application programmes?
Задание: Что из ниже перечисленного относится к оборудованию, а что к программному обеспечению?
- Programme
- Mouse
- CPU
- Peripheral devices
- CD-ROM
- Word processor
- Modem
- Web-browser
- Operating system
- Scanner
- Printer
12. Software
13. Display
14. Applications software
15. Disk drives.
What is Internet?
Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions.
Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use. The Internet is not synonymous with World Wide Web.
What is a Host?
A host is a computer system that is accessed by a user when there are two computer systems connected by modems and telephone lines. The computer system that contains the data is called the host, and the computer at which the user sits is called the remote terminal.
What is World Wide Web?
A system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents. The documents are formatted in a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports links to other documents, as well as graphics, audio, and video files. This means you can jump from one document to another simply by clicking the mouse button.
There are several applications called Web browsers that make it easy to access the World Wide Web. Two of the most popular browsers are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft's Internet Explorer.
What is the Difference Between the Internet and the World Wide Web?
Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (or simply the Web) interchangeably, but in fact the two terms are not synonymous. The Internet and the Web are two separate but related things.
The Internet connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. Information travels over the Internet in many languages known as protocols.
The World Wide Web, or simply Web is built on top of the Internet. The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Netscape, to access Web documents called Web pages. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video.
The Web is just one of the ways that information can be sent and received over the Internet. Internet is used for e-mail, not the Web. So the Web is just a portion of the Internet, but the two terms are not synonymous and should not be confused.
Who Invented the World Wide Web?
Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955) invented the World Wide Web. His first version of the Web was a program named "Enquire". At the time, Berners-Lee was working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory located in Geneva, Switzerland. He invented the system as a way of sharing scientific data (and other information) around the world, using the Internet, a world-wide network of computers and hypertext documents. He wrote the language HTML (HyperText Mark-up Language), the basic language forthe Web, and devised URL's (universal resource locators) to designate the location of each web page. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) was his set of rules for linking to pages on the Web. After he wrote the first browser in 1990, the World Wide Web was up and going. Its growth was (and still is) phenomenal, and has changed the world, making information more accessible than ever before in history.
Berners-Lee is now a Principal Research Scientist at the Laboratory for Computer Science at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and the Director of the W3 Consortium.
Words:
global network — глобальная сеть
to link — соединять, связывать
exchange — обмен
host — хост (компьютер, подключенный к сети Интернет)
to gain, get access — получить доступ
remote terminal — дистанционный (удаленный) терминал
server — сервер
formatted — форматированный
hypertext document — гипертекстовый документ
markup — разметка документа в
HTML -формате HTML (HyperText Markup Language) — язык
HTML (стандартный язык, используемый для создания страниц WWW)
URL (Universal Resource Locator) — универсальный указатель информационного ресурса (стандартизованная строка символов, указывающая местонахождение документа в сети Internet)
application — приложение, прикладная программа
browser (Web browser) — Web-броузер (программы для просмотра Web-страниц в сети Internet)
as long as — пока; до тех пор, пока
What is ISP?
There are many ways to gain access the Internet. One of the ways is to gain access with the help of commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP). ISPs are also called JAPs (Internet Access Providers).
ISP is a company that provides access to the Internet. For a monthly fee, the service provider gives you a username, password and access phone number. Equipped with a modem, you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide Web, and send and receive e-mail.
What is a Browser?
Short for Web browser, a software application used to locate and display Web pages. The two most popular browsers are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Both of these are graphical browsers, which means that they can display graphics as well as text. In addition, most modern browsers can present multimedia information, including sound and video.
What is E-mail?
E-mail is the abbreviation for electronic mail, the transmission of messages over communications networks. The messages can be notes entered from the keyboard or electronic files stored on disk. Most computer networks have an e-mail system. All Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offer e-mail services so that you can exchange mail with other us ers. Usually, it takes only a few seconds or minutes for mail to arrive at its destination. Companies that are fully computerized widely use of e-mail because it is fast, flexible, and reliable.
Sent messages are stored in electronic mailboxes until the recipient fetches them. To see if you have any mail, you may have to check your electronic mailbox periodically, although many systems tell you when mail is received. After reading your mail, you can store it in a text file, forward it to other users, or delete it.
What is IP Address?
IP address is an identifier for a computer in network. Networks using the TCP/IP protocol route messages based on the IP address of the destination. IP address is written as four numbers separated by periods. Each number can be zero to 255. For example, 1.160.10.240 could be an IP address.
What is Web Server?
Web server is a computer that delivers (serves up) Web pages. Any computer can be turned into a Web server by installing server software and connecting the machine to the Internet. Every Web server has an IP address and possibly a domain name.
What is Domain Name?
A name that identifies one or more IP addresses. There are only a limited number of such domains. For example:
gov — Government agencies
edu — Educational institutions
org — Organizations (nonprofit)
mil — Military
com — commercial business
net — Network organizations
ca — Canada
th — Thailand
ru — Russia
Words:
communication network — сеть связи
IP (Internet protocol) — Internet-протокол
IP address — IP -адрес (используется для идентификации узла в сети и для определения информации маршрутизации; состоит из идентификатора сети (network ID) и идентификатора хоста (host ID), присвоенного сетевым администратором)
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol) — протокол управления передачей IP-адреса
to route messages — прокладывать маршрут передачи сообщения
Questions:
- What is Internet?
- What is e-mail?
- What is World Wide Web?
- What is Web browser?
- What is Internet provider?
- What are the types of domain names?
- Задание: Прочтите, переведите и ответьте на вопросы.
- How did Bill Gates begin his career?
- What is Microsoft now?