English Grammar
Tenses
Present Continuous
am/is/are +V-ing
+ I am reading.
- I am not reading.
? What are you reading?
Use
1. Действие происходит в момент речи. - What are you doing? - I am cooking.
2. Действие происходит в настоящее время, но не обязательно в момент речи. -I am visiting driving lessons now.
3. Действие происходит в ограниченный период в настоящем, как противопоставление обычному действию. (this year, this season) - This season Tom is not playing football, he wants to concentrate on his studies.
4. ВрЕменное действие. - The phone is not working. It broke yesterday. - ср. The machine doesn't work. It hasn't worked for years.
5. Меняющаяся ситуация. (to rise, to change, to improve, to fall) - The weather is changing.
6. Будущее действие. Планы на будущее. - I am playing bridge on Friday evening.
7. Pr. C. со словом always имеет негативную коннотацию и выражает негативное отношение говорящего к ситуации. (вечно) - He is always borrowing money.
8. Маркеры времени: now, at present, nowadays.
Present Simple
V-1
+ I play football.
He plays football.
- I don't play football.
He doesn't play football.
? Do you play football?
Does he play football?
Use
1. Регулярное, постоянное действие в настоящем. -
Usually I get up early. The river flows to the south.
2. Некоторые глаголы не употребляются в длительным временах. (To want, to need, to love и др.) - Do you like the film we are watching?
3. В значении будущего времени (расписание сеансов, экзаменов, поездов) -
What time does the train arrive?
4. В значении будущего времени в придаточным предложениях после союзов as soon as, if, as long as, when и др. - If you come, I will be glad.
5. Маркеры времени: always, usually, every day etc.
Глаголы, которые в разных значениях могут или не могут употребляться в длительных временах
| глагол | Употребляются в длительных временах | Не употребляются в длительных временах | |
| think | Думать (как процесс) I am thinking of you. | Считать, полагать I think you are right. | |
| feel | Чувствовать (как процесс) I am feeling tired. | Считать, полагать I feel she is making a mistake. | |
| have | В устойчивых выражениях I am having a talk with my friend now. | Иметь I have a dog. | |
| look | Смотреть на, со всеми послелогами What are you looking at? | Выглядеть, казаться She looks great. | |
| see | Встречаться She is meeting her boss today. | Видеть. понимать I see what you want to say. Do you see a bird over there? | |
| appear | Появляться He is appearing tomorrow. | Казаться She appears to have a problem. | |
| smell | Нюхать He is smelling the flower. | Пахнуть Flowers smell wonderful. | |
| taste | Пробовать I am tasting the soup. | Быть на вкус, иметь вкус The soup tastes fine. |
Past Simple
V-2
+ I worked late yesterday.
I wrote a letter.
- I didn't work late.
I didn't write a letter.
Why did you work late?
Who did you write a letter to?
Use
1. Действие произошло в прошлом. - I cooked dinner an hour ago.
2. Историческое событие. - The Chinese invented paper.
3. Последовательность действий в прошлом. - He got up, had breakfast and went out to work.
4. Глаголы, которые не употребляются в длительных временах в прошедшем времени. - He heard what they were talking about.
5. Маркеры времени. - yesterday, two minutes ago, last week, in 1996.
Past Continuous
was/ were + V-ing
+ I was cooking.
- I was not cooking.
? What were you cooking?
Use
1. Процесс в прошлом. - Last evening I was watching a football match.
2. P.C. употребляется с P. S. где глагол в P. S. указывает на быстрое действие, которое произошло во время другого действия, выраженного P. C. - When I was cooking, I cut my finger.
Present Perfect
have/ has + V-3
+ I have done it.
- I haven't done it.
? Why have you done it?
Use
1. Действие произошло только что. - Look! Somebody has stolen my bike.
2. Действие произошло недавно. Последствия видны сейчас. - I have learnt some Spanish words.
3. Действие происходило однократно или неоднократно недавно. - I have seen a lot of Tom recently.
4. Действие закончилось, а момент времени еще нет. (this week, year, term, today) - He has passed his exam this week.
5. Действие происходило однократно, неоднократно, никогда в течение жизни, жизнь как незаконченный период. - I have never been to Paris.
6. Постоянное действие. Началось раньше, продолжается до сих пор. - I have lived here all my life.
7. Новости в СМИ и обычной речи - The President has arrived in our country.
Have you seen Peter? - No, I haven't.
8. Маркеры времени: just, already, never, ever, recently, lately, yet (-,?), before, so far, since, for, how long
Present Perfect Continuous
have/ has been + V-ing
+ I have been cooking.
- I have not been cooking
? How long have you been cooking?
Use
1. Действие началось раньше и продолжается до сих пор.- I have been cooking for 2 hours.
2. Действие длилось какое- то время. Сейчас закончилось. - It has been raining. The ground is wet.
3. ВрЕменное действие, по сравнению с Pr. P. - She has been standing looking at this picture for 20 min. - ср. The cross has stood on the top of the hill as anyone could remember.
4. Маркеры времени: for, since, how long, all day long.
Past Perfect
had+ V-3
+ I had done it by 5.
- I hadn't done it.
? Why had you done it?
Use
1. Действие закончилось к какому то моменту в прошлом. - I had done it by 5.
2. Действие закончилось раньше другого действия в прошлом. - When he came, she had gone.
Past Perfect Continuous
had been + V-ing
+ I had been cooking.
- I had not been cooking.
? How long had you been cooking?
Use
1. Действие длилось какое- то время в прошлом, не связано с настоящим. - I had been cooking all day yesterday.
2. Маркеры времени: for, since, how long, all day long.
Future
Future Simple
will+V-1
+ I will come.
- I will not come.
? Will you come?
Use
1. Действие произойдет в будущем. - I will come tomorrow.
2. Действие произойдет прямо сейчас. - The doorbell is ringing. I will open.
3. Прогноз, предсказание. - He will probably come.
4. Уверенность в будущем. - I am sure you will pass your exam.
5. Намерение. - I will give up smoking.
6. Маркеры времени: tomorrow, next week, in future.
Future Continuous
will be+ V-ing
+ I will be cooking.
- I will not be cooking.
? How long will you be cooking?
Use
1. Процесс в будущем. Длительность действия в будущем. - I will be cooking all day tomorrow.
Future Perfect
will have + V-3
I will have done it by 5.
Use
1. Действие закончится к какому- то моменту в будущем. - I will have completed my work by Monday.
2. Действие закончится раньше другого действия в будущем. - When you come, I will have gone.
Future Perfect Continuous
will have been + V-ing
I will have been doing it.
Use
1. Действие будет длиться какое-то время, начиная с какого-то момента в будущем. - When you come, they will have been writing a test for 2 hours.
Present Continuous
am/is/are + V-ing
I am cooking.
Use
1. Планы на будущее. - I am visiting the dentist tomorrow.
To be going to
+I am going to cook.
- I am not going to cook.
? What are you going to do?
Use
1. Запланированное действие (собираться что-то делать). - I am going to buy a new car.
2. Незапланированное действие, которое уже начало совершаться (вот-вот, сейчас), касается людей, объектов, предметов, явлений. - It is going to rain. A man is going to fall into a hole. A ball is going to break a window.