Lexical stylistic devices, interaction of logical and emotive meanings (oxymoron, epithet, hyperbole)




Lexical stylistic devices, interaction of primary nominal and logical meanings (Zeugma, Pun, Antonomasia)

Zeugma is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context, the semantic relations being literal and transferred. Zeugma always creates a humorous effect. Have a Coke and a smile! “Have” is realized in two different meanings: in the word combination “have a Coke” it’s direct (literal), in “have a smile” it’s transferred. Classical zeugma, very typical for the English prose, is a figure of speech that combines two or more homogeneous, but not connected semantically, members of a sentence with a common verb or noun. Classical zeugma is very recognizable by its structure. E.g.: He took his hat and his leave.

Pun – it has a humorous effect which may be based on misinterpretation of the speaker’s utterance by the other or by the result of the speaker’s intended violation of the listener’s expectation. When are true words – sweet words? When they are candid. Pun is also a play on words of the same sound, it may be based on homonymy, polysemy.

Homographic puns use the difference in meanings of words which look alike. E.g.: “Being in politics is just like playing golf: you are trapped in one bad lie after another”. (Pun on the two meanings of lie - “a deliberate untruth”/”the position in which something rests”).

Homophonic puns use the similarity of pronunciation of words having different meanings. E.g.: - Customer: What is it? - Waiter: It’s bean soup, sir. - Customer: I don’t care what it’s been; I wonder what it is now!

The compound pun is one in which multiple puns are collocated for additional and amplified effect.Extended punsoccur when multiple puns referring to one general idea are used throughout a longer utterance.
Antonomasia is a stylistic device based on the interplay between the logical and nominal meanings of a word realized simultaneously. It has the purpose of pointing but the leading, most characteristic or important trait of the person or event, pinning it as a proper name of this person or event. Antonomasia categorizes the person and indicates both the general and the particular. It gives us information about the bearer of the name. Mr. Snake. Antonomasia is mostly created by nouns, seldom by attributive combinations or phrases. "Among the herd of journals which are published in the States, there are some, the reader scarcely need be told, of character and credit. From-personal intercourse with accomplished gentlemen connected with publications of this class, I have derived both pleasure and profit. But the name of these is Few, and of the other Legion, and the influence of the good is powerless to counteract the mortal poison of the bad. (Dickens) The use of the word name made the author write the words 'Few', and 'Legion' with capital letters. It is very important to note that this device is mainly realized in, the written language, because generally capital letters are the only signals to denote the presence of the stylistic device.

Lexical stylistic devices, interaction of logical and emotive meanings (oxymoron, epithet, hyperbole)

The epithet is a stylistic device based on the interplay of emotive and logical meaning in an attributive word, phrase, sentence. It is used to characterize the object, foregrounding some of the features of the object with the aim to give an individual perception and evaluation to these features or properties.

An interesting structural detail of phrase and sentence epithets is that they are generally followed by the word or expression, air, attitude and others which describe behaviour or facial expression. In other words, such epithets seem to transcribe into language symbols a communication usually" conveyed by non-linguistic means. Another structural feature of such phrase epithets is that after the nouns they refer to, there often comes a subordinate attributive clause beginning with that. This attributive clause, as it were, serves the purpose of decoding the effect of the communication. It must be noted that phrase epithets are always hyphenated, thus pointing to the temporary structure of the compound word. These two structural features have predetermined the functioning of phrase epithets. Practically any phrase or, sentence which deals with the psychological state of a person may serve as an epithet. The phrases and sentences transformed into epithets lose their independence and assume a new quality which is revealed both in the intonation pattern (that of ш attribute) and graphically (by being hyphenated).



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