Порядок словв вопросительном предложении
Общий вопрос
| Вспомогательный или модальный глагол | Подлежащее | Смысловой глагол | Второстепенные члены предложения |
| Do | you | speak | English? |
| Can |
Специальный вопрос
| Вопроси-тельное слово | Вспомога-тельный / модальный глагол | Подлежащее | Смысловой глагол | Второстепен- ные члены предложения |
| Where | do | you | live? | |
| What | are | you | doing | here? |
| When | did | you | finish | school? |
| How | can | I | help | you? |
Специальный вопрос к подлежащему или его определению
| Вопроситель-ное слово | Сказуемое (вспомогатель- ный/ модальный глагол + смысловой глагол) | Второстепенные члены предложения |
| Who | speaks | English? |
| Whose friend | is running | at the stadium now? |
| What | could happen | to her? |
В специальном вопросе к подлежащему с вопросительными словами whose и whatв PresentSimpleсмысловой глагол всегда стоит в третьем лице единственного числа и не требует вспомогательного глагола. В остальных видо-временных формах в настоящем времени первый вспомогательный глагол также будет стоять в третьем лице единственного числа.
Альтернативный вопрос
Общий вопрос + or +альтернатива
| Do you like football or ice-hockey? Can she swim or dive? Do you or your friends go jogging in the morning? | Вам нравится футбол или хоккей? Она умеет плавать или прыгать в воду? Ты или твои друзья бегаете трусцой по утрам? |
Альтернативный вопрос строится на основе общего вопроса, в котором альтернатива может быть поставлена к любому члену предложения, присоединяясь к нему с помощью союза or – или.
Разделительный вопрос
Повествовательное предложение + a tag
| The film is good, isn’t it? The film isn’t good, is it? The athlete looks very fit, doesn’t he? The athlete doesn’t look very fit, does he? You have set the record, haven’t you? You haven’t set the record, have you? | Это хороший фильм, не так ли? Это плохой фильм, правда? Спортсмен в очень хорошей физической форме, не правда ли? Спортсмен не в очень хорошей физической форме, не так ли? Ты установил рекорд, не так ли? Ты ведь не установил рекорд, правда? |
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Мини-вопрос (tag), который мы ставим в конце предложения после запятой, состоит из вспомогательного или модального глагола и личного местоимения, соответствующего подлежащему главного предложения. Если предложение утвердительное, то мини-вопрос – отрицательный и наоборот.
Запомните:
1. После Let’s… следует мини-вопрос shall we?
Let’s go home, shall we? Идем домой, ладно?
2. После повелительного предложения употребляется мини-вопрос will you?
Open the window, will you?Открой окно, хорошо?
3. После формы am используется мини-вопрос aren’t I?
I am late, aren’t I?Я опоздал, не так ли?
Grammar рractice
Ex.1. Choose the proper tense form andtranslate the following Russian sentences:
| Model: | Мой отец работает тренером. | a) | works |
| My father works as a coach. | b) | is working | |
| c) | has been working |
| 1. | Я учусь в университете уже несколько месяцев. | a) | am studying |
| b) | have been studying | ||
| c) | study | ||
| 2. | Перед тем как поступить в университет, я работал в школе. | a) | worked |
| b) | had worked | ||
| c) | was working | ||
| 3. | Я окончил школу 2 года назад. | a) | left |
| b) | have left | ||
| c) | had left | ||
| 4. | В прошлом году в это время я сдавал вступительные экзамены. | a) | took |
| b) | was taking | ||
| c) | had been taking | ||
| 5. | Я уже написал курсовуюработу. | a) | wrote |
| b) | was writing | ||
| c) | have written | ||
| 6. | В конце каждого семестрастуденты будут сдавать несколько зачетов и экзаменов. | a) | will take |
| b) | will be taking | ||
| c) | will have taken | ||
| 7. | Он напишет курсовую работу к 1 марта. | a) | will write |
| b) | will have written | ||
| c) | will be writing | ||
| 8. | Онабудет работатьнад курсовой работой по английскому языку завтра в 5 часов вечера. | a) | work |
| b) | will have worked | ||
| c) | will be working | ||
| 9. | Я изучал английский язык в течение 6 лет перед тем, как поступить в университете. | a) | have studied |
| b) | had been studying | ||
| c) | had studied | ||
| 10. | Я сказал, что буду изучать английский язык. | a) | said … should study |
| b) | say … shall study | ||
| c) | says … studies |
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Ex.2.Use the verbs in brackets in the Simple tense forms. Translate the story:
1. In 1974 Kent Waldrip a popular American football player (get) a serious injury. 2. An operation and long treatment (not, help) him. 3. “I never (walk) again”, he (think). 4. Once his parents (read) a report in a magazine on a similar case. 5. After the operation the doctor (say): “You never (dance), but you (do) things at home and even (drive) a car”. 6. The result (be) great. 7. After four years in bed he (take) his first steps. 8. “I (try) to work out exercises for myself but with a little success. 9. The doctors (work out) a programme which I now (use). 10. It (be) wonderful.” 11. Kent (want) to write a book about sport, about the pleasure it (give) him, about the way it (change) his life.
Ex.3. Use the verbs in brackets inthe Continuous tense forms. Translate the sentences.
1. Look! Tom (swim) over there!
2. When I came to the stadium Alex (run) 100 metres.
3. It’s 10.30 in the morning. We (have) our training practice.
4. If you come to Jane at 9.00 tomorrow morning, she (sleep) still.
5. Listen! Susan (play) the piano.
6. While the boys (play) football, the girls (run) sprint.
7. Where was John when you came? – He was at home. He (write) a report.
8. It’s early morning. We (do) our morning exercises.
9. Where is John? He (practise) at the stadium.
10. Where is Petrov? He (have dinner) at the refectory.
Ex.4. Complete the sentences. Use the Continuous or Simple tense forms:
1. Where is Ann? – She (see) _______ thedoctorbefore the race.
2. They (leave) _______ for the World Championship tomorrow at 8.00 p.m.
3. She never (do) _______ morning exercises but looks quite fit.
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4. Is Pete in? Yes, he (have) _______ dinner now.
5. He (play) _______ football when he studied at the University.
6. Stay at home. She (call) _______ between 6.00 and 7.00 p.m.
7. It is 9.00 a.m. The weight-lifters (weigh) _______ themselves before the competition.
8. He didn’t come to the birthday party because he (have) _______ his training practice at the time.
9. What time _______ we (arrive) in Minsk if we take the 3.40 bus?
10. I (find) _______ students life really enjoyable.
Ex.5. Use the verbs in brackets in the Perfect tense forms. Translate the sentences:
1. We (pass) already our final exams.
2. I (come) to the University before the lectures started.
3. He (win) never at an international event.
4. We (leave) the stadium before the game began.
5. She (write) the report by the end of the year.
6. The lecture (finish) when they came to the University.
7. She (not, run) the distance yet.
8. Some prominent athletes (graduate) from the University.
9. She (get) a serious injury at the training practice.
10. He (pass) his entrance tests to the University by the end of July.
Ex.6. Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple or the Present Perfect tense forms:
1. Five swimmers from Belarus (demonstrate) _______ top-class performance at the last World Swimming Championships.
2. Where is Bob? – He (not, come back) _______ from his training camp yet.
3. _______ you ever (take part) in the international competitions?
4. Nick (not, be) _______ at the lectures since last week.
5. Last week Nick (be) _______ at the training practice, but this week he is ill.
6. Belarusian athletes (take part) _______ in the 26th Olympic Games for the first time as a national team.
7. Some well-known players (leave) _______ our national team lately for various reasons.
8. The Ministry for Sports and Tourism (make) _______ some important changes in the regulations for championships.
9. His skiing style (change) _______ much in recent years.
10. Last year we (complete) _______ a secondary school and (enter) _______ the University of Physical Culture.
Ex.7. Fill in the correct tense. Translate the letter:
Dear Ann,
I (receive) ___ your letter about two weeks ago and (try) ___ to find time to write you back. I (be)___very busy lately. In the past two weeks I (have) ___ two very important tests. In addition my English friend (stay)___with me for two weeks. He (want) ___ to see the city, so we (spend) ___ a lot of time visiting some of the interesting places here. Between showing him the city and studying for the exams I (try) ___ not to miss my training practices. Right now it (be) ___ 3.00 p.m. and I (be) ___ at the library for two hours doing my report in physiology. My friend’s plane (leave) ___ at 9:05 p.m. I (have) ___ enough time and that’s why I (write) ___ to you. Next month I (have) ___ a week’s vacation. I (plan) ___ to go to Kiev to visit my brother who (live) ___ there. After I (leave) ___ Kiev, I (go) ___ to Gomel to see my gymnastics team-mate who (study) ___ at a university there. I (know) ___ him for a year. He is a qualified gymnast and a good friend. I (hope) ___ we (have) ___ a good time together.
How (get) ___ you along? Please write soon.
Best regards,
Nick
Ex. 8. Complete the sentences. Use the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous tense forms:
1. Mike is at his training practice now. He (improve) _______his jumping techniques. He (improve) _______it since his last failure.
2. Now we’re in the gym. We (warm up) _______. We (warm up) _______for 20 minutes.
3. It’s early morning. I (swim) _______in the swimming-pool. I (swim) _______since 6 o’clock.
4. A: You look busy now. What (you, do) _______?
B: I (work) _______on my experiment. It’s a long and difficult experiment.
A: How long (you, work) _______on it?
B: I started planning it last January. I (work) _______on it since then.
5.Robert is going to his training camp. He (wait) _______for the bus. He (wait) _______ for the bus for 20 minutes.
6.The boys (play) _______soccer right now. They (play) _______for almost two hours.
7. – Oh, Mike, is the Dean in?
– Yes, he is. He is in the office and he (wait) _______for you.
– Oh, what time did he come?
– He came at twenty to ten.
– Twenty to ten! So he (wait) _______for twenty minutes. I’m in trouble.
8. – Mike, what (you, watch) _______?
– Olympic up-date.
– How long (you, watch) _______?
– Well, let’s see. I (watch) _______since nine o’clock.
– So you (not watch) _______long. It’s only ten past nine.
9. – You look so slim, Jane. Do you keep to a special diet?
– No, I (go) _______to a fitness club since the time I saw you last.
Ex. 9. Complete the sentences. Use the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous. In some sentences two forms are possible:
1. The sports complex isn’t far from here. I (walk) _______there many times.
2. I’m tired. We (walk) _______for more than an hour. Let’s stop and rest for a while.
3. He (work) _______as a coach for fifteen years. He likes his job.
4. I (read) _______this chapter in my anatomy book three times and I still don't understand it.
5. She is getting tired. She (practise) _______for two hours. I think she needs a break.
6.He (teach) _______children swimming for twenty years. He’s one of the best coaches in this swimming club.
7.– Hi, Jenny. I (not, see) _______you for weeks. What (you, do) _______lately?
– Studying.
8. The coach (read) _______a new instruction for half an hour.
9. The athlete attained very high standards at the 2004 Olympic Games and ever since (keep) _______leading position in the international sports movement.
Lesson 2. Build your vocabulary
Look at the ways nouns can be made from verbs by adding:
-ment disappoint – disappointment
-ion react –reaction
-ation imagine – imagination
-ition repeat – repetition
a) Make nouns from these verbs and translate them.
| Verb | -ment | -ion | -ation | -ition |
| disappoint разочаровывать react реагировать imagine вообразить repeat повторять develop развивать retire выходить (напенсию) participate участвовать organize организовать equip снаряжать communicate общаться direct направлять discuss обсуждать entertain развлекать compete соревноваться combine сочетать | disappointment разочарование | reaction реакция | imagination воображение | repetition повторение |
b) Write down what other nouns do you know with these endings?
Focus on Reading
Step 1. Word Power
Ex.1. Read the following international words. Give their Russian equivalents.
| physical economy type organization finance | invest communication fund form complex | media institute game radio politics |
Ex.2. Read the words with the stress:
a) on the first syllable
b)
| impact influence necessary business billion | annually citizen primary government regular | illness service income purchase complex |
c) on the second syllable
d)
| activity continue tremendous society capacity | development adolescent harmonious defence compulsory | initiative disease retirement investment significantly |
c) the words which have three or more syllables
| economic possibilities education | productivity manufacture indirectly | entertainment competition institution |
Ex.3. Learn the keywords and wordcombinations to the topic “Physical activity and sport in the society”. Translate the sentences.
| 1. | activity (-ies) n | занятие, активность, деятельность | ||||||||||
| physical activity | физические упражнения, занятия физкультурой | |||||||||||
| 2. | society n | общество | ||||||||||
 primitive
| society |  первобытное
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| sport | спортивное | общество | ||||||||||
| classless | бесклассовое | |||||||||||
| 3. | impact n | влияние, воздействие | ||||||||||
| syn. influence | ||||||||||||
 tremendous
| impact |  огромное
| влияние, воздействие | |||||||||
| strong | сильное | |||||||||||
| e.g. | Physical activity and sport have had and continue to have a tremendous impact on the society and its members. | |||||||||||
| 4. | capacity n | способность | ||||||||||
| working capacity | работоспособность, производительность | |||||||||||
| 5. | adolescent n | юноша, девушка, подросток | ||||||||||
| 6. | compulsory a | обязательный | ||||||||||
compulsory
| subject | 
обязательный
| предмет | |||||||||
| programme | программа | |||||||||||
| 7. | support v | поддерживать | ||||||||||
| supportn | поддержка | |||||||||||
| e.g. | Physical activity and sport support economic initiative. | |||||||||||
| 8. | prevent v | предотвращать | ||||||||||
prevent
| disease |
предотвращать
| болезнь | |||||||||
| early retirement | ранний выход на пенсию | |||||||||||
| 9. | profit n | прибыль | ||||||||||
| yield profit | приносить прибыль | |||||||||||
| profitable a | прибыльный | |||||||||||
| 10. | savings n | сбережения | ||||||||||
| 11. | equipment n | оборудование | ||||||||||
| 12. | service n | услуга | ||||||||||
| 13. | promote v | продвигать, содействовать, способствовать | ||||||||||
| 14. | expenses n | расходы | ||||||||||
| decrease expenses | сокращать расходы | |||||||||||
| 15. | procurement n | приобретение | ||||||||||
| 16. | tax n | налог | ||||||||||
 income
| tax | подоходный налог | ||||||||||
| purchase | налогс продаж | |||||||||||
| e.g. | Citizens’ participation in physical activity creates significant funds in the form of income taxes and purchase taxes. | |||||||||||
| 17. | relate v | иметь отношение, относиться | ||||||||||
| 18. | manufacture n | производство | ||||||||||
| 19. | entertainment n | развлечение | ||||||||||
| e.g. | Sports provide entertainment for people throughout the world. | |||||||||||
| 20. | broadcasting n | трансляция, вещание | ||||||||||
| 21. | mould v | формировать, воспитывать | ||||||||||
| 22. | accustom v | приучать | ||||||||||
| 23. | lifestyle n | образ жизни | ||||||||||
| syn. way of life | ||||||||||||
| e.g. | Participation in sport helps people become accustomed to an active and healthy lifestyle. | |||||||||||
| 24. | rapprochement n | сближение (между государствами) | ||||||||||
Step 2. Reading Practice.
Task 1. Read the text for detail and find the answers to the questions:
1. What influence do physical activity and sport have on the economy, working capacity and health?
2. What are the primary sources of finance for physical activity and sport?
3. Is participation of citizens in physical activities profitable for the society?
4. What influence does sport have on everything people do?
Text 1A
Physical Activity and Sport in the Society
Physical activity and sport have always had and continue to have a tremendous impact on the society and its members.They influence the economy, health, working and functional capacities, harmonious development of children and adolescents and are also necessary for the defence of the nation. As a result physical education has become a compulsory subject for all types of schools.
Physical activity and sports helpmould a person,make people accustomed to an active and healthy lifestyle.And these are not the only reasons why thegovernment spends much money onpromoting and supporting physical activity and sports participation, building proper facilities, and providing school physical education.
Physicalactivity and sport support the economy and initiative. They create jobs and prevent diseases and early retirement. Supportingphysical activity is profitablefor the state asactiveparticipation of population in itannually produces billions in savings.When citizens invest in physical activity, they buy special equipment, clothing and services, they travel with their favourite teams and follow sports events through mass communication.Regularparticipation in physical activity significantly decreases sickness expenses and prevents early retirement due to illness and improves productivity. In addition citizens’ participation in physical activity creates significant funds in the form of income and purchase taxes.
Many people are employed in jobs related to sport and physical activity: in the manufacture and sales of sports equipment and clothes, teaching physical education, administering physical activity, sports complexes, communication media, and research and health institutes, travel, accommodation and health care.
Physical activity and sports constitute an essential part of the world’s culture and it’s almost impossible to quantify what influence sport has on everything people do. People talk about sports. They discuss sports like politics, entertainment and even religion. People who love sports get together to watch sports. For instance, watching football and hockey matches is very popular.
Sports provide entertainment for people throughout the world. Large crowds attend sporting events,millions of sports fans follow their favourite teams and athletes by listening to live broadcastings of games on the radio or watching sports competitions on television.
Sports have often been used as an instrument of national policy in the world arena promoting country’s interests and improving its image. Performing the noble mission of safeguarding peace,sports play a great role in politics by strengthening international friendship and cooperation.
The Olympic Games and international competitions make a significant contribution to the promotion of mutual understanding and trust among nations. When meeting at competitions athletes learn to respect and better understand each other, and this in turn, leads to a rapprochement of the nations which these young men and women represent.
Post-reading exercises
Ex.1. Replace the following Russian words and wordcombinations by their English equivalents from the above text:
физическая культура и спорт, влияние, способность, развитие, юноши, гармоничное развитие личности, защита страны, физическое воспитание, обязательный предмет, предотвращать болезни, делать инвестиции, организации и предприятия, оборудование, услуги, спортивные базы, налоги, производство, медицинское обслуживание, развлечение, спортивные мероприятия, болельщик, прямые трансляции, воспитывать, здоровый образ жизни.
Ex.2. Fill in the gaps with the words from the word box below and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Physical activity and sport have tremendous………on the………and its members.
2. They influence the ………, ………, working and functional ……….
3. They play a major role in the………development of ……….
4. They are necessary for the………of the nation.
5. Physical education became a………subject for all types of schools.
6. The participation of citizens in physical activities is………for the society.
7. Physical activity and sport are an essential part of the world’s……….
8. Sport has influence on everything ………do.
9. People discuss sports like ………, ………and even ……….
10. Participation in sport helps people become accustomed to an active and healthy ……….
culture 
societylifestyleharmonious capacities personentertainmentdefencecompulsory politics impactpeoplereligion health profitable economy
Ex.3. Complete the following statements. Choose one of the alternatives and translate the sentences: