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TНЕ NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND.
The conquest of England bу the Normans began in 1066 with the battle of Hastings, where the English fought against the Normans. The conquest was complete in 1086.
Who were these Normans who conquered England?
They were Vikings or Norsemen, men from the North.
Some 150 years before the conquest of England they came to а part of France, opposite England, a part which we now call Normandy.
What did the Norman Conquest do to England?
It gave it French kings and nоblеs. The Normans also brought with them the French language. After the Norman Conquest there were three lаnguаgеs in England. There was Latin, the language of the church and the language in which all learned mеn wrote and spoke; the kings wrote their laws in Latin for some time after the Conquest. Thеn there was French, the language which the kings and nobles spoke and which mаnу people wrote. Finally, there was the English lаnguаgе which remained the language of the masses of the people. Some men might know all these languages; mаnу knew two; but most of the people knew only one. There were some people who understood the French language though they could not speak it. Rich people who owned land, the landowners, often knew French and Latin. But poor people, the peasants did not understand French or Latin. They understood only English. In time, however, camе the genera1 use ofthe English 1аnguage. About 1350 English became the 1anguage of1aw; and at that time lived the first teacher who taught his boys to read and write English and to translate, not from Latin into French, but from Latin into English. Then between 1350 and 1400 lived Wycliffe who made the first complete translation of the Вible into English, and Chaucer “the Father of English poetry”.
But the English 1anguage when it came into general use was not quite the same as it was before the Conquest. The grammar remained, but many words came into it from the French language.
1. conquest – завоевание
2. battle – битва
3. fought – боролись
4. was complete – завершилось
5. opposite – напротив
6. gave – дало
7. nоblеs – знать
8. brought – принесли
9. language – язык
10. church – церковь
11. law – закон
12. might – могли
13. understood – понимали
14. genera1 use – общее использование
15. though – хотя
16. remained – оставался
17. landowners – землевладельцы
18. poor – бедные
19. peasants – крестьяне
20. Wycliffe – Виклифф
21. Chaucer – Чосер
GREAT BRIТAIN
The British Isles lie in the north-west of Europe. They consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and many smaller ones. Great Britain, the largest island in Euroре, includes England, Scotland, and Wales. It is separated from Ireland by the Irish Sea, and from the Continent by the English Channel and the Straits at Dover. Great Britain and Northern Ireland form the United Кingdom (UK).
The surface of England and Ireland is flat, but the surface of Scotland and Wales is mountainous. The mountains are almost all in the western part. The highest mountain in the United Кingdom is Ben Nevis in Scotland (1343m). The longest river is the Severn. It is in the south-west at Еnglаnd. The Thames is not so long as the Severn, it is shorter. The sea enters deeply into the land and has а great influence оn the climate, which is damp but rather mild: the winter is not very cold and the summer is not very hot. Over 57 mil1ion people live in the United Kingdom. Most of the people of Great Britain live in big towns and cities.
The capital of the country is London. The main industrial centers аге Sheffield and Birmingham where iron goods аге made, Manchester, the соttоn centre of England, and others. The important ports of the country аге London, Liverpool, Glasgow and others.
1. The British Isles – Британские острова
2. north-west – северо-запад
3. Europe – Европа
4. consist – состоять
5. islands – острова
6. includes – включает в себя
7. is separated – отделяется
8. the English Channel – Английский канал (Ла Манш)
9. Straits – пролив
10. surface – поверхность
11. flat – плоская
12. mountainous – гористая
13. south-west – юго-запад
14. enters deeply – врезается глубоко
15. influence – влияние
16. damp – сырой
17. iron goods – товары из железа
18. соttоn – хлопок
NATIONAL ANTHEM.
The British National Anthem dates back to the eighteenth century.
'God Save The King' was a patriotic song first publicly performed in London in 1745, which came to be known as the National Anthem at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
The words and tune are anonymous, and may date back to the seventeenth century.
In September 1745 the 'Young Pretender' to the British Throne, Prince Charles Edward Stuart, defeated the army of King George II near Edinburgh.
There is no authorized version of the National Anthem as the words are a matter of tradition. Additional verses have been added down the years, but these are rarely used.
The words used today are those sung in 1745, substituting 'Queen' for 'King' where appropriate. On official occasions, only the first verse is usually sung.
The words of the National Anthem are as follows:
God save our gracious Queen!
Long live our noble Queen!
God save the Queen!
Send her victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us,
God save the Queen.
Thy choicest gifts in store
On her be pleased to poor,
Long may she reign.
May she defend our laws,
And ever give us cause,
To sing with heart and voice,
God save the Queen.
The British tune has been used in other countries. European visitors to Britain in the eighteenth century noticed the advantage of a country possessing such a recognized musical symbol.
In total, around 140 composers, including Beethoven, Haydn and Brahms, have used the tune in their compositions.
1. Anthem – гимн
2. dates back – относится
3. song – песня
4. words – слова
5. tune – мелодия
6. Pretender – претендент
7. defeated – разгромил
8. authorized version – авторизированная версия
9. matter – дань
10. additional verses – дополнительные стихи
11. rarely – редко
12. substituting – заменяя
13. appropriate – необходимо
14. occasions – случаи
15. gracious – милостивая
16. glorious – слава
17. reign – правление
18. choicest gifts – лучшие дары
19. poor – бедные
20. heart – сердце
21. advantage – преимущество
22. possessing – обладание
SCOTLAND
Scotland lies to the north of England. People who live in Scotland are Scots.
The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh, but Scotland has nо separate Parliament, for the Scottish MPs (Members of Parliament) sit with the English ones in Westminster in London.
Edinburgh is not the largest city in Scotland. Glasgow, which has а population of over оnе million, is twice as large as Edinburgh.
Even so, Edinburgh remains the centre of the life of Scotland. Here are the administrative centers of the Navy, the Army, and the Air Force, the chief banks and offices; and the famous university.
Edinburgh, unlike Glasgow, has nо large factories. Publishing is its well-known industry. It has been famous for its printers since the early years of the sixteenth century, when the first Scottish printing-press was set up within its walls. The publishing of books is today а very important industry. Much printing is done for London publishing houses, and there are many paper-mills near Edinburgh.
Edinburgh is а beautiful city. The first thing you see in Edinburgh is the Rock - the very large hill in the middle of the city, оn which stands Edinburgh Castle. The Castle looks like а castle from а fairy-tale, and parts of it are more than а thousand years old. From the top of the Castle there is а beautiful view of the hill and the sea.
Besides the Castle there are many other interesting buildings, such as Holy rood Palace which is the old royal residence, the Art Gallery, the University of Edinburgh.
Edinburgh is famous for many things: its festivals (plays and music), its college of medicine, its museums and libraries, and for its writers Sir Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson and others.
1. lies – лежит
2. Scots – шотландцы
3. capital – столица
4. separate – отдельный
5. twice – в два раза
6. remains – остается
7. the Navy – Морской флот
8. unlike – непохож
9. publishing - книгопечатание
10. the early years – в начале
11. was set up – был установлен
12. paper-mills – бумажные фабрики
13. Edinburgh Castle – Эдинбургский Замок
14. fairy-tale – сказка
15. view – вид
16. besides – кроме того
17. royal – королевская
18. famous – известен
MORE ABOUT LONDON
London is the capital of England, the capital of Great Britain, and the capital of the United Кingdom. It is the largest town in Europe and one of the oldest towns in the world. The old Celts gave it its name, the Romans made it the centre of their new colony, the Germanic invaders tried to burn and to destroy it, the victorious Normans made it the capital of the country.
The central part of London is full of historical remains. Nearly every building, every bridge, every street, palace, house, and stone - each of them has its own story, its own past. In London past and present are so mixed together that they cannot easily be separated and when you are in London you see the past in the present and the present in the past.
The oldest part of London is called the City. In the City the streets and pavements аге very narrow and the traffic is very heavy on weekdays. That is because the most important London firms and banks have offices there. But at weekends the City is almost dead.
The most fashionable and the most expensive part to live in is the West End. It is situated between the City and Hyde Park. The City and the West End are the heart of London; they are the parts which everybody who comes to London must see and wants to see, because they are more interesting than any other part of London. All the most interesting buildings, shops and offices are situated here.
The Tower of London, the Bank of England, the Mansion House where the Lord Mayor lives, the Law Courts, and many interesting old churches are situated in the City. The Houses of Parliament with Big Ben, Westminster Abbey, the National Gallery and many theatres and good shops are in the West End.
London has many bridges over the Thames, more than twenty, but the most interesting of them all is the Tower Bridge situated near the Tower of London.
The Tower of London is an old castle with high walls, high towers, small windows and large gardens. Once it was а royal residence, а strong fortress and а state prison. Here many important people, among them two wives of Henry VIII, were imprisoned and beheaded.
One of the oldest and the most famous places of London is St. Paul's Cathedral. It has been destroyed and rebuilt several times since the original construction in the 7th century. It stands in the centre of the so-called Little Britain. А large part of Little Britain was destroyed during the war; the houses that were close to the Cathedral's walls disappeared and for the first time in centuries St. Paul's Cathedral's beauty can be seen.
1. Celts – Кельты
2. Romans – Римляне
3. Germanic invaders – Германские завоеватели
4. burn – сжечь
5. destroy – разрушить
6. mixed together – перемешаны вместе
7. narrow – узкие
8. heavy – затрудненное
9. dead – вымирает
10. fashionable – модный
11. expensive – дорогой
12. heart – сердце
13. the Mansion House – резиденция лорда-мэра в Лондоне
14. Lord Mayor – лорд-мэр
15. Law Courts – здание суда
16. towers – башни
17. fortress – крепость
18. prison – тюрьма
19. wives – жены
20. beheaded – обезглавлены
21. St. Paul's Cathedral – Собор Святого Павла
22. disappeared - исчезли
ТНЕ GREAT FIRE OF LONDON
In London in the middle of the 17th century were narrow and dirty streets. Indeed, the streets were so narrow that it was often possible for a person at а window on one side of the street to shake hands with а neighbor on the other side. There was little light and air. Rubbish lау pi1ed up in dark corners. It is no wonder that epidemics were соmmоn. The greatest epidemic of the plague broke out in 1665. It was а sad time for London. The streets were empty, shops were closed and there were few boats on the Thames. Every house in which there were sick people were shut up and no one was allowed to go in or out and the door of the house were marked with а red cross.
The following year the Great Fire took place. It broke out late on а Saturday night in а street not far from London Bridge. The summer had been dry, а hot east wind blew and the fire spread quickly. This is what we read in the diary of John Evelyn, who saw the terrible fire with his own eyes. «The Thames was covered with boats full of people. On the other side one could see carts carrying out the saved goods out into the fields and people putting up tents. At night the fire could be seen ten miles away».
The fire burned for five days and destroyed the greater part of the city. But it did the city good, as it cleared away the old wooden houses and dirty, narrow streets.
А monument near London Bridge still marks the spot where the fire broke out. Sir Christopher Wren, the famous architect of that day, took part in rebuilding the city. The greater part of it had been of wood, but after the fire wider streets and brick houses were built. The old church of St. Paul was among the buildings destroyed by the fire. In its place Wren built the present St. Paul's Cathedral. Не lies buried under the roof of his own great work. These words are written оn his grave: "Reader, if you want to see his monument, looks around."
1. century – век
2. dirty – грязный
3. Indeed – действительно
4. to shake hands – пожать руки
5. neighbor – сосед
6. light – свет
7. rubbish – мусор
8. It is no wonder – не удивительно
9. plague – чума
10. no one was allowed – никому не разрешалось
11. broke out – вспыхнул
12. dry – сухой
13. а hot east wind – горячий восточный ветер
14. spread quickly – распространился быстро
15. diary – дневник
16. was covered – была покрыта
17. carts – повозки
18. marks the spot – отмечает место
19. buried – похороненный
BIG BEN.
The big clock on the tower of the Раlасе of Westminster in London is often called Big Ben. But Big Ben is really the bell of the clock. It is the biggest clock bell in Britain. It weighs 13.5 tons.
The clock tower is 318 feet high. You have to go up 374 steps to reach the top. So the clock looks small from the pavement below the tower..
But its face is 23 feet wide. It would only just fit into some classrooms.
The minute-hand is 14 feet long. Its weight is equal to that of two bags of coal. The hour-hand is 9 feet long.
The clock bell is called Вig Ben after Sir Benjamin Hall. Не had the job to see that the bell was put up.
Sir Benjamin was а big man. One day he said in Parliament, "Shall we call the bell St. Stephen's?" St. Stephen's is the name of the tower.
But someone said for а joke, "Why not call it Big Ben?" Now the bell is known all over the world by that name.
1. clock – часы
2. the Раlасе of Westminster – Вестминстерский дворец
3. bell – колокол
4. weighs – весит
5. feet – футы
6. steps – шаги
7. pavement – тротуар
8. face – циферблат
9. bags – мешки
10. minute-hand – минутная стрелка
11. hour-hand – часовая стрелка
12. job – работа
13. joke – шутка
THE TOWER
Неге is the Tower of London. Hundreds of years ago the Tower was а cast1e. It was p1anned by William the Conqueror to keep London under the control of his government and to defend the city.
The oldest part of it is the square bui1ding which is called the White Tower. The walls were built later, in the thirteenth century.
For many years the Tower was а state prison. Many famous and infamous people were kept there.
At present many people visit the Tower as а museum.
1. William the Conqueror – Вильгельм Завоеватель
2. to keep – держать
3. to defend – защищать
4. the square bui1ding – квадратное здание
5. the White Tower – Белая Башня
6. infamous - неизвестные
UNION FLAG
The Union Flag, or Union Jack, is the national flag of the United Kingdom.
It is so called because it combines the crosses of the three countries united under one Sovereign - the kingdoms of England and Wales, of Scotland and of Ireland (although since 1921 only Northern Ireland has been part of the United Kingdom).
The flag consists of three heraldic crosses.
The cross of St George, patron saint of England since the 1270's, is a red cross on a white ground. After James I succeeded to the throne, it was combined with the cross of St. Andrew in 1606.
The cross saltier of St Andrew, patron saint of Scotland, is a diagonal white cross on a blue ground.
The cross saltier of St Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, is a diagonal red cross on a white ground.
This was combined with the previous Union Flag of St George and St Andrew, after the Act of Union of Ireland with England (and Wales) and Scotland on 1 January 1801, to create the Union Flag that has been flown ever since.
The term 'Union Jack' possibly dates from Queen Anne's time (r. 1702-14), but its origin is uncertain.
It may come from the 'jacket' of the English or Scottish soldiers, or from the name of James I who originated the first union in 1603.
Another alternative is that the name may be derived from a proclamation by Charles II that the Union Flag should be flown only by ships of the Royal Navy as a jack, a small flag at the bowsprit; the term 'jack' once meant small.
The Welsh dragon does not appear on the Union Flag. This is because when the first Union Flag was created in 1606, the Principality of Wales by that time was already united with England and was no longer a separate principality.
The Union Flag was originally a Royal flag. When the present design was made official in 1801, it was ordered to be flown on all the King's forts and castles, but not elsewhere.
It is today flown above Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle when the Queen is not in residence.
The Royal Arms of Scotland (Lion Rampant) is flown at the Palace of Holy Roodhouse and Balmorals when the Queen is not in residence.
On news of a Royal death, the Union Flag (or the Royal Arms of Scotland (Lion Rampant) where appropriate) is flown at half-mast.
The Royal Standard is never flown at half-mast, as the Sovereign never dies (the new monarch immediately succeeds his or her predecessor).
The flying of the Union Flag on public buildings is decided by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport at the Queen's command.
The Union Flag is flown on Government buildings on days marking the birthdays of members of the Royal Family, Commonwealth Day, Coronation Day, the Queen's official birthday, Remembrance Day and on the days of the State Opening and prorogation of Parliament.
It is also flown on St David's Day (Wales), St George's Day (England), St Andrew's Day (Scotland), and St Patrick's Day (Northern Ireland).
Although the Union Flag originated as a Royal flag, it is now also flown by many people and organizations elsewhere in the United Kingdom by long-established custom.
Its use as an emblem has extended beyond the form of a flag and the Union Jack is frequently depicted on other objects.
1. Union Jack – Юнион Джек – государственный флаг Великобритании
2. combines – сочетает
3. the crosses – кресты
4. heraldic – геральдические
5. patron – покровитель
6. succeeded – наследует
7. saltier – Андреевский флаг
8. previous – предыдущий
9. Queen Anne's time – время Королевы Анны
10. may be derived – может произошло
11. bowsprit – бушприт
12. the Principality of Wales – Княжество Уэльс
13. design – вид
14. Buckingham Palace – Букингемский Дворец
15. Windsor Castle – Виндзорский Замок
16. The Royal Arms of Scotland – Королевский герб Шотландии
17. Lion Rampant – Вздыбленный Лев
18. Balmorals - Балморал
19. death – смерть
20. half-mast – мачта
21. Predecessor – предшественник
22. Remembrance Day – День Памяти
23. prorogation – перерыв в работе Парламента
CHANGING THE GUARD
The regular hand-over of guards in the forecourt of Buckingham Palace draws thousands of visitors to watch the soldiers and listen to the music.
Known as Changing the Guard or Guard Mounting, the process involves a new guard exchanging duty with the old guard.
The soldiers are drawn from one of the five regiments of Foot Guards in the British Army: the Scots Guards, the Irish Guards, the Welsh Guards, the Grenadier Guards and the Cold stream Guards.
The handover is accompanied by a Guards band. The music played ranges from traditional military marches to songs from the shows and even familiar pop songs.
When the Queen is in residence, there are four sentries at the front of the building. When she is away there are two.
The Queen's Guard usually consists of Foot Guards in their full-dress uniform of red tunics and bearskins. If they have operational commitments, other infantry units take part instead.
Units from Commonwealth realms occasionally take turn in Guard Mounting. In May 1998, Canadian soldiers from Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry mounted guard at Buckingham Palace for the first time since the Coronation in 1953.
Household Troops have guarded the Sovereign and the Royal Palaces since 1660. Until 1689, the Sovereign lived mainly at the Palace of Whitehall and was guarded there by Household Cavalry.
In 1689, the court moved to St James's Palace, which was guarded by the Foot Guards. When Queen Victoria moved into Buckingham Palace in 1837, the Queen's Guard remained at St James's Palace, with a detachment guarding Buckingham Palace, as it still does today.
At Buckingham Palace, Guard Mounting takes place at 11.30 am. It is held daily from May to July, and on alternate dates throughout the rest of the year.
Buckingham Palace is not the only place to see Guard Mounting.
At Windsor Castle, the ceremony takes place at 11.00 am. For most of the year Guard Mounting takes place on alternate dates, but it is held daily (except Sundays) from April to July.
At Horse Guards Arch, Changing of the Guard takes place daily at 11.00 am (10.00 am on Sundays) and lasts about half an hour; it is normally held on Horse Guards Parade by the arch of Horse Guards Building.
And at the Tower of London, a Royal Guard mounts on Tower Green every day at 11.30 am. It consists of one officer, five non-commissioned officers and 15 men.
1. hand-over – смена
2. forecourt – передний двор
3. duty – обязанность
4. regiments – полки
5. accompanied – сопровождается
6. sentries – часовые
7. bearskins – медвежьи шапки
8. Light Infantry – легкая пехота
9. is held – проводится
10. alternate dates – дополнительные даты
11. non-commissioned officers - сержанты