О себе (1)
Прежде всего, позвольте представиться. Меня зовут Тарас. Мне семнадцать лет. Я учусь в 11-м классе. Кроме меня в семье еще два ребенка - мой старший брат Олег и младшая сестренка Мария. Олегу двадцать один год, он ходит в университет, он будет дантистом. Марии только двенадцать, она школьница. Я забыл упомянуть еще одного члена нашей семьи. Это - наш любимый пудель Тим.
Мои родители еще совсем не старые. Моей маме сорок, она работает в газете. Моему папе -- сорок четыре, он работает инженером ЭВМ. Мои родители очень любят свои профессии.
В школе я учусь хорошо. Мои родители гордятся моими отметками. Я увлекаюсь спортом - играю в баскетбол. В летнее время мне нравится парусный спорт и виндсерфинг. Я участвую в различных соревнованиях по баскетболу. Через год я закончу школу, и мне нужно решить, какую профессию выбрать. Я изучаю английский язык семь лет. Я хочу быть военным переводчиком. Мои бабушка и дедушка уже на пенсии. Им нравится заниматься на приусадебном участке, и они проводят там все свое время, выращивая помидоры, картошку, лук, клубнику, малину.
2. My Flat
My Flat (1)
We have a nice flat in a new block of flats. Our flat is on the fourth floor. It has all modern conveniences: central heating, gas, electricity, cold and hot water, a lift and a chute to carry rubbish down. There are three rooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and a hall in our flat. The living-room is the largest and most comfortable room in the flat. In the middle of the room we have a square-table with six chairs round it. To the right of the dinner-table there is a wall-unit which has several sections: a sideboard, a wardrobe and some shelves.
At the opposite wall there is a piano and stool before it. Between the two large windows there is a little table with a colour TV set on it. Near the TV set there are two cosy armchairs. A small round table, a divan-bed and a standard lamp are in the left-hand corner. This small table is for newspapers and magazines. My father is used to having a rest sitting on this divan-bed reading books, newspapers, magazines or watching TV.
The bedroom is smaller than the living-room and not so light as there is only one window in it. In this room there are two beds with a bedside-table between them. An alarm-clock and a small lamp with a pink lamp-shade are on the table. In the left-hand corner there is a dressing-table with a big mirror.. In this room we have a built-in wardrobe with coat-hangers to-hang clothes on. There is a thick carpet on the floor and plain light-brown curtains on the window.
The third room is my study. It is not large but very cosy. There isn't much furniture in it, only the most necessary. It has a writing-table and an armchair before it. In the right-hand corner there is a bookcase full of books, magazines and newspapers. A small table with a radio is standing in the left-hand corner. Near it there is a sofa with some cushions. In my opinion, the study is the best room in our flat.
But the warmest place in our flat is the kitchen, I think — the place where the whole family gathers every evening not only to have supper together, but also to speak and rest. I like the English proverb: "My home is my castle" because my flat is, indeed, my castle.
Моя квартира (1)
У нас хорошая квартира в новом многоквартирном доме. Наша квартира на четвертом этаже, в ней есть все современные удобства: центральное отопление, газ, электричество, холодная и горячая вода, лифт и мусоропровод. В квартире три комнаты, кухня, ванная комната, прихожая. Гостиная - самая большая и удобная комната в квартире. В центре комнаты стоит квадратный обеденный стол и шесть стульев. Справа от стола стоит мебельная стенка. Она состоит из нескольких секций: серванта, шкафа, нескольких полок.
У противоположной стороны - пианино со стульчиком. Между двумя большими окнами находится маленький столик с цветным телевизором. Около телевизора два уютных кресла. В левом углу находится маленький круглый столик, диван и торшер. Этот маленький столик предназначен для газет и журналов. Папа привык отдыхать, сидя на диване, читать книги, газеты, журналы или смотреть телевизор.
Спальня меньше по размеру, чем гостиная, и не такая светлая, потому что в ней только одно окно. В этой комнате находятся две кровати и между ними тумбочка. На тумбочке стоит будильник и небольшая лампа с розовым абажуром. В левом углу - туалетный столик с большим зеркалом. В этой комнате есть встроенный шкаф с вешалками для одежды. На полу лежит толстый ковер, а на окнах висят однотонные светло-коричневые шторы.
Третья комната - мой кабинет. Она небольшая, но очень уютная. В ней мало мебели, только самое необходимое. Здесь находится письменный стол с креслом. В правом углу - книжный шкаф с книгами, журналами, газетами. Небольшой столик с радио стоит в левом углу. Возле него находится диван с подушками. По-моему, этот кабинет - самая лучшая комната в нашей квартире.
Но самое теплое место в нашей квартире - это кухня, место, где вся семья собирается каждый вечер не только для того, чтобы поужинать вместе, но также и для того, чтобы поговорить и отдохнуть. Мне нравится английская пословица: "Мой дом - моя крепость", потому что моя квартира - действительно, моя крепость.
3. Great Britain
| Great Britain (3) The United Kingdom (or Great Britain) is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometres. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland (on the island of Great Britain), and Northern Ireland (on the island of Ireland). Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Belfast respectively. The capital of the UK is London. The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest — east, centre, and south-east — is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1,343 m). There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest one. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean, and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence on the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round. The UK is one of the world's smallest countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80 % of the population is urban. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery» electronics, textile, aircraft, and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding. The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, Head of the State is Queen. In practice, Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative, and the Liberal parties. Великобритания (3) Объединенное Королевство (или Великобритания) расположено на Британских островах. Британские острова состоят из двух больших островов, Великобритании и Ирландии, и приблизительно пяти тысячи маленьких островов. Их общая площадь — более чем 244 000 квадратных километров. Великобритания состоит из четырех стран: Англии, Уэльса, Шотландии (на острове Великобритания), и Северной Ирландии (на острове Ирландия). Их столицы — соответственно Лондон, Кардифф, Эдинбург и Белфаст. Столица Великобритании — Лондон. Британские острова отделены от европейского континента Северным морем и Ла-Маншем. Западное побережье Великобритании омывается Атлантическим океаном и Ирландским морем. Поверхность Британских островов очень разнообразна. Север Шотландии является гористым и называется Горной местностью, в то время как юг, где есть красивые долины и равнины, называют Среднешотландской низменностью. Север и запад Англии являются гористыми, а все остальные части — восток, центр и юго-восток — являются обширной равниной. Горы не очень высоки. Бен-Невис в Шотландии — самая высокая гора (1343 м). В Великобритании есть много рек, но они не очень длинные. Северн — самая длинная река, тогда как Темза — самая глубокая. Горы, Атлантический океан и теплые воды Гольфстрима сказываются на климате Британских островов. В целом он умеренный круглый год. Великобритания — одна из самых маленьких стран в мире. Ее население более 57 миллионов. Приблизительно 80 % населения является городским. Великобритания — высокоразвитая индустриальная страна. Она известна как один из самых больших в мире производителей и экспортеров машин, электроники, тканей, самолетов и навигационного оборудования. Одна из главных отраслей промышленности страны — судостроение. Великобритания — страна с конституционной монархией. По закону главой государства является королева. Но фактически королева правит, не управляя. Страной управляет избираемое правительство во главе с премьер-министром. Британский парламент состоит из двух палат: Палаты лордов и Палаты общин. В Великобритании есть три главных политических партии: лейбористская, консервативная и либеральная партии. |
4. London
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre. It's one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is more than million people. London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old and beautiful. It was founded more than two thousand years ago. Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City, the West End, the East End and Westminster. The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. The heart of the City is the Stock Exchange. Westminster is the most important part of the capital. It's the administrative centre. The Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Government, are there. It's a very beautiful building with two towers and a very big clock called Big Ben. Big Ben is really the bell which strikes every quarter of an hour. Opposite the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey. It's a very beautiful church built over 900 years ago. The tombs of many great statesmen, scientists and writers are there.
To the west of Westminster is West End. Here we find most of the big shops, hotels, museums, art galleries, theatres and concert halls. Picadilly Circus is the heart of London's West End. In the West End there are wide streets with beautiful houses and many parks, gardens and squares. To the east of Westminster is the East End, an industrial district of the capital. There are no parks or gardens in the East End and you can't see many fine houses there. Most of the plants and factories are situated there. London has many places of interest. One of them is Buckingham Palace. It's the residence of the Queen. The English are proud of Trafalgar Square, which was named so in memory of the victory at the battle. There in 1805 the English fleet defeated the fleet of France and Spain. The last place of interest I should like to mention, is the British Museum, the biggest museum in London. The museum is famous for its library -one of the richest in the world.
All London's long-past history is told by its streets. There are many streets in London which are known all over the" world. Among them Oxford Street, Downing Street and a lot of others can be mentioned. And tourists are usually attracted not only by the places of interest but by the streets too. In conclusion I should say if you are lucky enough to find yourself in London some day you will have a lot to see and enjoy there.
Лондон (1)
Лондон - столица Великобритании, ее политический, экономический и культурный центр. Это один из самых больших городов в мире. Население Лондона - более 11 миллионов человек. Лондон находится на реке Темзе. Город очень древний и красивый. Он был основан более чем 2000 лет назад. Традиционно Лондон делится на несколько частей: Сити, Уэст-Энд, Ист-Энд и Вестминстер. Сити - старейшая часть Лондона, его финансовый и коммерческий центр. Сердце Сити - это фондовая биржа. Вестминстер - наиболее важная часть столицы. Это административный центр. Здесь расположено здание парламента, в котором находится британское правительство. Это очень красивое здание с двумя башнями и очень большими часами, которые называются Биг Бен. В действительности Биг Бен - это колокол, который отбивает каждую четверть часа. Напротив здания парламента находится Вестминстерское аббатство. Это очень красивая церковь, построенная более 900 лет назад. Здесь находятся могилы многих великих государственных деятелей, ученых и писателей.
К западу от Вестминстера находится Уэст-Энд. Здесь расположены большинство больших магазинов, отелей, музеев, галерей искусств, театров и концертных залов. Площадь Пикадилли - сердце лондонского Уэст-Энда. В Уэст-Энде - широкие улицы с красивыми домами и много парков, садов, скверов. К востоку от Вестминстера находится Ист-Энд, промышленный район столицы. В Ист-Энде нет парков или садов и нельзя увидеть красивые дома. Здесь расположено большинство заводов и фабрик. В Лондоне много достопримечательностей. Одна из них - Букингемский дворец. Это резиденция королевы. Англичане гордятся Трафальгар-сквером, который был назван так в честь победы в сражении. Здесь в 1805 году английский флот разгромил флот Франции и Испании. Последняя достопримечательность, о которой я хочу упомянуть, - это Британский музей, самый большой музей Лондона. Музей знаменит своей библиотекой - одной из самых богатых в мире.
Вся долгая лондонская история рассказана его улицами. В Лондоне много улиц, которые известны во всем мире. Среди них Оксфорд-стрит, Даунинг-стрит и многие другие. И туристов обычно привлекают не только достопримечательности, но и улицы тоже. В заключение я хочу сказать: если вам однажды случится побывать в Лондоне, то вам будет что посмотреть и чем насладиться.
My university
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY
More than 60 thousand specialists graduated from the University during 81 years. These specialists are now working not only in our country but also abroad.
At KazNMU education is provided according to licenses on all list of medical and pharmaceutical specialties of RK state classificator:
On 7 specialties of high professional education:
Therapy
Pediatrics
Stomatology
Pharmacy
Oriental medicine (the last graduates in 2011)
medico-biological business (the last graduates in 2011)
On 7 specialties of high special education (bachelor):
General medicine
Medico-prophylactic business
Public health,
Pharmacy,
Stomatology,
Nursery business;
Management;
On 7 specialties of mastership:
Medicine,
Public Health;
Nursery business,
Pharmacy,
Medical prophylactic business,
Technology of pharmaceutical manufacturing (admission since 2011),
Hygiene and epidemiology (admission since 2011)
On 7 specialties of internship:
general practitioner,
therapy,
pediatrics,
surgery,
obstetrics and gynaecology,
stomatologist of general practice;
- on 31 specialties of residency;
- on 3 specialties of PhD;
- on 56 specialties of supplementary professional education.
More than 9200 undergraduate, 71 postgraduate students, 240 house physicians, 13 PhDs, 464 distance learners (39 nationalities) study at the University. Alongside with citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan foreign citizens from India, Japan, Afghanistan, Tadzhikistan, Belorussia, Kyrghyzstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, China, Israel, Mongolia, Pakistan, South Korea, Moldova, Georgia, Palestine are taught.
KazNMU students
For the first time in the Republic of Kazakhstan the KazNMU named after S.D. Asfendiarov developed competence focused model of medial pre-diploma education:
· based on 5 competences, corresponding to the world requirements and needs of labor market (cognitive, operational, axiological, legal problems and self-education);
· directed for training specialists, having complex of theoretical and practical skills with the formed clinical thinking and scientific approach to solving arising questions.
We are now forming the process of a new University postgraduate educational model
The University’s PTS realizes great methodical work in the scale of the Republic. For the reported period the PTS of the University took part in the development of 10 standard programs of 20 ones on disciplines of 5 course according to SOSE 2006. Departments developed educational methodic complexes of disciplines for the 5 year course students of all specialties on SOSE 2006 for 2001-2012 years, and the commission of the Republican Health Ministry gave the positive assessment.
The University passed State attestation in 2008 (order of Health Ministry of RK N 328 of 24.12.2008). In November 2008 the University applied for the National Accreditational Centre on passing institutional accreditation (N 2081-01-14, of 17.11.2008). According to the agreement N5 of 12.02.2010 the University completed procedure of self-assessment and writing an account, and now it is ready for passing institutional accreditation according to standard of NAC of RK Education and Science Ministry.
Centre of analysis, monitoring of quality education and scientific grounding medical education reforms was created in 2010. The main tasks of the centre are monitoring of quality education at the University, working-out strategy and recommendations on the development of medical education in Kazakhstan, working-out proposals for compiling SOSE of new generation.
The Centre organized teaching seminar “Teaching Excellence” for young teachers aimed at exchange of experience. The seminar was held within the frame of educational project which is sponsored by “The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs” of the American State department. The internet-conference in On-line regimen was held with the participation of Professor Uolter Klankloski from the University of South Caroline (the USA). More than 100 young teachers passed the training.
Our University and Moscow State Technical University named after Bauman have started the combined “pilot” project on distance studying on the course “Biomedical technique and technologies”(01.10-30.10.2010). 15 teachers of the University passed the training.
There were developed 2 sections of “University’s road map”, as: “Renewing and improving educational programs”, “Increasing teachers’ potential of medical and pharmaceutical educational organizations” (17.03.2011).
6 The Skeleton
The skeleton consists of bones, 200 bones in adults.
The bones of the skull are cranial and facial. There are 26 bones in the skull.
The bones of the trunk are the spinal column (the spine) and chest (ribs and the breastbone). The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae and the coccyx. The vertebra is a small bone it consists of the body and the arch. All the vertebrae from the spine. There are 32 or 34 vertebrae in the spine of the adult. In the spine column there are 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral vertebrae. From one to five vertebral from the coccyx.
The chest (thorax) consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs of ribs. The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest.
The breastbone consists of three main parts. The basic part of the chest consists of the ribs. On each side of the chest seven ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages. Each rib consists of a head, neck and body.
The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg foot. It is connected with the trunk by the pelvis.
The upper extremity has arm, forearm and hand. It is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle.
The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic substance.
7. The heart and the Vascular system
The Heart and the Vascular System.
The heart is an inner hollow muscular organ placed within the chest and included in the pericardium. The base of the heart is against the third rib. Its apex is against the interspace between the fifth and sixth costal cartilages. The weight of the heart is about 300 grams in the male and about 220 grams in the female.
The heart consists of two separate chambers divided by septum. Each of the chambers has two connected parts: the atrium and the ventricle. The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles.
The right atrium is larger than the left one, but the walls of the left atrium are thicker than those of the right one. The right ventricle is triangular in form and has thick walls. The right ventricle is in the anterior part of the heart. The left ventricle is longer and more conical than the right one. The walls of the left ventricle are three times thick as the walls of the right one. The valves are located at the entrance and exit of each ventricle.
The muscular structure of the heart consists of fibrous bands divided into two groups – the fibrous bands of the atria and the second ones are the fibrous bands of the ventricles.
The vascular system consists of three groups of vessels – arteries, veins and capillaries. The vessels carrying blood to and from the tissues the body composes the general system. They are called the systemic vessels.
8. The lungs
The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. The lungs are covered with the pleura. They are conical in shape. Each lung has the base, apex, two borders and three surfaces.
The lung has the apex extending upward 3-4 centimetres (cm) above the level of the first rib.
The base of the lung is located in the convex surface of the diaphragm.
The posterior borders of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column. The anterior borders thin and overlap the pericardium.
The weight of the lungs varies according to many conditions. In the adult male the weight of the lungs is about 1,350 gr. The right lung is about 15% heavier than the left one. The vital capacity of the lungs is 3.5-4 liters in the male and it is 3-3.5 liters in the female.
The right lung consisting of three lobes is heavier than the left one because the latter consists only of two lobes. The lower lobe of the left lung is larger than the upper one.
In infants the lungs are of a pale rose color, but later they become darker.
The lung is covered with an external serous coat, i.e. with visceral layer of the pleura. The parenchyma or proper substance of the lungs consists of the bronchial tree with elastic tissue and vessels.
9. The Alimentary tract
The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8.5 m in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with gallbladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract.
The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste. The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.
From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.
The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measures about 21-25 cm in length, 8-9 cm in its greatest diameter. It has a capacity of from 2.14 to 4.28 liters (l).
The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 metres long. It is located in the middle portion of the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
The large intestine is about 1.5 metres long. It is divided into caecum, colon, sigmoid colon and rectum.
The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The weight of the liver is 1,500 g.
The gall bladder is a hollow sac lying on the lower surface of the liver.
The pancreas is a long thin gland lying behind the stomach.
The mouth, or oral cavity, is the first part of the digestive tract. It is adapted to receive food by ingestion, break it into small particles by mastication, and mix it with saliva. The lips, cheeks, and palate form the boundaries. The oral cavity contains the teeth and tongue and receives the secretions from the salivary glands.
The lips and cheeks help hold food in the mouth and keep it in place for chewing. The lips contain numerous sensory receptors that are useful for judging the temperature and texture of foods.
The palate is the roof of the oral cavity. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. The anterior portion, the hard palate, is supported by bone. The posterior portion, the soft palate, is skeletal muscle and connective tissue. Posteriorly, the soft palate ends in a projection called the uvula. During swallowing, the soft palate and uvula move upward to direct food away from the nasal cavity and into the oropharynx.
The tongue manipulates food in the mouth and is used in speech. The surface is covered with papillae that provide friction and contain the taste buds.
A complete set of deciduous (primary) teeth contains 20 teeth. There are 32 teeth in a complete permanent (secondary) set. The shape of each tooth type corresponds to the way it handles food.
10. Polyclinics
Work of in-Patient Department
When patients are admitted to the hospital first of all they are received by a nurse on duty at the reception ward.
Those patients who are to be hospitalized have already received the direction from the polyclinic. The nurse on duty fills in patients’ case histories in which she writes down their names, age, place of work, occupation, address and the initial diagnosis made by a doctor at the polyclinic.
Then a doctor on duty examines the hospitalized patients and gives his instruction what department and wards the patients are to be admitted.
At the in- patient department of a hospital life begins early in the morning. The nurses on duty take patients temperature, give them intramuscular and intravenous injections, take stomach juice for analysis, apply cups and give all the prescribed remedies in the doses indicated by the ward doctors.
The nurses keep all the drugs with special labels: the names of drugs are indicated on them. Patients are. not allowed to take the medicines themselves because some drugs are poisonous, the overdosage of some other drugs may cause unfavourable reactions and even death.
At about nine o’clock in the morning the doctors begin the daily rounds of the wards during which they examine all the patients. After the medical examination the doctors administer the patients different procedures: electrocardiograms are taken, laboratory analyses of blood, urine and gastric juice are made. Some patients are administered a bed regimen, others are allowed to walk; some are to follow a diet to relieve stomachache or prevent unfavourable results in case of stomach troubles. All the doctors always treat the patients with great attention and care. There is no doubt that such a hearty attitude of the doctors to the patients helps much in their recovery.
12. At a Chemist's
On receiving a prescription from a doctor we need medicines which are usially ordered or bought at the a chemist’s.
There are two departments in a large chemist’s: the chemist’s department and the prescrition department. At the chemist’s department one can have the medicine immediately, other drugs have to be ordered at the prescription department.
At the chemist’s all drugs are kept in drug cabinets. Every small bottle, a tube or a box of medicine has a label on it. There are labels of three colors. White labels indicate drugs for internal use yellow ones indicate drugs for external use and blue ones indicate drugs injections. The dose to be taken and directions for administration are also indicated on a label. Indicating the dose and the name of any medicine is necessary for chemist, nurses, doctors and patients themselves. It prevents confusing different remedies because some of them are poisonous. Their overdosage may couse unfavorable reactions.
At a chemist’s one can by different drugs for intramuscular and intravenous injections, for oral administration and for external use. One can also buy tubes of ointments, sedatives, tonics, sleeping, draughts, laxatives, medicine droppers, mustard plasters, hot-water bottles and many other things.
One must be careful using medicine.