The meaning and use of participle clauses




Participle clauses

Participle clauses are a form of adverbial clause which enables us to say information in a more economical way. We can use participle clauses when the participle and the verb in the main clause have the same subject. For example:

Waiting for John, I made some tea.

Waiting for John, the kettle boiled. [This would suggest that the kettle was waiting for John!]

 

Forming participle clauses

Participle clauses can be formed with the present participle (-ing form of the verb) or past participle (third form of the verb). Participle clauses with past participles have a passive meaning:

Shouting loudly, Peter walked home. [Peter was shouting]

Shouted at loudly, Peter walked home. [Someone was shouting at Peter]

If we wish to emphasise that one action was before another then we can use a perfect participle (having + past participle):

Having won the match, Susan jumped for joy.

Having been told the bad news, Susan sat down and cried.

 

The meaning and use of participle clauses

Participle clauses give information about condition, reason, result or time. For example:

Condition (in place of an if-condition):

Looked after carefully, this coat will keep you warm through many winters.

Compare: If you look after it carefully, this coat will keep you warm through many winters.

Reason (in place of words like so or therefore):

Wanting to speak to him about the contract, I decided to arrange a meeting.

Compare: I wanted to speak to him about the contract so I decided to arrange a meeting.

Result (in place of words like because or as a result):

I had no time to read my book, having spent so long doing my homework.

Compare: I had no time to read my book because I had spent so long doing my homework.

Time (in place of words like when, while or as soon as):

Sitting at the cafe with my friends, I suddenly realised that I had left the oven on at home.

Compare: While I was sitting at the cafe with my friends, I suddenly realised that I had left the oven on at home.

 

Participle Clauses Exercise 1

Use a participle clause to add the information in italics to the main sentence.

1. They called a lawyer. The lawyer lived nearby.

_______________________________________________________________

2. We broke the computer. The computer belongs to my father.

_______________________________________________________________

3. The man is in the garden. The man is wearing a blue jumper.

_______________________________________________________________

4. We found a doctor. The doctor works at a hospital in Madrid.

_______________________________________________________________

5. People will not be allowed to enter. People have arrived late.

_______________________________________________________________

6. Don’t wake the baby. The baby is sleeping in the next room.

_______________________________________________________________

7. Who is that boy? The boy is walking in the forest.

_______________________________________________________________

8. The man is over there. The man wants coffee.

_______________________________________________________________

9. Those books were mine. Those books had been lying on the table.

_______________________________________________________________

10. Julia is on the train. The train is arriving at Platform 3.

_______________________________________________________________

Use a participle clause to add the information in italics to the main sentence.

1. The television was stolen. The television was bought 20 years ago. _______________________________________________________________

2. I often buy cheese. The cheese is imported from Paris. _______________________________________________________________

3. The bread is in the kitchen. The bread was brought by John. _______________________________________________________________

4. We live in a house. The house was built by my grandfather. _______________________________________________________________

5. The money has been given to charity. The money was found in the street. _______________________________________________________________

6. We all praised the cake. The cake was baked by my mother. _______________________________________________________________

7. The robber ran away. The robber was seen by David. _______________________________________________________________

8. I really loved the flowers. The flowers were grown in London. _______________________________________________________________

9. The coffee is very strong. The coffee is drunk in Turkey. _______________________________________________________________

10. I don’t know much about the games. The games are played by children nowadays.

_______________________________________________________________

 

Вид (Active)Действительный залог (Passive) Страдательный залог
Вспомогательный глагол Смысловой глагол Вспомогательный глагол Смысловой глагол
Participle I Present Participle Simple - IV being III
asking - спрашивающий;спрашивая (вообще) being asked - спрашиваемый; будучи спрошен (вообще)
Present Participle Perfect having III having been III
having asked - спросив (ши), (уже, до чего-то) having been asked – (уже) был спрошен
Participle II (Past Participle) -------- - III
asked - спрошенный, спрашиваемый

 

 

Type in the present participle.

1. (search) for her gloves, she dug through the entire wardrobe.

2. (whistle) a song, she danced through the house with the mop.

3. (sit) in the shade, we ate cake and drank coffee.

4. The child sat at the desk (paint) a picture.

5. (run) to the bus stop, she lost her shoe.

Type in the past participle.

1. (blind) by the sun, the driver didn’t see the stop sign.

2. (prepare) by the chef himself, the dinner will be a real treat.

3. (sing) by him, every song sounds just wonderful.

4. (misuse) as a refuse dump, the place became more and more shabby.

5. Though (bear) in England, she spent most of her childhood in the United States.

Type in the present perfect participle.

1. (park) the car, we searched for the ticket machine.

2. (drink) one litre of water, she really needed to go to the toilet.

3. (leave) the party too early, we couldn’t see the fireworks anymore.

4. (finish) her phone call, she went back to work.

5. (lose) ten kilogrammes, Anne finally fit into her favourite dress again.



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