1. The term «science» is applied only to natural science/
2. The word «knowledge» is derived from the negation «no», meaning the path leading from ignorance to understanding the world.
3. Natural and physical sciences deal with testable explanations and predictions.
4. Aristotle studied the body of a human being and gained a reliable knowledge in this sphere.
5. There was a time when «science» and «philosophy» meant the same.
6. The word «science» and the word combination «natural and physical science» are looked upon as synonymous.
7. Pure mathematics is included into the notion «natural and physical science».
8. Library science naturally belongs to humanities.
8. Прочитайте текст, найдите в нём слова интернационального корня и подберите к ним рсские эквиваленты.
Scientific Progress
Science is often distinguished from other domains of human culture by its progressive nature: in contrast to art, religion, philosophy, morality, and politics, there exist clear standards or normative criteria for identifying improvements and advances in science. For example, the historian of science George Sarton argued that “the acquisition and systematization of positive knowledge are the only human activities which are truly cumulative and progressive,” and “progress has no definite and unquestionable meaning in other fields than the field of science”.
However, the traditional cumulative view of scientific knowledge was effectively challenged by many philosophers of science in the 1960s and the 1970s, and thereby the notion of progress was also questioned in the field of science.
Debates on the normative concept of progress are at the same time concerned with axiological questions about the aims and goals of science. The task of philosophical analysis is to consider alternative answers to the question: What,is meant by progress in science? This conceptual question can then be complemented by the methodological question: How can we recognize progressive developments in science? Relative to a definition of progress and an account of its best indicators, one may then study the factual question: to what extent, and in which respects, is science progressive?
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Scientific Literature
An enormous range of scientific literature is published. Scientific journals communicate and document the results of research carried out in Universities and various other research institutions, serving as an archival record of science. The ftrst scientific journals began publication in 1665. Since that time the total number of active periodicals has steadily increased. By the end of the last century, one estimate for the number of scientific and technical journals in publication was 11,500. Today this figure is left far behind.
Most scientific journals cover a single scientific field and publish the research within that field; the research is normally expressed in the form of a scientific paper. Science has become so pervasive in modem societies that it is generally considered necessary to communicate the achievements, news, and ambitions of scientists to a wider populace.
Science books engage the interest of many more people. The science fiction genre, primarily fantastic in nature, engages the public imagination and transmits the ideas, if not the methods, of science.
Допишите по-английски 2-3 предложения, продолжающих данную тему.
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Pseudoscience, fringe science, and junk science
An area of study or speculation that masquerades as science in attempt to claim a legitimacy that would not otherwise be able to achieve is sometimes referred to as pseudoscience, fringe science, or alternative science. Another term, junk science, is often used to describe scientific hypotheses or conclusions which perhaps legitimate in themselves, are believed to be used to support a position that is seen not legitimately justified by the totality of evidence. There is a special sort of pseudoscience that have a formal trappings of science but lack a principle of scientific thought. Various types of commercial advertising, ranging from hype to fraud, may fall into these categories.
There also can be an element of political or ideological bias on all sides of such debates. Sometimes, research may be characterized as «bad science)), research that is well-intentioned but is seen as incorrect, obsolete, incomplete, or over simplified expositions of scientific ideas. The term «scientific misconduct)) refers to situations such as where researchers have intentionally misrepresented their published data or have purposely given credit for a discovery to the wrong person.