IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. The fire is believed to have started late last night.

2. The manager asked for the documents to be brought.

3. Ann was the first to be invited.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Having finished his experiment, the scientist published an article about its results.

2. The problems being discussed now are very important.

3. The proposal being unconstitutional, the committee rejected it.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений. (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. The accident wouldn’t have happened if the driver had observed the traffic rules.

2. She would call you immediately if she needed help.

3. The police will arrest him if they catch him.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3,4, 5 и 6-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. redress -	удовлетворение
2. litigant -	сторона (в судебном процессе)

THE HISTORY OF COURT

1. Court, also called court of law is a person or body of persons having judicial authority to hear and determine disputes in particular cases, civil, criminal, ecclesiastical, or military. The term «court» also denotes the chamber, hall building, or other place where such judicial proceedings take place.

2. The word «court» originally meant simply an enclosed place, and still does in the architectural sense. Judicial tribunals were originally enclosures where the judges sat, while counsel, attorneys, and the general public had to remain on the outside of a bar; hence, the expression «called to the bar» is used to apply to a lawyer newly qualified to practise. At first these enclosures were temporary structures in an open field; later, they became fixtures in a large room or hall, the courtroom.

3. Archaeologists and anthropologists have established the existence of courts in simple societies over wide areas of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Primitive courts formed part of a complex social structure in which administrative, judicial, and religious functions were intermingled. The proceedings consisted in large part of rituals designed to secure the redress of grievances presented by individuals against other individuals.

4. In the highly developed civilizations of antiquity, notably those of Assyria and Egypt, judicial and executive functions were undifferentiated and were centralized in the monarch as head of state.

5. In the judicial system of ancient Athens, a unique feature, introduced by the lawgiver Solon in the 6^th century BC, was the right of aggrieved litigants to appeal the decisions of magistrates to the people of Athens, assembled as a «public assembly».

6. The evolution of courts in ancient Rome was marked by the development of a complex structure in which criminal, civil and other jurisdictions were differentiated and were exercised by separate courts and officials.

7. From the 12^th century onward the increasing number of university-trained civilians and canonists created a recognized legal profession, and the rise of the legal profession also determined the gradual separation of judicial from administrative functions.

V. Прочитайте 7-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What did the creation of a legal profession cause?

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Two prisoners were thought to have escaped.

2. I arranged for sandwiches and coffee to be sent in for the clerks.

3. Jim was the last to be told the news.

1. Having lived here for seven years, my friend is used to speaking English.

2. I like to read books describing the life of well-known writers.

3. There are ten executive departments under the US President, the head of these departments forming a council known as the President’s Cabinet.

1. If you come late they won’t let you in.

2. If he worked more slowly he wouldn’t make so many mistakes.

3. He would have been arrested if he had tried to leave the country.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. court of appeal -	апелляционный суд
2. sue or be sued -	выступать в суде в качестве истца или ответчика
3. superior court -	высший (верховный) суд
4. tier -	ряд, ярус

COURT SYSTEM IN THE USA

1. The American court system is complex. It functions as part of the federal system of government. Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. The federal courts coexist with the state courts.

2. The federal courts were provided for in the US constitution on the theory that the judicial power of the federal government could not be entrusted to the states, many of which were jealous of the powers necessary for a strong national government. The states were left free to establish their own judicial systems subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal courts, and to Article VI of the Constitution declaring the judges of the state courts to be bound by the Constitution and the laws and treaties of the US.

3. Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, the state courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.

4. The federal courts are organised in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid there are the US district courts, where litigation begins. Judges of district courts are appointed for life by the president with the approval of the Senate. In the middle there are the US courts of appeals, exercising appellate jurisdiction over the district courts. At the top there is the US. Supreme Court, which is the highest appellate tribunal in the country and is a court of original jurisdiction according to the Constitution «in all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State Shall be a Party».

5. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions; they review cases that have been decided in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these courts are known as generalists.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What does «to appeal» mean?

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. This house is supposed to have been built about two hundred years ago.

2. He asked for the arm-chairs to be brought out into the garden.

3. Helen was the first to be praised.

1. Having heard your side of the question, I am more inclined to agree with you.

2. There are a lot of figures in his article illustrating the development of our industry.

3. The wind being favourable, our yacht will reach the island in no time.

1. If you give my dog a bone he will bury it at once.

2. What would you do if the lift got stuck between two floors?

3. If he had slipped he would have fallen 500 metres.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

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