Планы практических занятий по дисциплине
«Профессионально- ориентированный иностранный язык»
(обязательный компонент)
Модуля М-3 коммуникативный
для студентов 2 курса специальностей
5B 050506 «Экономика»
форма обучения- очная
на VI семестр 2013-2014 учебный год
Уральск – 2013г.
Составитель: Бисалиева Н.С.
Кафедра «Иностранные языки»
Машиностроительный факультет, 308, 309 кабинеты
Кол-во кредитов – 2
Практические зан. – 6 семестр - 30 часов
Обсужден на заседании кафедры «» 2013 г. Протокол № ________
Week I
Text: “Economics”
Grammar: Modal Verbs
Communicative practice: “Air travelling”
TEXT. Economics
Economics (from the Greek " household management ") is a social science that studies the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services.
Economics, which focuses on measurable variables, is broadly divided into two main branches: microeconomics, which deals with individual agents, such as households and businesses, and macroeconomics, which considers the economy as a whole, in which case it considers aggregate supply and demand for money, capital and commodities. Aspects receiving particular attention in economics are resource allocation, production, distribution, trade, and competition. Economic logic is increasingly applied to any problem that involves choice under scarcity or determining economic value. Mainstream economics focuses on how prices reflect supply and demand, and uses equations to predict consequences of decisions. The fundamental assumption underlying traditional economic theory is the utility-maximizing rule.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
| What is the definition of economics? |
| What are the two main branches of economics? |
| Which aspects receive particular attention in economics? |
| economics | - | экономика, народное хозяйство, экономическая наука, политическая экономия, хозяйственная жизнь |
| household | - | домашнее хозяйство, двор, дом (как предмет хозяйственных забот) |
| management | - | 1) управление, руководство, заведование; 2) администрация; 3) дирекция; 4) регулирование |
| distribution | - | 1) раздача, распределение; рассылка; 2) распределение, распространение (товаров между потребителями через розничные и оптовые торговые точки, торговых посредников и т. п.) |
| trade | - | 1) торговля; 2) занятие, ремесло; 3) промысел; 4) сделка |
| consumption | - | 1) потребление; затрата, издержки, расход; 2) сфера потребления |
| goods and services | - | товары и услуги |
| measurable variable | - | измеримая переменная |
| microeconomics | - | микроэкономика (анализирует взаимоотношения между отдельными хозяйственными единицами: потребителем, фирмой и т.д.) |
| macroeconomics | - | макроэкономика (область экономической науки, в отличие от микроэкономики, изучающая проблемы функционирования экономической системы, взятой в целом; исследуется формирование таких показателей как уровень занятости, ВВП, процентная ставка, общий уровень цен и т. д.) |
| as a whole | - | в целом |
| aggregate supply | - | совокупное предложение (предложение всех товаров и услуг, имеющихся на рынке в данное время) |
| supply and demand | - | предложение и спрос |
| commodity | - | товар, продукт (продукт труда, предназначенный для продажи) |
| resource allocation | - | распределение ресурсов |
| production[prq'dAkS(q)n] | - | производство, производственная деятельность, изготовление, выработка (процесс превращения сырья и материалов в готовые к потреблению изделия) |
| competition | - | конкуренция, соревнование, состязание |
| to apply | - | 1) обращаться (с просьбой); 2) подавать заявление; 3) применять(ся), использовать (to); 4) прилагать |
| to involve | 1) вовлекать, включать; 2) включать в себя | |
| scarcity | - | недостаток, нехватка, дефицит; недостаточное количество |
| to determine value | - | определять ценность, определять категорию стоимости |
| mainstream | - | основное направление, главная линия, господствующая тенденция |
| equation | - | уравнение, равенство |
| assumption | - | предположение, допущение |
| underlying | - | основной; лежащий в основе |
| economic theory | - | теория экономической деятельности (та часть экономической науки, которая объясняет принципы функционирования экономической системы, влияния на нее человеческого поведения и естественных процессов, происходящих в мировом сообществе) |
| utility-maximizing rule | - | правило максимизации полезности (для получения наибольшей полезности потребитель должен так распределить свой денежный доход, чтобы последний доллар, израсходованный на каждый товар или услугу, приносил предельную полезность) |
Can
The verb can has two forms: can for the Present Tens and could for the Past Tense; the expression to be able which has the same meaning can be used to supply the missing forms of the verb can.
“I can’t explain it,” said Therese. “I can’t explain anything I did today.”
(Heym)
He jumped as high as ever he could. (Galsworthy)
How weakened she was I had not been able to imagine until I saw her at the
railway station in Chinkiatig. (Buck)
Can expresses ability or capability, possibility, incredulity or doubt, astonishment.
1. Physical or mental ability.
Cousin Val can’t walk much, you know, but he can ride perfectly. He’s going
to show me the gallops. (Galsworthy)
I don’t know what Captain Loomis was doing there, but you can guess — it
was about Thorpe. (Heym)
In this meaning it can be used only with the Indefinite Infinitive.
2. Possibility.
(a) due to circumstances:
I could not go to the theatre yesterday because I was busy.
“ Can I have a cup of tea, Miss?” she asked. But the waitress went on doing
her hair. “Oh,” she sang, “we’re not open yet.” (Mansfield)
(Here the speaker does not ask the waitress’s permission to have a cup of tea
but she merely wants to know whether the place is open and whether she can
have a cup of tea.)
You can have the book when I have finished it.
“ Can I see him?” Yates asked, not very hopefully. “I’m sorry, no,” the voice
was hesitant. “We don’t want him disturbed.” (Heym)
Can I have my photo taken?
In the last three sentences can comes close to may expressing permission, but it does not so much indicate possibility depending upon the will of the person addressed (which is the essence of permission) as possibility depending on circumstances.
“Well, I’ll just wait a moment, if I may. ”“You can’t wait in the waiting-
room, Miss. I haven’t done it yet.” (Mansfield)
(b) due to the existing laws:
The more she studied, the less sure she became, till idly turning the pages, she
came to Scotland. People could be married there without any of this nonsense.
(Galsworthy)
Every Soviet citizen can get medical treatment free of charge. You cannot
play football in the street (i. e. you have no right).
Can expressing possibility is used with the Indefinite Infinitive only.
N o t e. — Could is often used in polite requests.
Could you give us a consultation tomorrow?
3. Incredulity, doubt, astonishment (they are closely connected).
In these meanings can is used with all the forms of the Infinitive in interrogative and negative sentences, though astonishment is expressed only in interrogative sentences.
No wonder her father had hidden that photograph... But could he hate Jon’s
mother and yet keep her photograph? (Galsworthy)
He удивительно, что ее отец спрятал эту фотографию... Но неужели он
мог ненавидеть мать Джона и все-таки хранить ее фотографию?
“That is not true!” exclaimed Linton, rising in agitation. “It cannot be; it is
incredible, it cannot be.” (E. Bronte)
«Это неправда, — воскликнул Линтон, вскакивая в волнении. — Не
может этого быть, это невероятно, не может этого быть».
Can she be waiting for us?
Может ли быть, что она нас ждет?
She cannot be waiting for us.
He может быть, чтобы она нас ждала. Неужели она нас ждет?
Can (could) she have said that?
Да неужели она это сказала?
There could not have been such relentless unforgiveness. (Galsworthy)
He может быть, чтобы человек мог так жестоко не прощать.
“Oh!” cried Fleur. “You could not have done it.” (Galsworthy)
«О, — вскричала Флер, — не может быть, чтобы вы это сделали».
Can she have been waiting for us all the time?
Может ли быть, что она нас все это время ждет?
She cannot have been waiting for us all the time.
He может быть, что она нас все это время ждет.
Confusion came on Jon’s spirit. How could she say such things, just as they
were going to part? (Galsworthy)
Джон был озадачен.. Как она может говорить так в тот момент, когда
они собираются расстаться?
What could she have seen in that fellow Bosinney to send her mad?
(Galsworthy)
Что же она нашла в этом Босини, чтобы так сходить с ума по нем?
B r e t t. They saw us. I hope they didn’t recognize us.
G e n e v r a. The car was going too fast. They couldn’t have seen us. (Gow
and D’Usseau)
In the last two examples we can easily replace could by can without any change of meaning.
Could with the Perfect Infinitive has almost the same meaning as can with the Perfect Infinitive, only the negation is not so categoric as with can.
If the action refers to the past, the Perfect Infinitive is mostly used. Other forms of the Infinitive are hardly ever used.
N o t e. — The Russian negative-interrogative sentences of the type
‘Неужели она не читала эту книгу?’ are rendered in English by complex
sentences:
Can it be that she has not read this book?
May
The verb may has two forms: may for the Present Tense and might for the Past Tense. The expressions to be allowed and to be permitted, which have the same meaning, can be used to supply the missing forms of the verb may.
“ May I come along?” asked Karen. (Heym)
Jolyor thought he might not have the chance of saying it after. (Galsworthy)
You are to stay in bed until you are allowed to get up. (Du Maurier)
May expresses permission, uncertainty, possibility, reproach.
1. Permission.
“ May I use your phone?” (Heym)
At any rate she murmured something to the effect that he might stay if he
wished. (Hardy)
As has been mentioned (see § 2), can also often expresses permission but of a different kind: e. g. You may take the book means that the speaker gives the permission; You can take the book means that there are no conditions that prevent the person from taking the book.
May expressing permission is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive. Here we must observe the difference in the expression of permission and prohibition.
Whereas the former is always expressed by may, the latter has other ways of expression besides may not. Very often the negative answer to the question containing a request for permission is don’t or must not.
May I read the letter?
No, don’t, please.
Don’t is less strict than may not, it is rather asking somebody not to do something than actually prohibiting something, which is expressed by may not.
Must not means that it is not the person who prohibits the action, but that there are facts, rules, or circumstances prohibiting it.
You must not smoke so much.
(For the difference between can and may in this meaning see § 2, 2.)
2. Uncertainty as to the fulfilment of an action, state or occurrence, supposition implying doubt.
“You may think you’re very old,” he said, “but you strike me as extremely
young.” (Galsworthy)
«Может быть, вы думаете, что вы очень старая, — сказал он, — но мне
вы кажетесь совсем молодой».
She was and remains a riddle to me. She may and she may not prove to be a
riddle to you. (Dreiser)
Она была и остается загадкой для меня. Может быть, она окажется
загадкой и для вас, а может быть, и нет.
Not which follows may expressing uncertainty is always strongly stressed.
As is seen from the above examples this meaning of may is rendered in Russian by может быть, возможно.
Sometimes when Mr. de Winter is away, and you feel lonely, you might like
to come up to these rooms and sit here. (Du Maurlier)
Иногда, когда мистер де Винтер уедет и вы почувствуете себя одинокой,
вам, может быть, захочется прийти посидеть в этих комнатах.
The last example shows that might denoting uncertainty has no temporal meaning, i. e. it does not express uncertainty referring to the past. Practically speaking there is hardly any difference between may and might in this meaning.
Sometimes might expresses greater reserve or uncertainty on the part of the speaker than may.
Might instead of may is often used because of the sequence of tenses.
That was like her — she had no foresight. Still — who knew? — she might
be right. (Galsworthy)
Это похоже на нее — она не умела смотреть вперед. Все же — кто знает?
— может быть, она и права.
Mrs. Page reflected that though Andrew looked hungry he might not be hard
to feed. (Cronin)
Миссис Пейдж подумала, что хотя у Эндрю голодный вид, его, может
быть, и не трудно будет прокормить.
May denoting uncertainty is used with all the forms of the infinitive.
A Forsyte might perhaps still be living in that house, to guard it jealously.
(Galsworthy)
It was then that his voice grew tired and his speech impeded. The knowledge
that he had entirely lost touch with his audience may have been the cause.
(Greene)
Именно тогда в голосе его послышалось утомление и речь его стала
прерывистой. Быть может, мысль, что он совершенно потерял контакт с
аудиторией, была этому причиной.
How long the silence lasted the Gadfly could not tell; it might have been an
instant, or an eternity. (Voynich)
For all I knew, she may have been waiting for hours.
When uncertainty is expressed the time of the action is indicated by the form of the infinitive and not by the form of the modal verb, as both may and might can refer to the present or to the past in accordance with the form of the infinitive. If the action refers to the past, the Perfect Infinitive is used.
3. Possibility due to circumstances.
May is used in this sense only in affirmative sentences. Can is also possible in this meaning.
In this museum you may see some interesting things.
You may see him every morning walking with his dog.
In this meaning it is generally used with the Indefinite Infinitive.
4. Reproach.
Only might is used in this meaning but not may.
You might lend me a razor. I was shaved this morning with a sort of bill-
hook. (Galsworthy)
When might is used with the Indefinite Infinitive it is rather a request made in the tone of a reproach, as the above example shows. When it is used with the Perfect Infinitive, it expresses reproach.
I realize now how you spent your days and why you were so forgetful. Tennis
lesson, my eye. You might have told me, you know. (Du Maurier)
Must
The verb must has only one form. The expressions to have to and to be obliged to, which have the same meaning, can be used to supply the missing tense forms of the verb must.
And now I must go back to my social duties. (Voynich)
I felt that I had to have the air. (De la Roche)
Baring, because of the type of work in which he was engaged, had been
obliged to forego making friends. (Wilson)
Must expresses obligation, necessity, an urgent command or prohibition, and a supposition bordering on assurance.
1. Obligation, necessity.
(a) due to circumstances (in this meaning it is equivalent to have to and is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences):
He must write. He must earn money. (London)
This education is indispensable for whatever career you select, and it must
not be slipshod or sketchy. (London)
The absence of necessity is expressed by need not:
Must I go there to-morrow?
Yes, you must.
No, you needn’t.
(b) arising out of the nature of man and consequently inevitable:
All experience tended to show that man must die. (Galsworthy)
2. A command, an urgent (emphatic) request or a prohibition. In this meaning it is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive.
You must leave the room at once!
You must come to see me every vacation. (Voynich)
You must not speak to a prisoner in a foreign language, madam. (Voynich)
3. Probability or supposition.
Supposition bordering on assurance, almost a conviction. In this meaning must is used with all the forms of the Infinitive in affirmative sentences only. It corresponds to the Russian должно быть. If the action refers to the present the Indefinite Infinitive is used; if the action refers to the past the Perfect Infinitive is used.
Surely, they don’t want me for myself. Then they must want me for
something else. (London)
Безусловно, я не нужен им сам по себе. Тогда я, должно быть, нужен им
для чего-то другого.
Oh, Мае, think how he must be suffering!Poor man! (Webster)
О, Мэй, подумай только, как он, должно быть, страдает (как он должен
страдать)! Бедняга!
What a comfort you must have been to your blessed mother. (Dickens)
Каким утешением ты, должно быть, была для твоей дорогой матушки.
Is she still waiting? She must have been waiting for an hour.
Она все ждет? Должно быть, она ждет уже целый час.
In negative sentences supposition is expressed by means of the modal word evidently.
Evidently, she did not know my address.
Supposition referring to the future cannot be expressed by must. The modal word probably or the modal expression to be likely are to be used instead.
She is not likely to come so late.
She will probably come to-morrow.
Exercise 1. Point out all the modal words and define their meaning.
1. Over the ridge she would find him. Surely she would find him. (Wells) 2. He had stopped their mouths, maybe, but at what a cost. (Galsworthy) 3. She's just engaged to him. Of course she is frightfully excited about it, and naturally he wants her to come away and marry. (Wells)
Exercise 2.
Insert the modal verb may (might) or the expression to be allowed to. Use to be allowed to only where may (might) can’t be used.
1.… I bring my sister to the party? 2. He asked if he … bring his sister to the party. 3. After they had finished their homework, the children …watch TV.4. He … join the sports section as soon as he is through with his medical examination. 5. Becky’s mother said that everybody … take part in the picnic. 6. He … go home if he likes. 7. As soon as the boy … leave the room, he smiled a happy smile and ran out to join his friends outside. 8. The doctor says I am much better. I … get up for a few hours every day.
Exercise 3.
Insert the modal verbs may or can.
1. I … finish the work tomorrow if no one bothers me any more. 2. … we come and see you next Sunday at three o’clock in the afternoon? 3. What time is it? – It … be about six o’clock, but I am not sure. 4. Only a person who knows the language very well … answer such a question. 5. … I come in? 6. Let me look at your exercises. I … be able to help you. 7. I … not swim, because until this year the doctor did not allow me to be more than two minutes in the water. But this year he says I … stay in for fifteen minutes if I like, so I am going to learn to swim. 8. Libraries are quite free, and any one who likes … get books there. 9. I … come and see you tomorrow if I have time. 10. Take your raincoat with you: it … rain today. 11. Do you think you … do that?