Nuclear safety (ядерная безопасность)
The achievement of proper operating conditions, prevention of accidents or mitigation of accident consequences, resulting in protection of workers, the public and the environment from undue radiation hazards.
---The IAEA is using its technical and scientific expertise to provide relevant information to network members to improve their nuclear safety and security infrastructure by introducing efficient and modern organizational changes [16].
--- The Office of Nuclear Safety establishes and maintains nuclear safety policy, requirements, and guidance including policy and requirements relating to hazard and accident analysis, facility design and operation, and Quality Assurance [23].
---DOE’s Office of Environment, Health, Safety and Security has lead responsibility for developing and maintaining DOE nuclear safety requirements [23].
Nuclear facility, nuclear power plant (ядерная установка)
A facility (including associated buildings and equipment) in which nuclear material is produced, processed, used, handled, stored or disposed of. This usage is specific to the revised Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities [1], for the purposes of the Convention, and should otherwise be avoided.
--- The economics of new nuclear power plants is a controversial subject, and multibillion-dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source [32].
---Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs, but low direct fuel costs, with the costs of fuel extraction, processing, use and spent fuel storage internalized costs [24].
--- On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a power grid started operations at the Soviet city of Obninsk [24].
Nuclear installation (ядерная установка)
A nuclear fuel fabrication plant, research reactor (including subcritical and critical assemblies), nuclear power plant, spent fuel storage facility, enrichment plant or reprocessing facility [3].
--- The application is in respect of a nuclear installation comprising two thermal neutron reactors, together with any machinery, equipment, appliance or storage facilities required for the operation thereof, being reactors fuelled with uranium dioxide enriched with isotope U235 moderated and cooled by water, and known as the Hinkley Point C power station. [38].
---Apart from certain exemptions, no site may be used for the purpose of installing or Operating a nuclear installation unless a licence has been granted by HSE and is in Force [17].
--- Nuclear installation does not include any such facilities that are part of a thermal power plant [17].
Nuclear fuel (ядерное топливо)
Fissionable nuclear material in the form of fabricated elements for loading into the reactor core of a civil nuclear power plant or research reactor.
---The nuclear fuel cycle uses uranium in different chemical and physical forms [18].
---Fresh nuclear fuel means new fuel or unirradiated fuel, including fuel fabricated from fissionable material recovered by reprocessing previously irradiated fuel [18].
---Mixed oxide, or MOX fuel, is a blend of plutonium and natural or depleted uranium which behaves similarly (though not identically) to the enriched uranium feed is one of type of nuclear fuel [33].
Nuclear material (ядерный материал)
Plutonium except that with isotopic concentration exceeding 80% in plutonium-238; uranium-233; uranium enriched in the isotope 235 or 233; uranium containing the mixture of isotopes as occurring in nature other than in the form of ore or ore residue; any material containing one or more of the foregoing [1].
---Special Nuclear Material consists of uranium-233 or uranium-235, enriched uranium, or plutonium [17].
---Conference sought to call upon all states that have not yet done so to accede to all relevant conventions that would strengthen nuclear safety and security, specifically on physical protection of nuclear material and facilities [32].
--- The amended Convention makes it legally binding for States Parties to protect nuclear facilities and material in peaceful domestic use, storage as well as transport [8].
Storage (хранение)
The holding of radioactive sources, spent fuel or radioactive waste in a facility that provides for its containment, with the intention of retrieval [4].
---In many cases, the only element of this definition that is important is the distinction between disposal (with no intent to retrieve) and storage (with intent to retrieve) [4].
--- Dry cask storage allows spent fuel that has already been cooled in the spent fuel pool for at least one year to be surrounded by inert gas inside a container called a cask [20].
---Interim storage of spent nuclear fuel typically consists moving fuel rods to cooling pools followed by transfer to casks for longterm storage [20].
Dry storage (сухое хранение)
Storage in a gaseous environment, such as air or an inert gas.
---Dry storage facilities include facilities for the storage of spent fuel in casks, silos or vaults [42].
--- Utilities began turning to dry storage to manage their spent fuel onsite [41].
--- Since the first casks were loaded in 1986, dry storage has released no radiation that affected the public or contaminated the environment [41].