Questions for Tests on Ecology and Sustainable Development




 

№ 1

$$1 Ecology is a science that studies: interaction between organisms and environment.

 

№ 2

$$1 The term “Ecology” was introduced by: E. Heckel.

 

№ 3

$$1 “Nature knows better” was proposed by: B. Commoner.

 

№ 4

$$1 The term “environment” means: outside the organism in which an organism lives and which affects it.

№ 5

$$1 Autecology– is ecology of…: individual organisms.

 

№ 6

$$1 Demecology – is ecology of..: populations.

 

№ 7

$$1 Synecology – is ecology of…: communities.

 

№ 8

$$1 Structure and functions of biosphere are studied by: global ecology

 

№ 9

$$1 The physical area in which an organism lives is its: habitat.

 

№ 10

$$1 The position of an organism defined by its role in a biological community: niche.

 

№ 11

$$1 Term “Ecosystem” was introduced by: A. Tansley.

 

№ 12

$$1 Ecosystem is: an ecological unit that includes biotic and abiotic factors.

 

№ 13

$$1 The community includes: all the populations in an area.

 

№ 14

$$1 Succession is a process where: a community changes over time.

 

№ 15

$$1 Find an abiotic factor in an ecosystem: sunlight.

 

№ 16

$$1 Find biotic factor in an ecosystem: pollination of flowers by insects.

 

 

№ 17

$$1 Land temperature and precipitation are chief determinants of …: the earth’s biome.

№ 18

$$1 “Organism growth is limited by the resource in the shortest supply”. This law is described by: J.Liebig.

 

№ 19

$$1 “Each environmental factor has limits of its positive influence on the organism”. This principle is described by: V. Shelford.

 

№ 20

$$1 The term “tolerance” means: limits of organism’s stability to effect of ecological factors.

 

№ 21

$$1 Ecological factor that limits viability of organisms is: critical.

 

№ 22

$$1 Eyrobionts are organisms with: a large range of tolerance to an ecological factor.

 

$$1 Stenobionts are organisms with: a narrow range of tolerance to an ecological factor.

 

№ 24

$$1 Xerophytes are organisms that: are adapted to drought and environmental water shortage.

 

№ 25

$$1 Find homeothermic organisms: mammals.

 

№ 26

$$1 Poikilothermic are organisms with: a body temperature depending on environment temperature.

 

№ 27

$$1 Species that are localized and may have just one population that inhabit only a small area are called: endemic.

 

№ 28

$$1 Population growth rate is: individuals number change in a population over specific period of time.

 

№ 29

$$1 Find the statistic characteristic of population: population number.

 

№ 30

$$1 Find the dynamic characteristics of population: population growth rate.

 

 

№ 31

$$1 The carrying capacity of a population does not include the statement: the population exhibits J-shaped growth curve.

№ 32

$$1 Population growth is exponential when: the birthrate reaches its biotic potential.

 

№ 33

$$1 The S-shaped curve is typical of a population that: is regulated by density-dependent factors.

 

№ 34

$$1 The industrial revolution, agricultural revolution and others helped to…: the rapid increase of human population.

 

№ 35

$$1 The population with rapid growth includes the following age groups: most of the population is pre-reproductive or reproductive.

 

№ 36

$$1The volcanic eruption is an example of: natural disaster.

 

№ 37

$$1 The area of the Earth occupied with living things is called: biosphere.

 

№ 38

$$1 The term “Biosphere” was introduced by: E. Zuess.

№ 39

$$1 The author of the study about biosphere is: V. Vernadsky.

 

№ 40

$$1 The term “Noosphere” was introduced by: Le Rois.

 

№ 41

$$1 Noosphere – is an evolutionary step of biosphere that: is transformed by conscious human activity.

 

№ 42

$$1 Environment that is changed by people is: “Second nature” or “Quasi-nature”.

№ 43

$$1 Anthropogenic sources of pollution are: automobile exhausts, mining and industrial activities, the combustion of fossil fuels, electric power plants and motor vehicles.

 

№ 44

$$1 Competition, predation, and symbiosis are types of: biotic relationships.

 

№ 45

$$1 Interspecific competition is relationship between: members of different species.

 

№ 46

$$1 Type of biotic relationship when one species benefits and other one has neither harm nor profit: commensalism.

 

№ 47

$$1 An interaction between two species in which species benefit each other is: mutualism.

 

№ 48

$$1 Two species, that occupy a very similar niche are likely to be: competitors.

 

№ 49

$$1 The major producers found in aquatic ecosystems are called: phytoplankton.

 

№ 50

$$1 The following is not correctly matched: heterotroph – autotroph, herbivore - autotroph (это например, нужно выбирать из вариантов)

 

№ 51

$$1 Define the right order of components in the trophic chain “tree – hare – fox”: producer – primary consumer – secondary consumer.

 

№ 52

$$1 Plants in an ecosystem play the following role: synthesize organic substances from inorganic compounds.

 

№ 53

$$1 Primary productivity is the energy contained in the trophic level of: producers.

 

№ 54

$$1 Nitrogen in the atmosphere is captured by…: nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

 

№ 55

$$1 Organisms that use ready food are called: heterotrophs.

 

№ 56

$$1 Find the heterotrophic organism: wolves.

 

№ 57

$$1 Find an autotrophic organism: plant.

 

№ 58

$$1 The wolf and the fox are on the same trophic level because both animals: eat herbivore organisms.

 

 

№ 59

$$1 Consumers, those eat producers are: herbivores.

 

№ 60

$$1 Consumers, such as wolves, that eat other consumers are: carnivores.

 

 

№ 61

$$1 Consumers, such as humans, that eat both producers and other consumers are called: omnivores.

 

№ 62

$$1 Amount of energy passing from one trophic level to the next one is: 10%.

 

№ 63

$$1 The main characteristic of biomass pyramids of freshwater or marine is to be: inverted.

№ 64

$$1 According to number’s pyramids, a quantity of organisms at a higher trophic level: decreases.

 

№ 65

$$1 Find the nonrenewable resources: fossil fuel, mineral, oil, gas. (это пример, выбирайте по вариантам)

 

№ 66

$$1 Find the renewable resources: water, plants, animals or natural chemical or physical processes (sunlight, wind). (это пример, выбирайте по вариантам)

 

№ 67

$$1 Organic garbage that is a subject to decay by microorganisms is called: biodegradable.

 

№ 68

$$1 Factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryo development are called: teratogens.

 

№ 69

$$1 Herbicides are chemicals that kill undesirable organisms such as: plants.

 

№ 70

$$1 Factors that damage genetic material of organisms are: mutagens.

 

№ 71

$$1 The global warming is primarily caused by: increasing the amount of greenhouse gases.

 

№ 72

$$1 Distribution of gas concentrations in the atmosphere in descending order is: nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, argon 1%, and carbon dioxide 0, 04%.

 

№ 73

$$1 Scientists predict the global average temperature will rise by 2025 and by 2100 to: 1% and 3% correspondingly.

 

№ 74

$$1 To reduce greenhouse effect it should be done: to use alternative sources of energy.

 

№ 75

$$1 Alternative sources of energy include: sun, wind, waves.

 

№ 76

$$1 The greenhouse gases are the following:water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ozone (N2), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs);

CO2, CFCs, CH4, NO, NO2, tropospheric ozone;

 

№ 77

$$1 The heights of troposphere and stratosphere above the Earth: 10-15 km; 15 – 55 km.

 

№ 78

$$1 To stop ozone layer depletion it should be done: recycle and replace freons.

 

№ 79

$$1 Loss of ozone has serious effects in people because ultra-violet radiation can cause: skin cancer and eyes damage.

 

№ 80

$$1 Chemical compounds cause acid rain: nitrogen and sulfur dioxide.

 

№ 81

$$1 Acid rain occurs as: mist, fog, sleet, snow, gas and dry dust particles.

 

№ 82

$$1 The pH of acid rain is: below 5.

 

№ 83

$$1 Acid rain is harmful because it can: dissolve nutrients and toxic metals.

 

№ 84

$$1 The primary reason of acid rain is: Burning of fossil fuel.

 

№ 85

$$1 The major component of photochemical smog is: tropospheric ozone (urban ozone or “bad ozone”) – secondary pollutant.

 

№ 86

$$1 The main physical reason of the photochemical smog is: the atmospheric temperature inversion.

 

№ 87

$$1 To prevent or reduce waste it should be done: to use recycled materials whenever possible.

 

№ 88

$$1 Biological magnification is the process of: increasing concentration of hazardous wastes through food chains.

 

№ 89

$$1 The primary cause of species extinction is: destruction of habitats.

 

№ 90

$$1 Industries contribute to habitat damage and destruction if they: pollute water.

 

 

№ 91

$$1 Land area of the Earth occupied by the forest is: about 25%.

 

№ 92

$$1 Land area of the Earth occupied by the rain forest is: about 5%.

 

№ 93

$$1 The world amount of fresh water is: 3%.

 

№ 94

$$1 The amount of the earth’s water supply available to land organisms is: less than 1%.

 

№ 95

$$1 The main reason of acid rain is: burning of fossil fuel.

 

№ 96

$$1 Eutrophication of water is accompanied with: intensive algae propagation.

 

№ 97

$$1 The main source of water pollution is: petrochemical industry.

 

№ 98

$$1 Industries can help to mitigate problems with water supply by: recycling water during industrial operations.

 

№ 99

$$1 The largest landscape zone of Kazakhstan is: desert.

 

№ 100

$$1 External cost is: harmful environmental or social cost borne by people not directly involved in buying or selling a product.

 

№ 101

$$1 Ecological footprint (of a country or each person) is: the average amount of productive land and ocean needed to supply with food, energy, water, housing, transportation, and waste disposal.

 

№ 102

$$1 The main reason of Aral Sea catastrophe is: careless use of water for irrigation.

 

№ 103

$$1 A special protected territory that is completely removed from an economical use is: zapovednik (Reserve or Refuge).

 

№ 104

$$1 The numbers of plants and animals species included in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan are: 404 and 309, respectively.

 

№ 105

$$1 Indicate the name of Kazakhstan’s “zapovednik” among the following list: Aksu Jabagly, West-Altai, Korgalzhyn, Markakolsky, Naurzymsky, Ustyurt;

 

№ 106

$$1 Indicate the name of Kazakhstan’s national park: Altyn Emel, Bayan-Aul, Burabay, Karkaraly, Katon-Karagay, Kokshetau, Sairam-Ugamsk, Buyratau, Charyn, Zhongar-Alatau, Ile-Alatau, Kolsay Lakes;

 

 

№ 107

$$1 Percentage of Kazakhstan’s soil that is undergone to desertification: about 70%.

 

№ 108

$$1 The main anthropogenic cause of desertification is: excessive livestock grazing.

 

№ 109

$$1 The natural reason of desertification is: wind and water erosion.

 

№ 110

$$1 Erosion is the loss of soil that results from: abiotic factors.

 

№ 111

$$1 The organic part of the soil that helps it to retain its moisture and nutrients is: humus.

 

№ 112

$$1 Term “Sustainable development” referred to ecology was first introduced at: Earth Declaration on environment and development, Rio de Janeiro, 1992.

 

№ 113

$$1 The primary body responsible for nature protection in Kazakhstan is: Ministry of Environment Protection.

 

№ 114

$$1 Sustainable use of natural resources means that they should be: ensured the durability of them for future generations.

 

№ 115

$$1 The basic nature protection law of Kazakhstan is: Ecological Code.

 

№ 116

$$1 The basic national current document about environment safety of Kazakhstan: Concept of Ecological Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2004-2015.

 

№ 117

$$1 The International basic document about ozone layer safety is: Montreal Protocol.

 

№ 118

$$1 The International basic document about greenhouse gases control is: Kyoto Protocol.

 

№ 119

$$1 The International Convention on control of persistent organic pollutants is: Stockholm convention.

 

№ 120

$$1 The International Convention about wildlife protection is: Convention on Biological Diversity.

№ 121

$$1The intraspecific competition is the: competition among members of the same species.

 

№ 122

$$1 A population that is growing exponentially in the absence of limiting factors can be illustrated by: J-shaped curve.

 

№ 123

$$1 T hree functional groups of an ecosystems are: producers, consumers, decomposers.

 

№ 124

$$1 Global biogeochemical cycles are: processes by which inorganic material move from the atmosphere.

 

№ 125

$$1 The range of conditions to which an organism is adapted is called its: range of tolerance.

 

№ 126

$$1 The … is all the members of a species that live in the same area and make up a breeding group: population.

 

№ 127

$$1 Herbivores and carnivores are on the: second, third trophic level.

 

№ 128

$$1 Polar, tundra, taiga, desert and etc. there are several kinds of: land biomes.

 

№ 129

$$1 The 2nd and the 3rd stages of demographic transition are characterized by: low death rate and high birth rate.

 

№ 130

$$1 Biologists recognize 2 general types of food chains. They are: grazer, decomposer.

 

№ 131

$$1 The law of minimum was discovered by the: J. Liebig.

 

№ 132

$$1 Growth rate = crude birth rate – crude death rate.

 

№ 133

$$1 … is the specific region in which an organism lives: habitat.

 

№ 134

$$1 Population growth rate is: individuals number change in a population over specific period of time.

№ 135

$$1 What is Synecology? The ecology of communities.

 

№ 136

$$1 All the members of the species that live in the same area and make up a breeding group it’s: population.

 

№ 137

$$1 Sustainable development means that: our generations’ economic development must not risk the ability of future generations to foster their own economic development.

 

№ 138

$$1 When term “biosphere” was proposed? 1875.

 

№ 139

$$1 …is an area of the earth where life exists: biosphere.

 

№ 140

$$1 Abiotic factors are: the nonliving components of an ecosystem.

 

№ 141

$$1 … are the organisms that are adapted to drought and environmental water shortage: xerophytes.

 

№ 142

$$1 Find out nonrenewable resource: fossil fuel, mineral, oil, gas. (это пример, выбирайте по вариантам)

 

№ 143

$$1 Organism with body temperature depending on environmental temperature it’s: poikilothermics.

 

№ 144

$$1 Difference between J-shaped and S-shaped curve: J-shaped curve – occurs indefinitely at an ever-increasing rate, S-shaped curve – occurs because of environmental resistance.

 

 

№ 145

$$1 Population Density is: a number of individuals per unit area.

 

№ 146

$$1 All the members of a species that live in the same area and make up a breeding group it’s: population.

 

№ 147

$$1 The subject of demography is: the factors that affect rates of birth, death on population.

 

№ 148

$$1 How many ecological groups has an ecosystem? 3.

 

№ 149

$$1 Two species cannot occupy the same niches for long according what rule? The competitive exclusion principle.

 

№ 150

$$1 Biome is: one of several immense terrestrial regions, each characterized throughout extent by similar plants, animals, climate, and soil type.

 

№ 151

$$1 Herbivore is anorganism that feeds exclusively on: plants.

 

№ 152

$$1 Position of organism in a food chain is called: trophic level.

 

№ 153

$$1 Term “biosphere” was produces by: E. Zuess (1875).

 

№ 154

$$1 From Greek “noos” means: consciousness.

 

№ 155

$$1 How many tons of carbon dioxide are added to the atmosphere each year? 7 Billion.

 

№ 156

$$1 Atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed by: infrared radiation escaping from the Earth’s surface and radiates it back to Earth, acting much like the glass in a greenhouse;

Plants, autotrophs;

 

№ 157

$$1 Poikilothermic are organisms with: a body temperature depending on environment temperature.

 

№ 158

$$1 If a body temperature of organism depends on environment temperature, it is called: poikilothermic organism.

 

№ 159

$$1 The area of the earth occupied with living things is called: biosphere.

№ 160

$$1 In the stratosphere ozone exists as a layer: from 15 to 55 km above the earth, where it forms an important barrier against harmful ultra-violet (UV) rays from the sun.

 

№ 161

$$1 …. exists as a layer 15 to 55 km above the earth, where it forms an important barrier against harmful ultra-violet (UV) rays from the sun: Stratospheric ozone.

 

№ 162

$$1 Organism, such a plant, producers its own food generally via photosynthesis is called: Autotroph (producer).

 

№163

$$1 The organisms with body temperature not depending on environment temperature is called: homeothermics.

 

№ 164

$$1 The two-part process in plants and algae involving the capture of sunlight and its conversion into cellular energy and amino acids from carbon dioxide, water and energy from sun is called: Photosynthesis.

 

№ 165

$$1 The chemical or physical factor that determines whether an organism can survive in a given ecosystem is: abiotic factor.

 

№ 166

$$1 Factors that affect populations regardless of population density is called: density-independent factors.

 

№ 167

$$1 Principle of tolerance limits was discovered by: V. Shelford.

 

№ 168

$$1 The biological balance between an organism and its environment is called: homeostasis.

 

№ 169

$$1 Ecological factors are divided into… groups: 3.

 

№ 170

$$1 Biotic factors are divided in … groups: 3.

 

№ 171

$$1… is a kind of relationship when one organism feeds directly upon another living organism (prey): predation.

 

№172

$$1 isa kind of relationship when one organism feeds on another living organism (host) or steal resources from it without killing it: parasitism.

 

№ 173

$$1 In some interactions, called…, one species benefits and the other apparently suffers no harm: commensalistic

 

№ 174

$$1 In … interactions both species benefit: mutualistic.

 

№ 175

$$1 Symbiosis is a type of … relationship between different species in close association with one another: nonantagonistic.

 

№176

$$1 … is the variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems: biological diversity.

 

№177

$$1 … is a kind of antagonistic relationship within a community. A struggle between two or more groups for a limited resource: competition.

 

№178

$$1 … (in general) is anything used by organisms to meet their needs: Resource.

 

№179

$$1Limiting factor is: a chemical or physical factor that determines whether an organism can survive in a given ecosystem.

 

№ 180

$$1 … is the age structure that is illustrated as a pyramid with the length of each tier showing the number of males (left side) and number of females (right side) in a particular age group of individuals: population pyramid.

 

№181

$$1 The term …. refers to the movement of people into country: immigration.

 

№182

$$1 The term … refers to the movement of people out of the country: emigration.

 

№183

$$1Crude Birth rate (Natality) is the number of births per? people in a population: 1000.

 

№184

$$1 Crude Birth rate (Natality) is: the number of births per 1000 people in a population.

 

№186

$$1…. Is the number of deaths per 1000 people: mortality.

 

№187

$$1Growth rate isequal 15\1000. This means that every: 15 people join the world population for every 1000 people in the population.

 

№188

$$1 … in a given population depends on the following: the birth rate: Birth rate.

  1. the age at which women and men get married
  2. their educational levels
  3. whether the woman works after marriage
  4. the number of children woman and her husband want
  5. their cultural values and religious beliefs.

 

№189

$$1… is the number of organisms the Earth can support: carrying capacity.

 

№190

$$1 …is determined by resource availability, including food supplies and the environment’s capacity to absorb and detoxify wastes: the carrying capacity of the Earth.

 

№191

$$1Doubling time = 70/growth rate (%).

 

№192

$$1 is the maximum reproductive rate of an organism, unlimited resources and ideal environmental conditions: Biotic potential (in natural environment).

 

№ 193

$$1…is an organism’s place in the ecosystem: where it lives, what it consumes, what consumes it, and how it interacts with all biotic and abiotic factors: the ecological niche.

 

 

№194

$$1 … begin with plants and algae: grazer food chains.

№195

$$1 … begin with dead material: decomposer food chains.

 

№196

$$1 Carbon cycle is the cycling of carbon between: organisms and the environment.

№197

$$1…is a specific nutrient and energy pathway in an ecosystem in which bacteria and fungi consume dead plants and animals as well as animal wastes: decomposer food chain.

 

№198

$$1 …are the processes by which inorganic materials move from the atmosphere or soil into living organisms and back again: global biogeochemical cycle.

 

 

№199

$$1 Two main processes in the oxygen-carbon cycle are: photosynthesis and metabolism.

 

№200

$$1Atmospheric carbon dioxide absorb by:: infrared radiation escaping from the Earth’s surface and radiates it back to Earth, acting much like the glass in a greenhouse.

 

№201

$$1 … are submitted only renewable by resources of substances, energy and information which are taking place under the control alive organisms: resources of ecosphere.

 

№202

$$1 … in which except for a part of resources of the ecosphere, seized by the man and pulled out from the biotic circulation, enter and nonrenewable resources extracted from depth: resources of technosphere.

 

№203

$$1 …is a strategy to reduce resource use by returning used or waste materials from the consumption phase to the production phase of the economy: recycling.

 

№204

$$1 … are the biotic and abiotic factors that tend to decrease population growth and help balance populations and ecosystems, offsetting growth factors: reduction factors.

 

№205

$$1Two environmental impacts of anthropogenic factor are: depletion problems, pollution problems.

 

№206

$$1 “Quasi-nature” is: an environment changed by human.

№207

$$1…cannot be self-regulated for a long time. It includes cultural landscapes, for example: gardens, parks, pasture etc: “ Quasi-nature” or “Second nature”.

 

№208

$$1 “Art-nature” is: environment created by people. It includes factories, plants, houses, cities

 

№209

$$1Find out the “art-nature”: смотреть по вариантам;

Art-nature is environment created by people. It includes factories, plants, houses, cities. (определение в помощь)

 

№210

$$1Air, water and soil pollutants are classified: by the medium they contaminated.

 

№211

$$1Solid and liquid waste obtained in processing and chemical industry, the waste of consumption, agricultural waste, chemical waste, emergency emissions, atmospheric emissions of poison substances are: The basic sources of ground pollution.

№212

$$1 are chemical wastes in factories and plants and releasing them into the air or water or storing them incorrectly: industrial sources of pollutions.

№213

$$1… of pollutions are chemicals called pesticides that are manufactured by farmers to control insects other pests: agricultural sources.

 

№214

$$1 …are chemicals that kill undesirable plants: herbicides.

 

№215

$$1…are chemicals that kill undesirable fungi: fungicides.

 

№216

$$1…are chemicals that kill undesirable insects: insecticides.

 

№217

$$1 …are chemicals (or radiation) that damage or alter genetic materials in cells: mutagens.

 

№218

$$1 …is substances that cause cancer: carcinogens.

 

Вопрос №219

$$1… is chemicals or the other factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic growth and development: teratogens.

 

№220

$$1 …of pollutions are household wastes (solid) and sewage (liquid): domestic sources.

 

№221

$$1To prevent sewage from flowing into rivers and lakes it is need to: develop sewage treatment facilities.

 

№222

$$1 Mechanism that explains atmospheric heating caused by increasing carbon dioxide is called: Greenhouse effect.

 

№223

$$1 ….is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of an ecosystem: Pollution.

 

№224

$$1 …are those are directly poisonous to humans and other life forms: toxic waste.

 

№225

$$1 …are those are capable of harming people and the environment (acidic resins, arsenic, heavy metals, organic solvents, pesticides and radioactive materials: hazardous waste.

 

№226

$$1 …are that result from some effect acting on primary pollutants (tropospheric ozone, acid rains, photochemical smog): secondary pollutant.

 

№227

$$1 …is any several naturally occurring or anthropogenic gas that heat escaping from the Earth’ surface, causing the atmosphere to heat up: Greenhouse gas.

 

№228

$$1 Pollution is: an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of an ecosystem.

 

 

№229

$$1Influence of human activities to global warming by the following: industry, agriculture, deforestation.

 

№230

$$1 When and where was adopted Frame convention on climate change: 1992, Rio de Janeiro.

 

№231

$$1 …is a state when water becomes so over-enriched with nutrients that organisms such as algae and phytoplankton multiply: Eutrophication.

 

№232

$$1…is an organism that eats both plants and animals: omnivore.

 

№233

$$1. Movement of people across state and national boundaries to set up new residence is called: migration.

№234

$$1Economic system that to meet human needs while protecting the life-support system of the biosphere is called: Sustainable economics.

 

№235

$$1… is a long-term process of change in organisms cause by random genetic changes that favor the survival and reproduction of the organism possessing the genetic change: Evolution.

 

№236

$$1 Call the Prevention measures of pollution from waste: Reuse, Replace, Recycle, Re-invent.

 

 

№237

$$1 …is a by-product of modern atmospheric pollution – secondary pollutant (pH is bellow 5): Acid Rain.

 

№238

$$1 …causes vision reduction and irritation of eyes, nose throat: Dry smog.

The main physical reaction is: the atmospheric temperature inversion.

 

№239

$$1 …at ground level, it is poisonous to life: Tropospheric ozone.

 

№240

$$1 is an international political agreement about ozone layer protection: Montreal Protocol (MP, 1987).

 



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