1. The line graph compares three products: A, B and C.
2. The x axis shows time over ten years while the y axis shows sales in number of units.
3. As you can see, product A is represented by the solid line.
4. The performance of product B is shown by the broken line.
5. And a dotted line has been used to show the results of Product C.
6. Clearly, A is the most successful product.
7. Sales of Product B have remained quite stable in recent years while sales of Product C have slightly/moderately declined.
8. On the contrary, product A has shown a steady increase/upswing.
UNIT 6
PRACTISING SKILLS
Text 1 (B2)
1. researchers
2. compared
3. prioritising
4. performance
5. have found
6. impairment
7. had reported
8. switching
9. greatest
10. best
11. was now researching
12. cognition
13. irrelevant
14. findings
Text 2
1. F
2. I
3. B
4. G
5. K
6. H
7. A
8. D
9. J
10. C
E is extra.
Text 3 (C1)
1. C
2. E
3. D
4. F
5. B
6. G
A is extra.
EFFECTIVE WRITING
Exercise 2 (B1/B2). Suggested answers
1 Despite big crowds, it is still possible to feel very lonely in a city.
2 Kelly loves her husband although he has some bad habits.
3 Even though he's 24 now, he still behaves like a little child.
4 Wagner was a Nazi supporter. Nevertheless, he is still an important figure in the history of music.
5 Despite the fact that there was almost no hope of finding the missing boy, the search party still went on the search.
6 She went to Spain regardless of the fact that her doctor had told her to rest at home.
7 He refused to help me, whereas I had always helped him whenever needed.
Exercise 3 (B2/C1). Suggested answers
1 Though I see your point, I still think you might be wrong.
2 While reorganization is a good idea, it would cause friction among employees.
3 Even though there were ten minutes left to the deadline, we refused to panic.
4 Much as we might like our project to meet with considerable success, it is still a long way off.
5 I spent hours on the Internet even though I knew I was wasting my time.
6 Despite his youth, he had significant achievements in biology.
7 Fines are a good way of punishing, whereas they are of no use if they cannot be paid.
UNIT 7
PRACTISING SKILLS
Text 1 (B2)
1. are particularly affected
2. development
3. distribution
4. is still influenced
5. doing
6. cooking
7. cleaning
8. caring
9. working
10. spends
11. jeopardize
12. the highest
13. percentage
14. less
15. the more
16. the less
17. additional
18. Fewer
19. greater
20. roughly
Text 2 (B2/C1)
1. F
2. C
3. I
4. G
5. A
6. E
7. J
8. B
9. H
D is extra.
Text 3 (B2/C1)
1. E
2. C
3. D
4. H
5. G
6. A
7. F
B is extra.
EFFECTIVE WRITING
Exercise 1. Suggested answers
1 Revision: Fearing for the loss of more Danish lands, Christian IV signed the Treaty of Lubeck, effectively ending the Danish phase of the 30 Years War.
Shortly after Danish forces withdrew, the Swedish intervention began.
2 Revision: Amy Tan became a famous author after her novel, The Joy Luck Club, skyrocketed up the bestseller list.
Though her fiction is well known, her work with the satirical garage band the Rock Bottom Remainders receives far less publicity.
UNIT 8
PRACTISING SKILLS
Text 1 (B2)
1. imbalance
2. is still dominated
3. were held
4. are accepted
5. broaden
6. enjoyed
7. would argue
8. could not have competed
9. being fluent
10. decisions
Text 2 (B2/C2)
1. K
2. B
3. G
4. J
5. C
6. H
7. I
8. F
9. A
10. E
D is extra.
Text 3 (B2/C1)
1. G
2. H
3. A
4. E
5. F
6. B
7. C
8. I
D is extra.
EFFECTIVE WRITING
Exercise 1
2 Suzie assumed that Billy adored her. (6 words)
3 Our website presents criteria for determining the best dentist. (9 words)
4 Working as a photo technician's apprentice was an educational experience. (10 words)
Exercise 2
1 Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood formed a new band in 1969, ironically naming it Blind Faith because speculation suggested that the group would rival the musicians’ previous popular bands, Cream and Traffic. (32 words)
2 A rolling stone gathers no moss. (6 words)
Exercise 3
1 Ludwig's three castlesare an astounding marriage of beauty and madness. (11 words)
2 The supposed 1947 crash of a UFO in Roswell, New Mexico aroused interest in extraterrestrial life. (16 words)
Exercise 4
- Employees at this company need a better money manager. (Original word count: 26. New word count: 10).
- In recent years, engineers at Sandia Labs have participated in the Search and Rescue operations. (Original word count: 24. New word count: 16).
- After reviewing the results of your research, and within the context of the study, we find evidence supporting significant changes in our operating procedures. (Original word count: 36. New word count: 25).
Exercise 5
1 The feline cell line W9 was used to evaluate cell growth in the presence of growth factor.
2 Cells were cultured for 48 hours in media modified with 78, 80, 90, and 110 ng/mL BMP.
3 At 48 hours, cells were harvested from the culture dish and counted using hemocytometer.
UNIT 9
PRACTISING SKILLS
Text 1.
1. –
2. the
3. –
4. –
5. a
6. a
7. the
8. the
9. –
10. –
11. a
12. a
13. the
14. a
15. a
16. –
17. –
18. –
19. a
20. a
21. an
22. a
23.
Text 2 (B2/C1)
1. G
2. B
3. F
4. C
5. A
6. H
7. D
8. J
9. I
E is extra.
Text 3 (B2/C1)
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. C
UNIT 10
PRACTISING SKILLS
Text 1 (B2)
1. the criteria
2. conducted
3. Respondents
4. the least
5. have called
6. seniority
7. fairer
8. judgements
9. a conclusion
10. determining
11. would have shrunk
12. representative
13. deciding
14. implementation
15. Regarding
16. especially
17. experienced
18. appraisal
19. progression
20. performance
Text 2 (B2/C1)
B
D
A
E
5. C
Text 3 (B2/C1)
1. F
2. G
3. D
4. H
5. C
6. E
7. I
8. B
A is extra.
UNIT 11
PRACTISING SKILLS
Text 1 (B2)
1. statesman
2. is rapidly becoming
3. geographic
4. have opened up
5. given
6. knowledgeable
7. fortunate
8. incomprehension
Text 2 (B2/C1)
- D
- E
- G
- B
- I
- C
- H
- A
F is extra.
Text 3 (B2/C1)
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. F
5. A
E is extra.
EFFECTIVE WRITING
Exercise 2
Here is the first draft of an essay. It was written in one sitting. Consider what elements need revising.