Usage
1) The to-infinitive and the gerund are used after certain verbs.
| The to-infinitive is used after certain verbs: | The gerundis used after certain verbs: |
| afford, agree, appear, ask, attempt, decide, encourage; expect, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, threaten, wait, want, wish etc. e.g. He offered to help us. | admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, prevent, postpone, quit, recall, report, resent, resist, risk, save, suggest, tolerate etc. e.g. We should avoid making mistakes. |
2) Both the to-infinitive and gerund can be used after certain verbs with no difference in meaning.
| advise, allow, begin, bother, can’t bear, continue, encourage, hate, intend, like, love, permit, prefer, propose, recommend, require, start etc. e.g. We started to do/ doing our summer work. |
3) Verbs taking to-infinitives or g erunds have a change in meaning.
| Verbs taking to-infinitives | Verbs takinggerunds |
| 1 forget: forget to do sth I’m sorry, I forgot to lock the car. | 1. forget: forget a past event We’ll never forget visiting Paris. |
| 2 remember: remember to do sth Remember to read the instructions. | 2. remember: recall a past event I don’t remember meeting Ali before. |
| 3 mean: intend to He means to move to New York. | 3. mean: imply Love means sharing. |
| 4 try: do one’s best; attempt She tried hard to cope with her job. | 4 try: do sth as an experiment Try adding more sauce to your pasta. |
| 5 stop: pause temporarily He stopped to buy a gift on his way. | 5 stop: finish; cease Stop talking to each other, please! |
| 6 regret: be sorry to do sth I regret to tell you that you’ve failed. | 6 regret: feel sorry for what we’ve done I regret telling lies. |
| 7be sorry: feel sad I’m sorry to hear the bad news. | 7 be sorry for: apologize I’m sorry for being late. |
| 8 hate: dislike what one is about to do I hate to interrupt, but I must do so. | 8 hate: feel sorry for what one is doing I hate making you feel uncomfortable. |
| 9 be afraid: too frightened to do sth I’m afraid to walk over that bridge. | 9 be afraid of: afraid that sth may happen She is afraid of being too fat. |
| 10. would prefer/love/like: specific preference I’ d prefer/like to see the manager. | 10. prefer/love/like: in general I prefer/love watching TV. |
| 11 want/need: wish/ have to I want/need to find a better job. | 11 want/ need: sth needs to be done Your dress wants/needs cleaning. |
| 12 go: action He went to see his sick grandparents. | 12 go: for activities We often go shopping/ hiking. |
| 13 go on: finish doing sth and start to do sth After sleeping, she went on to study. | 13 go on: continue She goes on doing exercise. |
The Participle
Причастие
The participle is a verbal that functions as an adjective.
There are two kinds of participles: Present Participle (also called Participle I) and Past Participle (also called Participle II).
Form
| Form | Examples | |
| Present Participle | verb+-ing | The film was exciting. (Фильм был захватывающим.) The burning candle was mine. (Горящая свеча была моя.) |
| Past Participle | verb+-ed/ or an irregular ending | The students were excited. (Студенты были взволнованы.) The burnt candle was mine. (Сгоревшая свеча была моя.) |
Usage
| Present Participle is used | Examples |
| 1as an adjective | The boiling water on the stove is hot. |
| 2 in Progressive Tense forms with the verb to be (am, is, are, was, were, been) as an auxiliary verb | The water is boiling on the stove. |
| Past Participle is used | Examples |
| 1as an adjective | The cracked windows have been fixed. The broken window was expensive to repair. The lost coin was never found. |
| 2 in the Passive Voice with the verb to be (am, is, are, was, were, been) as an auxiliary verb | The windows were cracked by vandals. The window was broken on Thursday. The coin was lost many years ago. |
The Present Participle or the Gerund?
Usage
The Present Participle looks exactly the same as the gerund, and for this reason it is now common to call both forms ‘the -ing form’. However it is useful to understand the difference between the two. The participle is a verbal adjective and always modifies some noun or pronoun. The gerund is a verbal noun and connects with a noun or pronoun only by the use of a preposition or the possessive case.
We saw a man smoking nervously in the yard.
Smoking is forbidden here.
Do you mind my smoking here?
The Present Participle or the Past Participle?
Usage
(1) The Present Participle tells what sb or sth is and is active in meaning.
the exciting speech ( волнующая речь)
(2) The Past Participle tells how sb feels and is passive in meaning
the excited public ( взволнованная публика)
CONNECTORS
Союзы
Sentence Connectors are words used to express relationships between ideas and combine sentences.
When we begin learning a language, we speak in very basic sentences, a bit like children.
London is a very exciting city. London is very expensive.
As we learn more words and more complex sentence structure, we are able to start using sentence connectors to make more sophisticated sentences.
London is a very exciting city; nevertheless it is also very expensive.
or
Despite the fact that London is very expensive, it is also very exciting.
There are various types of connectors. We can divide them into 4 categories: