Example: (1) removed from office
Under the US Constitution a sitting President may be (1) смещён с должности before his term (2) истекает only by animpeachment process that begins in the House of (3) представителей. The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeachment. If the House drafts a (4) обвинение в порядке импичмента, which must be (5) одобрен by a (6) большинством of its membership, a (7) судебный процесс in the Senate, with the Chief Justice of the United States acting as the (8) судья and the Senators as the (9) присяжные, follows. Of the impeachments that reached the Senate only three involved Presidents. They were Andrew Johnson (1868), Richard Nixon (1974), and Bill Clinton (1998). However, President Nixon (10) ушел в отставку before a trial could take place. The two others were (11) судимы and (12) оправданы.
| ‘bill of impeachment’ removed from office Representatives | expires tried jury | judge acquitted trial | resigned approved majority |
READING COMPREHENSION
a) Read the text ‘The Federal Courts and Congress’.
The Federal Courts and Congress
The federal judiciary is a totally separate, self-governing branch of the government. The framers of the Constitution believed that an independent judiciary was essential to ensure fairness and equal justice to all citizens of the United States. The Constitution promotes judicial independence in two principal ways. First, federal judges appointed under Article III of the Constitution can serve for life, and they can be removed from office only through impeachment proceedings by Congress. Second, the Constitution provides that the compensation of federal judges “shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office”, which means that neither the President nor Congress can reduce the salaries of most federal judges. These two protections help an independent judiciary to decide cases free from popular passion and political influence.
Although all three branches of the United States federal government are separate and independent of one another, the system of checks and balances provides that each branch has a way of limiting and counteracting any wrong actions of another branch.
Congress has three basic responsibilities under Article I of the Constitution that determine how the federal courts will operate. First, it authorizes the creation of all federal courts below the Supreme Court, defines the jurisdiction of the courts, and decides how many judges there should be for each court. Second, the Senate approves or disapproves the President’s judicial appointees for federal judges. Third, Congress approves the federal courts’ budget and appropriates money for the judiciary to operate.
On the other hand, the courts themselves do not make laws. That is the responsibility of Congress. But the judicial branch has the authority to interpret and decide the constitutionality of federal laws and to resolve other disputes over federal laws.
The federal courts often are called the guardians of the Constitution because their rulings protect the rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution. Through fair and impartial judgments, they determine facts and interpret the law to resolve legal disputes.
B) To show that you understand the main points of the text, answer the following questions in writing. Give as laconic answers as possible.
1) Why did the framers of the Constitution provide for an independent judiciary?
2) In what ways does the Constitution of the United States promote judicial independence?
3) What does the Constitution provide in order to limit any wrong actions of each branch of government?
4) What are the responsibilities of Congress that determine how the federal courts will operate?
5) How can the courts influence the law-making in the United States?
6) Why are the federal courts referred to as the guardians of the Constitution?
C) Translate the marked passage of the text into Russian in writing.
TEST 6
(Variant 2)
To complete this Test refer to GRAMMAR REFERENCE for revision.
GRAMMAR
Verbals
1. For each of the following sentences, decide if the word in bold is a bare infinitive ( B ), an infinitive ( I ), a gerund ( G ), a present participle ( Pr. p ), or a past participle ( P. p ).
Example: 1(B)
1) My mother let me go to the party. (…)
2) Penny wants to learn Japanese. (…)
3) Do you enjoy going to the beach in the summer? (…)
4) The doctor is saving the injured baby. (…)
5) A broken heart will mend over time. (…)
6) Happiness is having a large, loving, caring, close-knit family. (…)
2. Choose the correct option in each sentence.
Example: 1) to replace
1. You need … the damaged parts of your car. (replace, to replace, replacing, replaced)
2. If you don’t stop …, you’ll kill yourself. (diet, to diet, dieting, dieted)
3. The boy … a red T-shirt is my neighbor. (wear, to wear, wearing, worn)
4. The cup … with orange juice is yours. (fill, to fill, filling, filled)
5. She is incapable of … good decisions. (make, to make, making, made)
6. I can’t wait … her again. (see, to see, seeing, seen)
7. … essays is a good way to improve one's English. (write, to write, writing, written)
8 They made him … his guilt. (admit, to admit, admitting, admitted)
9. He was made … his guilt. (admit, to admit, admitting, admitted)
10. Could you … up the room? (clean, to clean, cleaning, cleaned)
11. Do/Would you mind … up the room? (clean, to clean, cleaning, cleaned)
3. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Example: 1) singing
1. I think you should give up … because you have a very poor voice. (sing)
2. He isn’t strong enough … in the basketball team. (be)
3. … is good exercise. (walk)
4. It is getting dark. We had better … now. (go)
5. Most of Hong Kong people don’t like … meat. (freeze)
6. It is no use … Mike for help. He is selfish. (ask)
7. I suggested … a walk in the garden. (take)
4. Put the verbs in brackets in the Gerund or the to-Infinitive.
Example: 1) trespassing
1) I have always detested (trespass).
2) He will encourage the children (tell) the truth.
3) I expect you (come) on time.
4) Do you fancy (wait) for him here?
5) I’m afraid you will admit (fail) everything.
6) I fully appreciate your (warn) us.
7) They begged (give) them some more time.
8) You will have food enough (feed) everyone.
9) As soon as you finish (write) this letter, we will go.
10) Do you feel like (argue) all evening?
11) Can you imagine (have) a three-week-long holiday?
12) Don’t forget (feed) the cat again!
5. Point out the Present Participles (P) and Gerunds (G) in the following sentences.
Example: 1) loosing (P)
1) We are fighting a losing battle.
2) Coming events cast their shadow.
3) If you get stopped for a traffic violation, you should avoid arguing with the police officer.
4) The motorcyclist was fatally injured in the accident and is now fighting for his life.
5) The difference between an injury accident and a fatal one can simply be wearing a seatbelt.
6) We are confident of winning the election.
6. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct participle and translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
1) The US Supreme Court consists of 9 justices appointing/appointed by the President and approving/approved by the Senate.
2) The state and local courts establishing/established in each state under the authority of the state government, handle both civil and criminal cases.
3) The United States Supreme Court may, under special circumstances involving/involved federal questions, review a state court decision.
4) The US Courts of Appeals have between three to fifteen judges, depending upon the number of cases handling/handled in the region.
5) Outside the three layer federal system and in addition to it, Congress has established tribunals specializing/specialized in particular cases.
Connectors
1. Choose the connecting word that completes each sentence meaningfully.
Example: 1c
1. … working hard, he doesn’t earn much.
a) Besides
d) Although
c) In spite of
2. Let me know … you finish typing these reports.
a) until
b) as soon as
c) no sooner that
3. … he’s got good qualifications, he can’t get a job.
a) However
b) Although
c) In spite of
4. Cars enable you to reach any particular place you want. …, a car may present parking problems in a city.
a) However
b) Despite
c) Although
5. Man also travelled for days on foot or on the back of animals … horses or mules.
a) such as
b) like as
c) for example
6. Living in a big city offers good job opportunities. …, it provides good educational opportunities.
a) Instead
b) Moreover
c) As a result
7. … studying the grammar of a language, you should find opportunities to practice it with native speakers if you want to be fluent.
a) As well as
b) Furthermore
c) In addition
8. … being a good nurse, she’s also a mother of three children.
a) Furthermore
b) Besides
c) Too
9. … the rain had poured for three days without a rest, there were floods in the area.
a) As
b) Because of
c) Owing to
10. He must be rich, … he spends a lot of money on gifts for his girlfriend.
a) for
b) as if
c) even though
2. Combine the following sentences into one sentence using paired conjunctions: both … and; not only … but also; either … or; neither … nor.
Example: 1) The speaker will neither confirm nor deny the story.
1) The speaker will not confirm the story. The speaker will not deny the story.
2) Pneumonia is a dangerous disease. Small pox is a dangerous disease.
3) Fred loves traveling. Jane wants to go around the world.
4) Playing tennis is good for your heart. Jogging is good for your heart.
5) You can take my final offer. You can leave it.
6) English is spoken in Wales. Welsh is spoken in Wales.
7) He is a professional footballer. Besides, he’s a successful businessman.
8) He is not intelligent. He is not brave.
3. Match the sentence halves to make a complete sentence.
Example: 1c
| 1 In the end he had to chose 2 Sometimes it is 3 I would love to take 4 When attending a yoga class 5 Fans of sumo wrestling can be found not only in Japan 6 Regular aerobic exercise makes not only your heart 7 Aerobic exercise is any exercise that both uses large muscle groups | a) but also your lungs function more efficiently. b) not only wise to listen to your parents but also interesting. c) either his career or his hobby. d) both my laptop and my cell phone on holiday. e) and lasts for a long time. f) you need neither your cigarettes nor your cell phone. g) but also around the world. |
4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form.
Example: 1) live
1) Both Tom and Peter … in a suburb of Chicago. (live, lives)
2) Either her or they … going to take care of the problem. (is, are).
3) Neither my aunts nor my grandmother … to come to the celebration. (want, wants)
4) Both my father and my brother … to finish the project. (intend, intends)
5) Neither Sally nor the other children … in the story. (believe, believes)
VOCABULARY