Words and phrases to organize points chronologically (to introduce a series of reasons, ideas, remarks, etc)
to start/begin with; for one thing - прежде всего; начать с того, что; для начала;
first and foremost - в первую очередь;
first(ly)/first of all; second(ly); third(ly);
in the first/second/third place;
for another thing - кроме того; во вторых;
the main thing is that...; another thing is that...;
the main reason (why...) is that...; another reason (why...) is that...;
last but not least - последнее, но не менее важное;
lastly/last of all/finally - наконец; в заключение;
Note: firstly, secondly... is more formal than first, second...
Eg: The aim of the test was first and foremost to give confidence to the students.
Eg: There are several reasons why students may prefer to live in dorms: first(ly), it is cheaper to live in a dorm than to rent an apartment, second(ly), students do not have to spend much time to get to school because dorms are usually located on campus, and lastly/last of all/finally/last but not least, students may have a more active social life.
Eg: There are two main reasons why these countries should not involve themselves with nuclear energy at the present time. In the first place/For one thing, they have ample supplies of both oil and hydroelectric energy from which to generate electricity. Secondly/For another thing,...
Words and phrases to indicate the addition of a new point or introduce a related topic
in addition - в дополнение;
what is more/more than that/furthermore (formal)/moreover (more formal) - более того; кроме того;
by the same token - лишним доказательством этого является то, что; по той же причине;
above all/on top of that - в довершение всего;
as well as - так же (как); не только..., но; в дополнение; помимо;
alongside/in parallel with... - наряду с...;
besides/apart from... - кроме, помимо...;
besides - к тому же (particularly when adding a negative idea);
similarly/equally/likewise - подобным образом;
a word must be said about... - следует сказать/упомянуть о...;
it is important to note that... - важно заметить/обратить внимание на то, что...;
especially as/the more so, as... - тем более, что...
Eg: In addition to (having) a BA degree in Psychology, he also has an MBA. (MBA - Master of Business Administration)
Eg: (from a letter of recommendation)... In addition, her education in Speech Communication and work as a teacher has provided a great deal of public speaking and presentation experience. What is more/On top of that, she is particularly good in a fast-paced environment with challenges and with co-workers as enthusiastic as herself.
Eg: The main reason why an international effort is needed to preserve the world's energy resources is that individual nations, like people, will act according to their short-term motives and self-interest. Another reason is that this appears to be a problem international in nature which is difficult to solve independently and thus requires global cooperation. By the same token, efforts of individual nations to solve other international problems, for example, drug trafficking, have proven largely futile, because efforts have not been internationally based.
Eg: Alongside his many other responsibilities, he now has to be in charge of staff training.
Eg: Although I feel that life might be less interesting if we knew everything that would happen in the future, there are certain details about my own life which I am nearly dying of curiosity to find out.... Apart from/ Besides my personal life, I would be very interested to know what the world will be like in the next century, and in the next millenium.
Eg: Now it is generally believed that professional sport affects health in a negative way. Besides, violence, greed, and corruption are clearly the antitheses of the athletic ideal.
Eg: It is important to note that professional athletes often finish their careers not because they are of retirement age, but because they are physically damaged. Eg: Physical labor can exhaust the body very quickly. Similarly/Equally/Likewise, excessive study can rapidly reduce mental powers.
Eg: Many parents believe that children should help with chores around the house at an early age, while others disagree. Before I tackle this question, a word must be said about parenting strategies.
Eg: as well as
- He was a real scholar as well as a great composer. (= He is not only a great composer, but also a real scholar.)
- He is intelligent as well as good-looking. (= He is not only good-looking, but also intelligent.)
- She composes music as well as plays the piano. (= She not only plays the piano but also composes music.)
Note: In BrE, when they put a verb after as well as, they most often use the -ing form. (см. Swan M. Practical English Usage, Oxford, 1997)
Eg: -She sings as well as playing the piano.
- As well as doing well on the exams, she wrote a very good term paper.