Глагол в повелительном наклонении заменяется инфинитивом.
She said: “Be in time, please” – She asked me to be in time.
The doctor said: “Don’t take these pills!” – The doctor told me not to take those pills.
1. Translate into Russian:
1. My friend said that he had finished his scientific research the day before. 2. The teacher asked us when Byron was born. We said that Byron was born on January 22, 1788. 3. They said that they were going to take their exam in history the next week. 4. I was asked if I knew about our meeting. I said that I should be there at 5 o’clock. 5. His sister told me that she would study medicine at the Institute. 6. The students said that the story for home reading was very interesting. They also said that they liked detective stories. 7. He said that he had worked in the Far East two years before. 8. We were told that we could go in for different sports at our University. 9. They asked when the conference would take place. 10. She said that she would speak to them if she saw them the next day. 11. He asked me when I was leaving for Astana. 12. They told us to take part in the sport competition on Saturday. 13. We didn’t know if our friend was married. 14. The students said that they would study many new subjects the next year.
2. Choose the right word:
1. He asked me if I had visited my friends (yesterday, the day before). 2. They said the scientific conference would take place (the next day, tomorrow). 3. I was asked when I was going to return (here, there). 4. I am sure that (this, that) is well-known all over the world. 5. She said she would take part in scientific work (next year, the next year). 6. They knew their friends were going to Almaty (now, then). 7. He said he had been to the city Smolensk a year (ago, before). 8. We are told that we shall take our English exam (next year, the next year). 9. He said that the lecture in History of Kazakhstan would take place (today, that day). 10. She said that we could find the articles in (these, those) journals. 11. They didn’t know if they would watch the football match (tomorrow, the next day).
3. Use the required tense-aspect forms in the following sentences, observing the rules of the Sequence of Tenses where necessary:
1. When I went into the office next morning I already (to formulate) my plan.
2. Well, I don’t think I ever (to see) you before. 3. She ended by saying that she (to think) she (to make) a mistake. 4. He knew what (to go on) in their minds. 5. So I went into the living room where my aunt already (to wait) for me. 6. She telephoned her husband to the office to say that her brother (to return) from abroad). 7. An old friend rang up to ask how Elizabeth (to feel) and whether she (can) go with his wife to the concert on Sunday morning. 8. Most of the trees already (to put) out their leaves and there were buds everywhere. 9. He remembered that he (not to see) Lily for three weeks. 10. She hadn’t yet figured out what she (to be) going to do and she (to hope) she (to be able) to wait a little. 11. Everybody thought that they (to live) in happiness for nearly thirty years. 12. She didn’t know why she (to invent) suddenly the story.
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4. Explain how the rules of the Sequence of Tenses work in these clauses. Translate the sentences:
1. She called my mother to say that they had just got a telegram from Boston announcing that Henry’s brother had been married in Germany. 2. I knew she was going to tell me what had happened. 3. He knew that his mother would think he was seriously ill and would probably speak to the teacher. 4. He wanted to return to his house to see how Billy was doing and tell him that he would go to California in two or three days. 5. Rudy decided that he would have to tell Bogart that it was impossible for him to appear before the board the next day, but that he would offer to do so any other day.
5. Give your reasons as to why the rules of the Sequence of Tenses are not observed in the following sentences:
1. She says she is free tomorrow. 2. He spoke with the satisfaction of a competent workman who knows his job from A to Z. 3. The teacher told the children that water boils at 100˚ C. 4. Galileo proved that the Earth moves round the Sun. 5. The speaker said that all the peoples want peace. 6. Monty told me that he had no permit for the gun, and that in England it is illegal to own a gun without a permit. 7. We knew that he plays tennis well. 8. Billy folded his arms and leaned back. 9. “I told you I don’t like milk “.
6. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
1. Она сказала, что была очень занята и давно не была в театре. 2. Я был уверен, что он сказал вам, что получил от нее письмо. 3. Я был удивлен, что вы не сказали им, что собираетесь ехать в Дувр. 4. Я думал, что вы прочитаете в газете, что делегация уже прибыла в Москву. 5. Он обещал, что скажет вам, что я уже вернулся и хочу видеть вас. 6. Она боялась, что вы скажете, что не можете помочь ей. 7. Я знал, что он чувствует, что я недоволен результатами его опытов. 8. Я был уверен, что он уже знает, что мы вернулись с юга. 9. Он сказал, что пошлет телеграмму, если не получит известий от брата. 10. Роберт сказал, что его жена все еще в больнице, и он собирается навестить её вечером. 11. Наш гид сказал, что автобус только что пришел и отправится в Глазго через час. 12. Учительница сказала, что мы должны повторить все правила, если хотим сдать экзамен хорошо. 13. Она думала, что завтра будет хорошая погода. 14. Мы слышали, что вы свободны, решили, что сможете помочь нам.
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7. Change from Direct into Indirect Speech:
1. He said, “Bernard Shaw was given the Nobel Prize for literature in 1925”. 2. “When will the Music Festival take place in Edinburg?” she asked. 3. He said, “I shan’t be able to attend the meeting tomorrow”. 4. “Are you going to visit your parents on Sunday” they asked me. 5. My friend said to me: “Please wait for me a little”. 6. “How long did you do your homework?” the teacher asked us. 7. My friend said to me, “I know that you are going to take part in our scientific conference” 8. She said, “I have already met this man”. 9. “Can you help me to translate this article?” my brother asked me. 10. The students said, “We have passed our exam in History”. 11. “Were you born in Moscow?” he asked me. 12. The teacher said to us: “Please bring your dictionaries for the next lesson”. 13. She said: “I didn’t watch TV yesterday”. 14. He said to us: “Don’t tell anybody about it.” 15. “What foreign languages did you study at your school?” she asked me. 16. The father said: “I haven’t read today’s newspaper yet.”
8. Make the following sentences indirect:
1. He said,
“The students need more practice in speaking”.
“These exercises are too difficult for me”.
“I don’t feel well today”.
“Nobody can do this work as well as my friend”.
“I’ll come back in a few minutes”.
“I have already seen this film”.
2. She asked me,
“Where does your sister live?”
“How old are you?”
“What time is it?”
“Where are you going?”
“How long have you studied English?”
“Do you like to study at this University?”
3. I didn’t know,
“Where does she work?”
“Where did your brother go?”
“Does he know history well?”
“What is her husband’s name?’
“When will he visit his friends?”
4. I said to him,
“Wait for me outside”.
“Come back in an hour”.
‘Don’t tell anybody about it”.
“Go to the cinema at once”.
“Bring me the textbook in economy”.
9. Change the following sentences into Direct Speech:
1. My sister said that she hadn’t got a watch. 2. The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work. 3. I told him that I hadn’t seen his brother for a long time. 4. I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the University. 5. She told the grocer that she didn’t want any sugar. 6. We told the teacher that we didn’t understand his question. 7. I told the taxi driver that he was driving too fast. 8. She said that her children were playing in the garden. 9. The teacher said that the students would read the text the next day.10. She asked me to buy some bread on my way home. 11. Mike asked me if I had read “Robinson Crusoe” by Daniel Defoe. 12. I asked Mike what he had seen at the exhibition. 13. The mother asked Marat not to go there alone. 14. Jack said that he often went to see Bob.
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10. Find the mistake and correct it:
1. I wonder what does he do all day long. 2. She asked them what colour were they going to print the living-room. 3. The customs officer asked Dan if he has got anything to declare. 4. They said the lecture was to begin in the afternoon. 5. I’d like to know where are they. 6. Could you tell me why you look so upset? 7. I was sorry I couldn’t met her after classes. 8. I don’t know why they had not kept their promise to take us with them. 9. Why didn’t you say that we must translate the whole article? 10. We were told that our parents will be coming back on Saturday. 11. He said he thought it is rather silly idea and he was not going to take part in it. 12. Do you know if Jane has received a letter from her American pen-pal? 13. Do you know that they had been left for London? 14. He asked whether I would go there next year.15. Can you tell me is there a café near here?
11. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Интересно, в какой гостинице они остановились? – Я полагаю, что они остановились в «Гранд-Отеле». В прошлый раз они тоже останавливались там. 2. Директор нашего офиса попросил меня позвонить в ресторан «Прага» и заказать два столика на завтра. 3. Он спросил меня, есть ли лифт в том новом здании. 4. Интересно, какая завтра будет погода. 5. Мой друг спросил, когда я смогу навестить его снова. 6. Представитель фирмы сообщил нам новый адрес их лондонской конторы. 7. Я не знаю, кто он по национальности, но он очень хорошо говорит по-английски. 8. Интересно, сколько рейсов совершают самолеты в Астану ежедневно? – Одну минутку. Я сейчас проверю это. 9. – У вас с собой ключ от нашего офиса? – Нет. Я брал его вчера, но вернул. 10. Администратор гостиницы сказал, что он может предложить мне очень хороший номер на одного человека на 5-м этаже. 11. Они спросили меня, когда начинается мой рабочий день. 12. Он спросил, какую музыку любят мои друзья. 13. Мы спросили его, кто из его друзей знает два иностранных языка. 14. Журналисты спросили писателя, над какой книгой он работает. 15.Она спросила меня, где я был вчера. 16. Они спросили моего друга, как он провел летние каникулы. 17. Я спросила у неё, где она купила пальто. 18. Я спросила у него, какие еще французские книги он прочитал за последнее время. 19. Друзья спросили его, куда он ездил в прошлое воскресенье. 20. Родители спросили нас, что мы собираемся делать летом.
The Subjunctive Mood
Conditional Sentences
I type
| Condition | Subordinate Clause | Principle Clause |
| Real | If it looks like rain, If I have more time, If he is working on Friday, | we’ll stay at home. I’ll go for a walk. he won’t be able to go with us. |
Предложения нереального условия (II type), относящиеся к настоящему или будущему, строятся по следующей формуле:
| Unreal If smb. were / did smth., smb. would / should dosmth. |
| If Iwere not busy now, we should go for a walk. | Если бы я не был сейчас занят, мы пошли бы погулять |
| If you went to London with us, you would see a lot of places of interest there. | Если бы ты поехал с нами в Лондон, ты бы увидел там много интересных мест. |
Предложения нереального условия (III type), относящиеся к прошлому, строятся по формуле:
| If smb. had been / had done smth., smb. would / should have done smth. |
В придаточном предложении употребляется Past Perfect смыслового глагола, а в главном предложении глаголы would, should, а также could, might и перфектный инфинитив смыслового глагола.
| If he had visited the factory yesterday, he would have seen this machine tool in operation. | Если бы он посетил вчера завод, он бы увидел этот станок в действии. |
Существуют два вида предложений смешанного типа (IV type) нереального условия.
В первом смешанном типе - условие относится к прошлому, тогда как следствие – к настоящему или будущему
| If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be well now. | Если бы ты принял лекарство вчера, ты был бы сейчас здоров. |
Во втором смешанном типе предложений условие относится к настоящему или будущему, а следствие – к прошлому:
| If I were more attentive, I shouldn’t have made so many mistakes in the test. | Если бы я был более внимательным (вообще), я бы не сделал так много ошибок в тесте. |
1. Open the brackets and make up sentences according to the model:
Model: If you(to be) free, I (to come) to see you.
If you are free, I shall come to see you tomorrow.
If you were free, I should come to see you now.
If you had been free yesterday, I should have come to see you.
1. If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) you alone. 2. If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 3. If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms. 4. If my father (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together. 5. If she (to know) English well, she (to try) to enter the Foreign Languages Department. 6. If my friend (to come) to see me, I (to be) very glad. 7. If my mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea-party. 8. If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry). 9. If you (to work) systematically, you (not to fail) at your exams.
2. Read and translate these sentences:
1. I should give up smoking if I were you. 2. He would do the job if he had time. 3. What would you do if you had a high temperature? 4. They would not miss the train if they started for the station right away. 5. If we had time we could go sightseeing tomorrow morning. 6. If I were you I should grant their request. 7. If I had a lot of money I should travel around the world. 8. But for your help I shouldn’t have translated the text. 9. But for planes we couldn’t cover long distances so quickly. 10. If it were not for hot weather we shouldn’t go to the beach.
3. Change conditional sentences of type I into sentences of type II:
1. If you take this medicine it will do you good. 2. If I am not so busy I shall go to the concert. 3. If she takes bus 27 she will get there in a quarter of an hour.4. If you put on your glasses you will see better. 5. If you get to know them well you will grow fond of them. 6. What shall we do if they are late? 7. If he goes out without his coat on he will catch a cold. 8. Will you be very angry if we don’t come? 9. If the weather keeps fine we shall stay in the country for a week. 10. They will be all surprised if I make such a mistake. 11. If he doesn’t come in time shall we wait for him? 12. If the cast is good I’ll go to see the play.
4. Answer the questions:
1. Where would you go if you took a holiday in winter? 2. What would you do if you were free tonight? 3. What would you start sightseeing with if you found yourself in London? 4. Would you go to see the film a second time if you liked the production? 5. How would you spend the week-end if the weather were nasty? 6. What other language would you start learning if you had time? 7. What would you do if you won 1.000.000$? 8. What would you do if you were a king (queen)?
5. Read and translate these sentences:
1. I should have called on him yesterday, if I had known of his arrival. 2. If I had not been told his name, I should never have recognized him. 3. You would not have caught cold, if you had had your coat on. 4. If you had taken the medicine yesterday, the temperature would have gone down. 5. If he had not helped us yesterday, the project would not have been completed. 6. If you had arrived a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 7. She would have shown us places of interest yesterday, if she had not been so busy. 8. I should not have finished the article last week, if he hadn’t helped me. 9. They could have caught the train, if they had started earlier. 10. They would have gone down to the country last Saturday, if it had not rained hard. 11. I should have called on you yesterday, if I had not had to do my home-work. 12. If he had liked the play, he would have gone to the theatre
6. Open the brackets and make the sentences of type I (of a real condition):
1. If I (to see) John, I (to tell) him your news. 2. He (to be) very pleased if it (to be) really true. 3. If you (to go) to town on Monday, you (to meet) my brother Tom. 4. If you (to need) help, my father (to help) you. 5. We (to have) a picnic lunch if the day (to be) fine. 6. If you (to ask) a policeman, he (to tell) you the way. 7. I (to finish) the job tomorrow if I (to can). 8. I (not / to require) an umbrella if it (not / to rain). 9. If she (to think) it over carefully, she (to form) a clear opinion. 10. If they (to catch) the bus now, they (to arrive) at half past nine. 11. He (to find) the answers if he (to look) at the back of the book. 12. If you (to want) me to, I (to come) for a walk with you. 13. If he (to write) to her, she (to answer) at once. 14. If you (to wait) a few moments, the waiter (to bring) your coffee. 15. He (to lose) weight if he (to stop) eating too much. 16. If she (to be) patient, I (to try) to explain. 17. I (to wear) a purple tie only if I (to must). 18. If we (to leave) at once, we (to catch) the early train. 19. If he (to do) that again, his father (to punish) him. 20. If she (drink) this medicine, she (to feel) much better.
7. Open the brackets and make the sentences a) of a real condition, b) of an unreal condition referring to present:
1. If I (to know), I (to tell) you. 2. If she (to want) to talk she (to ring up). 3. Her health (to improve) if she (to sleep) longer. 4. If he (to have) enough money, he (to buy) a large house. 5. She (to feel) lonely if Peter (to go) out every evening. 6. We (to be) pleased to see you if you (to arrive). 7. If we (to can) come on Sunday, we (to come). 8. I (to understand) Mr. Smith if he (to speak) slowly. 9. We (not / to go) by ship unless there (to be) no other way. 10 If you (not / to give) him good meals, he (not / to be able) to work hard.
8. Change the sentences of type II into the sentences of type III:
1. If she weren’t tired, she could do this work better. 2. He would do more work if he were able. 3. I should live better if I earned more money. 4. If I knew the answer, I should tell you. 5. He wouldn't come unless you invited him. 6. We shouldn't remember it if it weren't so strange. 7. If I had time, I would help you. 8. Peter would come if you wanted him to. 10. If you wrote more often, you would receive more letters. 11. They would prefer to keep it if they could. 12. I would buy it by myself if I had money. 13. If they offered it to me for nothing, I wouldn't take it. 14. I should break a promise if I answered your question. 15. If you swore to keep a secret, I would tell you.
9. Match the parts of sentences in A and B columns:
A B
| 1. If I go on a diet | a. we'll make a snowman |
| 2. If it's sunny tomorrow | b. I'll buy you some chocolate |
| 3. If John doesn't hurry | c. she'll have to take a taxi |
| 4. If it snows | d. I'll lose weight |
| 5. If there are no buses | e. he'll be late |
| 6. If you are a good girl | f. we'll go for a picnic |
10. Open the bracket, using the verbs in the necessary tense form:
John Smith is in prison. How did it happen? If John (not / to oversleep), he (not / to be) late for work. If he (not / to be) late for work, his boss (not / to fire) him. If John (not / to lose) his job, he (not / to need) money and he (not / to rob) the bank. If he (not / to rob) the bank, the police (not / to arrest) him.
11. Make up sentences according to the model:
Model: Daniel had fallen ill. (put on coat / catch cold)
Daniel wouldn't have caught cold if he had put on coat.
1. Nick has broken his leg. (сlimb ladder / break his leg) 2. Mr. Davidson had got a smashed car. (drive carefully / avoid accident) 3. John Smithson was the second in the competition. (run faster / win the race) 4. Chris has cut his finger (play with knife / cut finger)
Complete the situation
1. He is busy and does not come to see us. If.... 2. The girl didn't study well last year and received bad marks. If.... 3. He broke his bicycle and so he didn't go to the country. If.... 4. He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If.... 5. I had a bad headache yesterday, that's why I didn't come to see you. If.... 6. The ship was sailing near the coast, that's why it struck a rock. If.... 7. He was not in town, therefore he was not present at our meeting. If.... 8. The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If.... 9. The sea is rough, and we cannot sail to the island. If.... 10. They made a fire, and the frightened wolves ran away. If.... 11. It is late, and I have to go home. If.... 12. I was expecting my friend to come, that's why I couldn't go to the cinema with you. If.... 13. He always gets top marks in mathematics because it is his favourite subject and he works a lot at it. If.... 14. I didn't translate the article yesterday because I had no dictionary. If.... 15. We lost our way because the night was pitch-dark. If.... 16. The box was so heavy that I couldn't carry it. That's why I took a taxi. If....
13. Make up Conditional sentences:
1. The travelers had no camera with them, so they could not take photos of the beautiful scenery. If.... 2. There was no sugar left, so we had to go to the shop late in the evening. If.... 3. This house is very nice and comfortable, but it is not very good for living because it is situated close to a chemical plant and the air around is very bad. If.... 4. He is an excellent specialist, but I can't ask his advice because I'm not acquainted with him. If.... 5. You cannot enjoy this merry evening party because you have a toothache. If... 6. You know the material well enough, but you are very absent-minded, and that's why you always make many mistakes. If.... 7. You did not ring me up, so I did not know you were in trouble. If... 8. You left the child alone in the room, so he hurt himself. If.... 9. They spent a year in the tropics, so they got very sun-tanned. If.... 10. It rained heavily, so we got drenched to the skin. If.... 11. Why didn't you watch the cat? It ate all the fish. If.... 12. A huge black cloud appeared from behind the forest, so we had to turn back and hurry home. If.... 13. We shall not go to see them because it is very late. If.... 14. Naturally she was angry, because you were in her way. If....
14. Open the brackets using the verbs in the necessary tense-form:
1. If she (to ask) me yesterday, I should certainly have told her all about it. 2. If you (to do) your morning exercises every day, you health would be much better. 3. If he is not very busy, he (to agree) to go to the museum with us. 4. If I (not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this difficult rule. 5. If they (to know) it before, they would have taken measures. 6. If you really loved music, you (to go) to concerts much more often. 7. If you had not wasted so much time, you not (to miss) the train. 8. If you (not to miss) the train, you would have arrived in time. 9. If you had written the test- paper successfully, you (not to get) a “two”. 10. If I (not to know) English, I should not be able to enjoy Byron’s poetry. 11. The dish would have been much more tasty, if she (to be) a better cook. 12. If I (to have) his telephone number, I should easily settle the matter with him. 13. He (not to go) there, if his family had not been invited. 14. If he liked children, he (to work) at school.
15. Complete the following sentences:
1. If I didn’t have a lot of things to do… 2. They would publish his story if … 3. If he were interested in … 4. If she hadn’t followed my advice … 5. How would you react if …? 6. I wouldn’t think of changing my job if … 7. He wouldn’t buy this picture if … 8. We would have flown to California if … 9. If I read more about the history of this country … 10. We should have stayed in San Francisco longer if … 11. We could have taken photos of all the sights if … 12. I shouldn’t have been so tired when we got to the town if … 13. If I had known that you were in hospital … 14. If you had arrived ten minutes earlier … 15. I shouldn’t have believed it if … 16. If you had told me that he never paid his debts … 17. If she hadn’t a headache …
16. Translate into English:
1.На её месте я бы завтра объяснил все преподавателю. 2. На вашем месте я бы осмотрел город сегодня. У вас достаточно времени. 3.Если бы он мог поехать отдохнуть в горы, он бы быстро выздоровел. 4. Если бы хорошая погода удержалась, мы бы поехали за город на субботу и воскресенье.
5. Если бы вы больше читали английских книг, вы бы лучше знали английский язык. 6. Если бы вы позвонили ему сейчас, вы бы могли поговорить с ним. 7. Если бы он не устал так сильно в воскресенье, он бы присоединился к вам. 8. Если бы вы не свернули направо, вы бы не заблудились. 9. Если бы не отвратительная погода, дети смогли бы погулять утром. 10. Если бы у нее вчера не болела так сильно голова, она бы закончила перевод. 11. Если бы ты попросил его вчера вечером, он зашел бы на почту и отправил бы телеграмму. 12. Если бы вы все объяснили ему, он бы помог вам. 13. Если бы вы его встретили сейчас, вы бы его не узнали. 14. Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы посоветовался бы с родителями. 15. Если бы не дождь, мы могли бы пойти погулять. 16. Если бы не ваша помощь, я бы не закончил работу вовремя.