UNIT 1
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations
| application | [ˌæplɪ'keɪʃn] | применение | |
| science | ['saɪəns] | наука | |
| phenomenon | [fɪ'nɔmɪnən] | явление | |
| device | [dɪ'vaɪs] | устройство | |
| flow of electrons | [fləu ov ɪ'lektrɔnz] | поток электронов | |
| solid | ['sɔlɪd] | твердое тело | |
| liquid | ['lɪkwɪd] | жидкость | |
| semiconductor | [ˌsemɪkən'dʌktə] | полупроводник | |
| property | ['prɔpətɪ] | свойство | |
| law | [lo:] | закон | |
| construction | [kən'strʌkʃn] | строительство | |
| motion | ['məuʃn] | движение | |
| electron tube | [ɪ'lektrɔn tjuːb] | электронная лампа | |
| technology | [tek'nɔləʤɪ] | технология | |
| technician | [tek'nɪʃn] | техник | |
| field | [fiːld] | поле | |
| industry | ['ɪndəstrɪ] | промышленность | |
| amplify | ['æmplɪfaɪə] | усиливать | |
| branch | [brɑːnʧ] | область | |
| design | [dɪ'zaɪn] | дизайн, проектирование | |
| physical | ['fɪzɪkl] | физический | |
| industrial | [ɪn'dʌstrɪəl] | промышленный | |
| describe | [dɪ'skraɪb] | описывать | |
| apply | [ə'plaɪ] | применять | |
| emit | [ɪ'mɪt] | излучать | |
| study | ['stʌdɪ] | изучать | |
| include | [ɪn'kluːd] | включать в себя | |
| increase | ['ɪnkriːs], [ɪn'kriːs] | увеличение, увеличивать | |
| divide | [dɪ'vaɪd] | разделять | |
| process | ['prəuses], [prəu'ses] | процесс, обрабатывать | |
| deal with | [diːl wɪð] | иметь дело с | |
| measure | ['meʒə] | измерять | |
| develop | [dɪ'veləp] | разрабатывать | |
| contain | [kən'teɪn] | содержать |
TASK 2. Study the following suffixes and use them to form new words.
Verb + ment:measure, develop, replace.
Verb + s/ tion: construct, apply, move, divide, inform, emit, invent, connect.
Verb + er/or (person, device): process, construct, amplify, contain, research.
Noun + ist: science, physics.
TASK 3. Revise the rules how to form plural nouns and write the plurals of the nouns from the table above:
1) +s: applications
2) –s, -sh, -tch, -ch, -o, -x + es: processes
3) consonant + y → ies: studies
TASK 4. Study the present form of the verb “to be” and translate the sentences from Russian into English. Make them negative and interrogative.
I am I am not Am I?
He is He is not Is he?
She is She is not Is she?
It is It is not Is it?
We are We are not Are we?
You are You are not Are you?
They are They are not Are they?
1. Электроника – это наука. 2. Это устройство новое. 3 Математика и физика – науки. 4. Эта жидкость опасна. 5. Этот закон хорошо известен. 6. Эти электронные лампы старые. 7. Этот полупроводник очень популярен. 8. Эта технология современная. 9. Этот дизайн очень интересный. 10. Это измерение точное. 11. Эта информация не точная. 12. Этот ученый очень известный.
TASK 5. Study the past form of the verb “to be” and translate the given above sentences from Russian into English. Make them negative and interrogative.
I was I was not Was I?
He was He was not Was he?
She was She was not Was she?
It was It was not Was it?
We were We were not Were we?
You were You were not Were you?
They were They were not Were they?
TASK 6. Study the following table of Present Simple and the rules of its use. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. Make them negative and interrogative.
We use it when we speak about:
1) Habits (I play computer games every day.)
2) Permanent actions (I study Electronics.)
3) Laws and rules (Cathode emits electrons when heated.)
4) Sport commentaries (Sychev passes to Arshavin, Arshavin scores.)
5) Future: timetables (English starts at 8 a.m. tomorrow.)
Time references: always, usually, often, seldom, sometimes, never, every day (week, …), once a week, from time to time, etc.
Present simple
| ? | + | - | |||
| What When Where Why How How much How many How often Which | Do Do es | I you we they he she it | play? | I We You play They He She play s It | I We You do not play They He She do es not play It |
1. Future radio-engineers … (to study) at the radio-engineering faculty. 2. Electronics … (to be) a young science. 3. Electronic devices … (to play) a great role in radio equipment. 4. A receiving station … (to receive) radio waves. 5. Transmitting stations … (to radiate) radio waves. 6. A transmitting station … (to have) a radio transmitter and antenna. 7. A radio transmitter … (to be) a device for radiating electromagnetic waves. 8. The main parts of a transmitter … (to be) а high-frequency oscillator, a ground, and an antenna. 9. The necessary components of radio communication … (to be) a transmitter and a receiver. 10. A wide application of radio devices … (to lead) to the further development of science.
TASK 7. Read the first part of the text.
ELECTRONICS
Electronics is the science of electronic phenomena, devices and systems. It describes and applies the flow of electrons emitted from solids or liquids passing through vacuum, gases or semiconductors. Electronics as a science studies the properties of electrons, the laws of their motion, and the laws of the transformation of various kinds of energy through the media of electrons. The basic elements in electronics are the electron tube and the transistor.
Although electronics is properly regarded as only a section of electrical technology, electronic techniques are applied in many fields, including industry, communication, defense and entertaining. Due to its versatility it becomes increasingly difficult to draw clear dividing lines between electronics and other branches of electronic technology.
While physical electronics is the science of electronic processes, industrial electronics deals with the technology of design, construction and application of electronic devices. The industrial applications of electronics include control gauging, counting and measuring, speed regulations, and many others.
TASK 8. Answer the following questions and retell the text and make up 5 more questions of your own.
1. What is electronics? 2. What does it study? 3. What are the basic elements in electronics? 4. Where are the electronic techniques applied? 5. What does industrial electronics deal with?
TASK 9. Listen to the recording and fill in the gaps.
Electronics is a new 1)… of physics, and one that plays an increasingly 2)… part in our lives. It is concerned with the use of 3)… to produce 4)… that carry information and control 5)… such as computers. These devices 6)… electric circuits through which electric current 7)…. The controlling parts in a circuit are called 8)…, and these 9)… diodes and transistors. Components can 10)… currents, switch them on and off or change their direction.
UNIT 2
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations
| invention | [ɪn'venʃ(ə)n] | изобретение | |
| important | [ɪm'pɔːt(ə)nt] | важный | |
| development | [dɪ'veləpmənt] | развитие | |
| engineering | [ˌenʤɪ'nɪərɪŋ] | инженерное дело | |
| enlarge | [ɪn'lɑːʤ ], [en'lɑːʤ] | увеличивать | |
| purpose | ['pɜːpəs] | назначение, цель | |
| vacuum | ['vækjuːm] | вакуум | |
| broadcasting | ['brɔːdkɑːstɪŋ] | вещание | |
| telecasting | ['telɪˌkɑːstɪŋ] | телевещание | |
| research | [rɪ'sɜːʧ] | исследование | |
| radar | ['reɪdɑː] | радар | |
| replace | [rɪ'pleɪs] | заменять | |
| reduce | [rɪ'djuːs] | сокращать | |
| size | [saɪz] | размер | |
| advance | [əd'vɑːn(t)s] | развитие, прогресс | |
| consider | [kən'sɪdə] | рассматривать, полагать | |
| connect | [kə'nekt] | соединять | |
| appearance | [ə'pɪər(ə)n(t)s] | появление | |
| use | [juːz] | использовать | |
| introduction | [ˌɪntrə'dʌkʃ(ə)n] | введение, представление | |
| range | [reɪnʤ] | диапазон | |
| suppose | [sə'pəuz] | полагать | |
| microelectronics | [ˌmaikrəiˌlek'troniks] | микроэлектроника | |
| lead | [li:d] | приводить | |
| large-scale integrated circuit | [lɑːʤ skeil integreitid 'sɜːkɪt] | большая интегральная схема | |
| square | [skwɛə] | квадратный | |
| inch | [ɪnʧ] | дюйм | |
| tape recorder | ['teɪprɪˌkɔːdə] | магнитофон | |
| tool | [tul] | инструмент |
TASK 2. Study the following suffixes and use them to form new words.
NOUNS: Verb + -ence, -ance: appear →appearance: apply, resist, capacitor.
ADVERBS: Adjective + - ly: usual → usually: increasing, like, recent, common, considerable.
VERBS: En/ em + adjective: large → enlarge: power, able, circle.
ADJECTIVES:
Verb + -able: compute → computable: adjust, vary, change, note.
Noun + -ant (-ent): import → important;
Verb, noun + - ive: effect → effective: conduct, resist, prevent, protect.
Noun + - ic: electron → electronic: science.
TASK 3. Study the following prepositions and fill in the gaps in the text with the prepositions. Listen to the recording and check the answers.
| of: the flow of electrons from: I am from Russia. through: to pass through in: I live in Russia. to: I go to school | between: to draw a line between two things with: deal with for: a present for you on: the computer is on the table into: convert into |
ISAAC NEWTON
The English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton was one 1)... the greatest scientists 2)... all time. His theories revolutionized scientific thinking and laid the foundations 3)... modern physics. His book Principia Mathematica is one 4)... the most important works 5)... the history 6)... modern science. Newton discovered the law 7)... gravity and developed the three laws 8)... motion that are still 9)... use today. He was the first person to split white light 10)... the colours 11)... spectrum, and his research 12)... light led him to design a reflecting telescope. Newton was also one 13)... the pioneers 14)... a new branch 15)... mathematics called calculus.
TASK 4. Study the following infinitive structure, read the sentences below and translate them from English into Russian.
| S + to be Ved/3 + to + V |
The invention of electronic devices is known to have a new important phase in the development of electrical engineering.
Известно, что изобретение электронных устройств ознаменовало новый этап в развитии эл. инженерии.
1. Scientists are reported to be already working on Artificial Intelligence and the next generation of computers is likely to understand human languages. 2. Now plenty of materials are known to become superconductors at low temperature. 3. Recently some ceramic materials have been found to be superconductors. 4. The International Space Station was expected to be a permanent off-planet extension of human civilization. 5. Machine code is known to contain the 1s and 0s – binary code – that are processed by the CPU.
TASK 5. Transform the sentences according to the model: It is known that transistors perform functions similar to valves. → Transistors are known to perform function to valves.
1. It is known that sound travels faster in solids than in liquids. 2. It has been proved that electronic equipment saves millions of man and machine hours. 3. It is believed that electronics is the most progressing technology of the present industrial age. 4. It is evident that electronics has made a great contribution to automation. 5. It is known that the invention of electronic device has become a new important phase in the development of electrical engineering.
TASK 6. Read the second part of the text.
ELECTRONICS
The invention of electronic device is known to have become a new important phase in the development of electrical engineering. It considerably enlarges the application of electrical energy for various industrial purposes. The invention of the vacuum tube made radio broadcasting possible and later on — telecasting. The researches in the field of electronics gave us radar devices, computers, tape recorders, betatron and a lot of medical tools. Semiconductor devices which have replaced electron tubes reduce the size of instruments.
A great advance in electronics is considered to be connected with the appearance of the transistor. The use of the transistor is likely to be the first step in miniaturization of electronic devices and has increased the range of their application. The introduction of the transistor in 1948 is supposed to be the beginning of the evolution of microelectronics which led in the late 1970s to the development of large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. Now hundreds of circuits can be packed on to one square inch and there seems to be no limit to it. The technology of so-called molecular epitaxy is the best proof of this suggestion.
Electronics is evident to have made a great contribution to automation. It has extended the range of automatic control in large-scale industrial operations and made the processing of information rapid. Electronic computers have provided the basis for the construction of automatic lines, automated units, shops and whole plants, tools with programmed control, robots and manipulators.
Electronics has penetrated into all the spheres of human activity from household appliances to artificial intelligence and search of outer space civilizations. Such advantages of electronic devices as microscopic size, high speed, low cost and reliability are likely to have no competitor. No wonder electronic technology is the most dynamic technology of the present industrial age. Electronics is sure to make still greater progress in the nearest future and help humanity gain new victories in science and engineering.
TASK 7. Answer the following questions and retell the text.
1. What made radio broadcasting and telecasting possible? 2. What can reduce the size of instrument? 3. What is the great advance in electronics connected with? 4. What are the basic elements in electronics? 5. What advantages of electronic devices are there? 6. When was the first transistor invented? 7. When did the development of LSI circuits begin? 8. What contribution has electronics made into automation?
UNIT 3
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations.
| substance | ['sʌbstəns] | вещество | |
| to be composed of | [kəm'pəuzd] | состоять из | |
| orbit | ['ɔːbɪt] | вращаться | |
| depend on | [dɪ'pend] | зависеть от | |
| charge | [ʧɑːʤ] | заряд, заряжать | |
| move | [muːv] | двигаться | |
| constitute | ['kɔnstɪtjuːt] | составлять | |
| electric current | ['kʌrənt ]; ['kɜːrənt] | электрический ток | |
| conductor | [kən'dʌktə] | проводник | |
| allow | [ə'lau] | позволять | |
| wire | ['waɪə] | провод | |
| to be coated with | быть покрытым чем-либо | ||
| insulating material | ['ɪnsjəleɪtɪŋ mə'tɪərɪəl] | изолирующий материал | |
| conductivity | [ˌkɔndʌk'tɪvətɪ] | проводимость | |
| impurity | [ɪm'pjuərətɪ] | примесь | |
| resist | сопротивляться | ||
| direct current (DC) | постоянный ток | ||
| alternating current (AC) | ['ɔːltəneɪtɪŋ] | переменный ток | |
| change | [ʧeɪnʤ] | менять | |
| switch on/off | включать/ выключать | ||
| frequency | ['friːkwənsɪ] | частота | |
| voltage | ['vəultɪʤ ], ['vɔltɪʤ] | напряжение | |
| volts (V) | вольты | ||
| amperes (A) | ['æmpɛə] | амперы | |
| coulomb (C) | ['kuːlɔm] | кулоны | |
| power | мощность | ||
| watts (W) | [wɔt] | ватты | |
| to be equal to | ['iːkwəl] | равняться, быть эквивалентным | |
| consume | [kən'sjuːm] | потреблять |
Task 2. Read the text about substances and elements they consist of.
All substances, solids, liquids or gases, are composed of one or more of the chemical elements. Each element is composed of identical atoms. Each atom is composed of a small central nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons around which orbit shells of electrons. These electrons are very much smaller than protons and neutrons. The electrons in the outermost shell are called valence electrons and the electrical properties of the substance depend on the number of these electrons. Neutrons have no electric charge, but protons have a positive charge while electrons have a negative charge. In some substances, usually metals, the valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another and this is what constitutes an electric current.
TASK 3. Read the text again and complete the sentences with the missing information.
1. Elements make up …. 2. Identical atoms …. 3. Atoms consist of …, … and …. 4. Inside there are … and …, while outside …. 5. Shells …. 6. Valence electrons …. 7. Neutrons do not have …. 8. Electricity is generated when ….
TASK 4. Listen and complete the text with the missing information.
Electricity consists of a 1) … of free electrons along a conductor. To produce this current flow, a generator is placed at the end of the conductor in order to move the 2) ….
Conductors
Electricity needs a material which allows a current to pass through easily, which offers little 3) … to the flow and is full of free electrons. This material is called a conductor and can be in the form of a bar, tube or sheet. The most commonly used 4) … are wires, available in many sizes and thicknesses. They are coated with insulating materials such as plastic.
Semiconductors
Semiconductors such as silicon and germanium are used in transistors and their conductivity is halfwayin between a conductor and an 5) …. Small quantities of other substances, called impurities, are introduced in the material to 6) … the conductivity.
Insulators
A material which contains very 7) … electrons is called an insulator. Glass, rubber, dry wood and 8) … resist the flow of electric charge, and as such they are good insulating materials.
TASK 5. Read the text again and decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F), then correct the false ones.
1. A flow of electrons moving inside a conductor creates an electric current.
2. A generator is used to move the charges.
3. Electrons can easily pass through any material.
4. Any material is a good conductor.
5. Conductors are coated with insulators.
6. The presence of free electrons affects the conductivity of materials.
7. Impurities are introduced to increase conductivity.
8. Insulating materials resist the flow of electrons.
TASK 6. Read the text and complete the table with the missing information.
There are two types of current: Direct current (DC) and Alternating current (AC). Direct current is a continuous flow of electrons in one direction and it never changes its direction until the power is stopped or switched off.
Alternating current constantly changes its direction because of the way it is generated. The term 'frequency' is used to indicate how many times the current changes its direction in one second.
Alternating current has a great advantage over direct current because it can be transmitted over very long distances through small wires, by making energy high voltage and low current.
There are several quantities that are important when we are talking about electric current. Volts (V) – so named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta – measure the difference of electric potential between two points on a conducting wire. Amperes (A) measure the amount of current flowing through a conductor, that is to say the number of electrons passing a point in a conductor in one second.
Coulomb (C) measure the quantity of charge transferred in one second by a steady current of one ampere. Power is the rate at which work is performed and it is measured in watts (W). A Kilowatt (kW), which is equal to one thousand watts, is used to measure the amount of used or available energy. The amount of electrical energy consumed in one hour at the constant rate of one kilowatt is called kilowatt-hour.
| Unit of measurement | What does it measure? |
| (1) | the number of electrons passing a given point in a conductor in one second |
| (2) | the quantity of electricity transferred by a steady current of one ampere |
| (3) | the amount of electric energy used |
| (4) | the difference of potential between two points of a conductor |
| (5) | rate at which work is done |
TASK 7. Listen to the recording and fill in the gaps.
The position of Vanessa Thompson is 1)…. The lecture is read on 2)… and 3)….The students learn about 4)… in her class. The first thing the students study is how 5)…. This is important for in-depth study of 6)…. The three things which students learn about after that are 7)…, 8)… and 9)…. Students also learn how substance 10)…. In the end, they are explained how to 11)… electricity. The units of measurement which they study are amperes, 12)…, 13)…, and 14)…. Finally students do a 15)… which is an electrical 16) ….
UNIT 4
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations
| network | ['netwɜːk] | сеть | |
| pathway | ['pɑːθweɪ] | путь, дорожка, соединение | |
| circuit | ['sɜːkɪt] | цепь, схема | |
| power source | [sɔːs] | источник питания | |
| attach to | [ə'tæʧ] | присоединять | |
| terminal | ['tɜːmɪnəl] | клемма, контакт, зажим | |
| load | [ləud] | нагрузка | |
| switch | [swɪʧ] | переключатель | |
| turn into | [tɜːn] | превращать, преобразовывать | |
| speaker | динамик | ||
| provide | [prə'vaɪd] | обеспечивать | |
| sound | звук | ||
| storage | ['stɔːrɪʤ] | хранение | |
| deliver | доставлять | ||
| short circuit | короткое замыкание | ||
| resistance | [rɪ'zɪstənts] | сопротивление | |
| prevent smth from smth | предотвращать, предохранять | ||
| fuse | [fjuːz] | предохранитель | |
| melt | плавиться | ||
| appliance | [ə'plaɪəns] | прибор | |
| series circuit | ['sɪəriːz] | последовательное соединение | |
| parallel circuit | параллельное соединение | ||
| socket | розетка | ||
| overheating | перегрев | ||
| overloading | перегрузка | ||
| fault | [fɔːlt] | сбой, неисправность |
TASK 2. Read the text and translate it from English into Russian.
An electric circuit or network is a pathway through which the electric current can flow. A simple circuit consists of a power source, two conducting wires, each one attached to a terminal of the source and a device through which electricity can flow. This device is called a load and it's attached to the wires. If all the parts are properly connected, the current flows and the lamp lights up. This kind of circuit is called 'closed'. On the contrary, if the wires are disconnected the circuit is called 'open' or 'broken'. The circuit can be opened and closed by a device called a switch. Loads can turn electrical energy into a more useful form. Some examples are: light bulbs, which change electrical energy into light energy; electric motors, which change electrical energy into mechanical energy; speakers, which change energy into sound.
The source provides the electrical energy used by the load. It can be a storage battery or a generator. The switch interrupts the current delivered to the load by the source and allows us to control the flow. When an abnormally high amount of current passes through a network, you get a short circuit. This may occur when there is a drop in the resistance or a broken insulation. In order to prevent short circuits, it is best to use fuses, which melt when too much current flows through them, interrupting in this way the circuit.
TASK 3.Match the words with their definitions.
| 1. load 2. switch 3. source 4. fuse 5. closed circuit 6. broken circuit | a) a device which interrupts the circuit b) a circuit in which wires are disconnected c) a device which provides power d) a complete circuit with no breaks at all e) a device which consumes electric power f) a protective device |
TASK 4. Read the text again and answer the following questions.
1. What does a simple circuit consist of? 2. What happens to the lamp in a closed circuit? 3. Can you name some examples of loads? 4. What is a generator? 5. What is the function of a switch? 6. When does a short circuit occur? 7. What can we use to prevent short circuits? 8. How does a fuse work?
TASK 5.Complete the text with the words from the box. Then listen and check.
| current, turn on, branch, amount, positive, appliances, continue, burns out, path |
The 1) … of a circuit can be wired in two different ways: series or parallel. If components are arranged one after another to form a single 2) … between the terminals and the components, the circuit is known as a series circuit. In this type of circuit, the 3) … flows from the negative terminal to the 4) … terminal, passing through all the components of the circuit. This means that the 5) … of energy passing through all the components in the series is the same. The main disadvantage of a series circuit is that when a single component in the path 6) …, the entire circuit stops operating (e.g. Christmas tree lights).
A parallel circuit consists of several paths connecting the different components. Each separate path is called a 7) … of the circuit. Current from the source divides and flows through the different branches. Unlike series circuits, if one of the components in the parallel circuit burns out, the other paths 8) … to operate. Parallel circuits are commonly used to connect 9) … at home, so that each socket can function independently. For example, you don't have to 10) … the light in your room for the TV socket to work.
TASK 6. Read the text and find synonyms for the following words: excessive, loading up, reacting to high temperatures, adjusted, to melt, clients.
A fuse can be added to an electric circuit to protect it from the effects of undue power. This safety device, which is made of a heat-sensitive alloy, is connected in series with the circuit it has to protect. If an excessive amount of current flows through the circuit, the alloy will liquefy and open the circuit. A circuit breaker is fundamental in a house to protect circuits against overloading, overheating and short circuits. The advantage of a circuit breaker is that it can be reset after the overloading by replacing the fuse. A professional electrician should always provide his customers with a map of the electric circuit in the house so that it will be easier to work on it in case of faults.
UNIT 5
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations.
| introduction | [ˌɪntrə'dʌkʃ(ə)n] | введение, вступление | |
| compare | [kəm'pɛə] | сравнивать | |
| compression | [kəm'preʃ(ə)n] | сжатие | |
| come into use | начать использоваться | ||
| achieve | [ə'ʧiːv] | достигать | |
| diode | ['daɪəud] | диод | |
| capacitor | [kə'pæsɪtə] | конденсатор | |
| resistor | [rɪ'zɪstə] | резистор | |
| separate | ['sep(ə)rət] | отдельный | |
| require | [rɪ'kwaɪə] | требовать | |
| carbon | ['kɑːb(ə)n] | углерод | |
| ceramics | [sə'ræmɪks] | керамика | |
| dielectric | [ˌdaɪɪ'lektrɪk] | диэлектрик | |
| tungsten | ['tʌŋstən] | вольфрам | |
| create | [krɪ'eɪt] | создавать | |
| specify | ['spesɪfaɪ] | точно определять; детально излагать | |
| transmitter | [trænz'mɪtə], [træns'mɪtə] | передатчик | |
| receiver | [rɪ'siːvə] | приемник | |
| complex | ['kɔmpleks] | сложный | |
| interconnection | [ˌɪntəkə'nekʃ(ə)n] | взаимная связь | |
| simplify | ['sɪmplɪfaɪ] | упрощать | |
| logical | ['lɔʤɪk(ə)l] | логический | |
| assemble | [ə'sembl] | собирать | |
| board | [bɔːd] | плата, подложка | |
| plug | [plʌg] | включать в розетку, подсоединять | |
| decrease | [dɪ'kriːs] | уменьшать | |
| approach | [ə'prəuʧ] | подход | |
| result in/ from | [rɪ'zʌlt] | приводить к чему-либо/ возникать в результате | |
| embody | включать | ||
| density | плотность | ||
| comprise | включать в себя | ||
| per square inch | [skwɛə] | на квадратный дюйм |
TASK 2. Study the following pronunciation rules of Participle II endings and divide all the regular verbs from UNITS 1-5 into three columns according to the way their endings are pronounced.
-ed
[id] [t] [d]
[t, d] voiceless consonants voiced consonants and vowels
wanted pushed played, called
TASK 3. Study the following table of Past Simple and the rules of its use.
We use it when we speak about:
Past actions that are finished now (I played computer games yesterday.)
Past habit (I always went to school on foot.)
A series of actions in the past (I took my things, left home and went to university.)
Time references: a moment ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, last week…
Past simple
| ? | + | - | |||
| What When Where Why How How much How many Which | did | I you we they he she it | play? | I We You played They went He She It | I We You Theydid not play/ go He She It |
TASK 4. Fill in the gaps in the text below and translate from English into Russian.
A.S. Popov (1859-1906) … (be) in 1895 a lecturer in physics. He … (set up) a receiver in 1895, and … (read) a paper about it at the Meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society on April 25 (May 7, New Style) 1895. He … (demonstrate) the world's first radio receiver, which he … (call) “an apparatus for the detection and registration of electric oscillations”. By means of this equipment, Popov … (can) register electrical disturbances, including atmospheric ones. In March 1896 he … (give) a further demonstration before the same society. At that meeting the words “Heinrich Hertz” … (transmit) by wireless telegraphy in Morse code and similarly received before a distinguished scientific audience, Popov … (become) the inventor of the radio, May,7 being celebrated each year as "Radio Day" in Russia.
Marconi … (invent) a system of highly successful wireless telegraphy, and … (inspire) and … (supervise) its application. Such is the story of the many inventors of wireless telegraphy, working with each other's equipment, adding new ideas and new improvements to them. It … (be) a patient, persistent inquiry into natural laws and it was animated by the love of knowledge.
TASK 5. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the past. Listen to the recording and check your answers.
THOMAS EDISON
The American inventor Thomas Edison … (live) and … (work) in the United States all his life. He … (be) the most productive inventor ever. During his lifetime, he … (patent) 1093 different inventions, including the incandescent electric lamp (similar to the ordinary light bulb we know today), the motion-picture projector, and the phonograph. He also … (set up) the first industrial research laboratory. Edison … (have) a slow start in life. He … (be) expelled from school because people … (not realize) that he … (be) deaf, thinking instead that he … (be) unable to learn. His mother … (teach) him at home, where he had built his our laboratory by the time he … (be) 10 years old.
TASK 6. Read the text below and translate it.
LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATION IN ELECTRONICS
The most advancing technology of the present industrial age is that of electronics. The introduction of the transistor in its day seemed a marvel of compactness compared with the glass vacuum tube. Now the size of electronic devices has been reduced by 10 every five years which has led to a great compression. When the term microelectronics first came into use, a chip of silicon a tenth of a square inch might hold 10 to 20 transistors, together with a few diodes, capacitors and resistors. Now such chips can contain thousands of separate electronic components.
Until the appearance of the transistor each type of component in an electronic circuit was made from one or more materials with the required electrical characteristics. For example, carbon was used for resistors, ceramics and a dielectric for capacitors, tungsten for the emitters in vacuum tubes and so on. These components were then used like building blocks in creating a circuit with specified characteristics and responses. Circuits were combined into systems, such as a radio transmitter, a radio receiver, a radar set or a computer.
From the earliest days electronics has been a technology of complex interconnections. A small radar set can easily have as many interconnections as an oil refinery. To simplify a system design and reduce the number of interconnections engineers developed a series of standard circuit modules. Each module performed a specific function and was used as a logical building block for creating the systems. The transistor could readily be assembled with resistors and capacitors of about the same size on a small plastic board. These modular circuit boards of the size of a playing card could then be plugged together as needed.
As transistor technology developed it was important to decrease the size of components and the length of interconnections. This limitation and the complexity of system design made the search for a new technology imperative. The technology that resulted was microelectronics embodied in the integrated circuit. It made possible to produce (as a part of a single chip of silicon) transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors joining them into a complete circuit. The technology that produces such high-density electronic circuits is called large-scale integration, or LSI. Although the term has no precise definition, it is usually reserved for integrated circuits that comprise 100 or more "gates", or individual circuit functions, with a density "of 50,000 to 100,000 components per square inch. If the upper value could be achieved throughout a cubic inch of material, the density of, electronic components would be about a fourth of the density of nerve cells in the human brain. It now seems inevitable that microelectronic circuits, including LSI, will soon find their way into a variety of new applications which will have great impact on industry and everyday life.
TASK 7. Answer the following questions and retell the text.
1. How is the technology producing high-density electronic called? 2. What caused the miniaturization problem? 3. What does the term “gate” mean? 4. What seemed to be a marvel of compactness? 5. What materials were used for different components in a circuit? 6. What were those circuits used for? 7. What was done to simplify a system design? 8. Why was it important to reduce the size of components?
TASK 8. Fill in the gaps with prepositions: of, to, in, by, with.
Without understanding the inquiries … pure science, we cannot follow the story … radio. It begins perhaps … Joseph Henry, an American physicist, who discovered … 1842 that electrical discharges were oscillating. A gigantic step forward was taken … James Maxwell, a Scottish physicist and one … the great mathematical geniuses … the 19-th century. By purely mathematical reasoning, Maxwell showed that all electrical and magnetic phenomena could be reduced … stresses and motions … a medium, which he called the ether. Today we know that this “electrical medium” does not exist … reality. Yet the concept … an ether helped greatly, and allowed Maxwell to put forward his theory that the velocity … electric waves … air should be equal to that … the velocity … light waves, both being the same kind … waves, merely differing … wave length.
TASK 9. Use suffixes and prefixes to change the form of the words in brackets.
In 1878, David Hughes; an American … (physics), made another important … (discover) in the pre-history of radio and its essential components. He found that a loose contact in a circuit containing a battery and telephone … (receive) (invented by Bell in 1876) would give rise to sounds in the receiver which corresponded to those that had impinged upon the diaphragm of the mouthpiece.
In 1883, George Fitzgerald, an Irish … (physics), suggested a method by which … (electromagnet) waves might be produced by the discharge of a condenser. Next we must turn to Heinrich Hertz, the famous German … (physics), who was the first to create, detect and measure those waves, and thereby … (experimental) confirmed Maxwell's theory of “ether” waves. In his experiments he showed that these waves were capable of … (reflect), … (refract), … (polarize), … (diffract) and … (interfere).
During the first years of its … (develop), radio … (communicate) was called “… (wire) telegraphy and telephone”. This name was too long for convenience and was later changed to “radio” which comes from the well-known Latin word “radius” — a straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to a point on its circumference. Wireless … (transmit) was named radio … (transmit), or simply “radio”.
The term “radio” now means the … (radiate) of waves by transmitting stations, their … (propagate) through space, and reception by receiving stations. The radio technique has become … (close) associated with many other branches of science and … (engineer) and it is now difficult to limit the word “radio” to any simple definition.
UNIT 6
Task 1.Study new words and word combinations.
| vacuum valve | ['vækjuːm] | вакуумная лампа | |
| perform a function | ['fʌŋkʃ(ə)n] | выполнять функцию | |
| indispensable | [ˌɪndɪ'spen(t)səbl] | важный, необходимый | |
| radar | ['reɪdɑː] | радар | |
| equipment | [ɪ'kwɪpmənt] | оборудование | |
| drawback | ['drɔːbæk] | недостаток | |
| waste | [weɪst] | тратить впустую | |
| heat | [hiːt] | нагрев, нагревать | |
| require | [rɪ'kwaɪə] | требовать | |
| amplification | [ˌæmplɪfɪ'keɪʃn] | усиление | |
| dimension | [daɪ'menʃn] | размер | |
| radiant | ['reɪdɪənt] | излучающий | |
| sensitive to | ['sensɪtɪv] | чувствительный к | |
| admixture | [əd'mɪksʧə] | примесь | |
| particle | ['pɑːtɪkl] | частица | |
| pressure | ['preʃə] | давление | |
| junction | ['ʤʌŋkʃən] | соединение, переход | |
| emitter | [i'mitər] | эмиттер, излучатель | |
| power amplifier | усилитель мощности | ||
| dopant | ['dəupənt] | легирующая примесь | |
| obtain | [əb'teɪn] | получать, приобретать |
TASK 2. Read the text below and translate it.
TRANSISTORS
Before the invention of transistors electronic (vacuum) valves were used to perform these functions. Electronic valves are wonderful devices. Besides their indispensable use in radio and television sets, they do many other jobs. They are used in radar and motion-picture equipment. They are basic elements in “electronic brains”. But electronic valves have several drawbacks. They waste a good deal of electricity. One of the elements in a vacuum valve must be heated so that it will give off electrons. This heating requires electricity and produces unwanted heat that needs special cooling equipment to get rid of this heat.
The transistor is a semiconductor device for the amplification of electric signals. The application of transistors instead of electronic valves made it possible to design compact, small-dimension electronic devices, which consume very little power. The transistors are successfully used for direct transformation of heat energy into electrical energy by means of thermal elements. They are widely used to transform radiant energy into electricity with the help of photocells, or so-called solar batteries. Light sources and lasers are also built on the basis of transistors.
Transistors are extremely sensitive to external influences. Even thousandths of one per cent of admixtures change their electrical conductive properties by hundreds of thousands of times. They are very sensitive to the action of light, nuclear particles, pressure, etc.
Transistors are made of small germanium crystals. Germanium is an element crystalline in form. Germanium crystal used in a typical transistor may be much less than 1/8 inch square and less than 1/32 inch thick. There are different types of transistors in use, and still more are being developed. A very fine technology has been developed for obtaining transistors with pre-set physical properties by introducing into them admixtures of gold, copper, nickel, zinc. The transistor of great importance at present is the junction-type triode. This transistor contains three distinct regions of semiconductor, each having ohmic lead. One of the junctions is called the emitter, the other one — the collector. This transistor is a power amplifier.
Transistors nowadays are made of silicon too. Silicon is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator – that's why it, and other solids such as germanium, are known as semiconductors. As a semiconductor, silicon is very sensitive to impurities — these are called dopants. If you add as little as 0.0001% of a dopant to silicon, you can increase conductivity by 1000 times. The transistor consists of two types of silicon. One type has been doped with boron which gives it a positive charge – this is termed p-type silicon. The other type has been doped with phosphorus which gives it a negative charge -this is known as n-type silicon. By doping a silicon crystal with p and n type dopants a p-n junction is formed.
Transistors revolutionized radio engineering and electronics. Because of their small size, the absence of incandescence and other properties, transistors make it possible to produce devices which cannot be made with vacuum tubes.
TASK 3. Answer the following questions and retell the text.
1. What is the most common element on this planet? 2. Why is it important to use silicon? 3. Why is polythene used for insulation? 4. Is silicon an insulator or a conductor? 5. How are impurities called? 6. What can you do by doping impurities to a semiconductor? 7. What types of semiconductors can be formed by doping impurities? 8. What is a p-n junction?
TASK 4. Choose the correct answer according to the text.
1) According to the text, what is the best element for transistor production?
a) oxygen
b) silicon
c) copper
2) According to the text, polythene is resistant to electricity and it is used for
a) insulating.
b) making electric cable.
c) regulating the current flow.
3) Which of these materials is not the material of very low resistance?
a) germanium
b) copper
c) iron
4) Which of these characteristics is not common for silicon?
a) It is solid.
b) If has the ability to conduct electricity.
c) If is often used as an insulator.
5) “dopants” are
a) elements, which are resistant to electricity.
b) impurities, to which silicon is very sensitive.
c) the most common elements on the Earth.
TASK 5. Find the words opposite in meaning.
Solid, bottom, right, liquid, insulator, top, increase, positive, drop, high, left, little, conductor, negative, much, low.
TASK 6. Translate the words, pay attention to the suffixes.
1. resist, resistance, resistant
2. insulate, insulation, insulator, insulated, insulating
3. conduct, conductor, conductivity, conductance, conduction, conductive
4. electricity, electric, electrician, electrify, electrical
TASK 7. Change the sentences from active into passive.
1. Nowadays people use silicon to produce transistors. Nowadays silicon…
2. Usually we insulate copper wire with polythene. Usually copper wire…
3. We use iron and copper for making electric cable. Electric cable…
4. You can increase conductivity of silicon by adding a dopant to it. Conductivity of silicon…
5. You can form a p-n junction by doping a silicon crystal with p and n type dopants. P-n junction…
6. Professor applied a voltage to one of the contacts to show us the work of the p-n junction. A voltage…
TASK 8. Fill in the gaps with the following prepositions: to, with, of, on, in, through, at, into
1. A semiconductor chip is a tiny board made … silicon and germanium. 2. All elements can be divided … three groups; the first group includes the elements resistant... electricity; the second one includes the elements … low resistance; and the last one includes semiconductors. 3. He said that it would be better to insulate this piece of copper wire … polythene. 4. If we look … the scheme of a p-n-p junction we can see that … the right there is an emitter, … the left there is a collector and … the middle you can see a base. 5. Compass is a device which is very sensitive … the magnetic field of the earth. 6. Each layer of semiconducting material is doped … a small amount of impurity. 7. You should connect each of the two parts of the system … separate sources of power. 8. This method can be applied … the production of new electronic devices. 9. Let’s look at the Mendeleyev Periodic Table of elements. Such elements as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen are placed … the top of table and such elements as lead, gold, mercury are … the bottom of it. 10. They say that current flows … a vacuum in only one direction.
TASK 9. Match the words with their meanings.
| a) junction b) electricity c) transistor d) silicon e) oxygen f) conduct g) raw material h) voltage i) insulate j) resist | 1. electronic device, much smaller than a radio valve, used in radio sets, usually made of silicon. 2. one of the most common elements, semiconductor, used in different electronic devices. 3. chemical element, gas without color, taste or smell, present in air, necessary to the existence of all forms of life. 4. in the natural state, not manufactured for use. 5. be unaffected by something. 6. cover or separate something with non-conducting materials to prevent passage of electricity. 7. property of conduction, developed in and around substances by rubbing to produce light. 8. transmit, allow to pass along or through. 9. electrical force measured in volts. 10. joining or being joined. |
TASK 10. Listen to the recording and fill in the gaps.
CHANGE OF STATE
Many 1) … can exist in more than one state – as a 2)…, 3) …, or gas. Which state they are in 4) … their temperature and 5) …. At certain temperatures, under normal atmospheric pressure, some substances 6) … state. Liquids, for example, may become solids or 7) …, and gases may condense into liquids. Elements change state, under normal pressure, at specific temperatures, known as 8) … (or freezing) and 9) … (or condensation) points.
TASK 11. Watch the video about the working principle of MOSFET transistor and answer the questions.
1. What does MOSFET stand for? 2. What kind of a substrate is shown in the video? 3. What are white and green colors used to show? 4. What is red color used to show? 5. What is used to produce an insulating layer? 6. What is applied above the insulating layer? 7. What elements does the MOSFET shown in the video consist of? 8. Which two elements share the same source of current? 9. How can we increase the current between source and