Academic word list
1. Abandon – a) to leave someone or something somewhere, sometimes not returning to get them - покидать, оставлять
Ø They were forced to abandon the car.
b) to stop doing something before it is finished, or to stop following a plan, idea, etc - отказываться (от чего-л.), прекращать (что-л., делать что-л.)
Ø The match was abandoned because of rain.
2. Abstract – a) relating to ideas and not real things – абстрактный
Ø They had no abstract ideas; in their minds all was concrete, visible and tangible.
b) Abstract art involves shapes and colours and not images of real things or people.- абстрактный
Ø I have difficulty understanding abstract modern art, especially Mondrian
3. Academy - a) a college which teaches people the skills needed for a particularjob – академия;
Ø I am going to put you in the academy there.
b) an organization whose purpose is to encourage and develop an art, science, language, etc – академия
Ø In 1808 he was elected a member of the French Academy in place of Cabanis, and in 1832 he was also named a member of the Academy of Moral Sciences on its reorganization
4. Access - a) when you have the right or opportunity to use or see something – доступ
Ø I don't have access to that kind of information.Do you have Internet access?
b) the way in which you can enter a place or get to a place – подход
Ø The only access to the village is by boat.
5. Accommodate – a) to have enough space somewhere for a number of things or people - вмещать
Ø We need more roads to accommodate the increase in traffic.
b) to do what someone wants, often by providing them with something - удовлетворять потребность
Ø He requires special equipment and, where possible, we've accommodated those needs
c) to provide someone with a place to live or stay - предоставлять жилье
Ø The athletes will be accommodated in a special Olympic village.
6. Accompany – a) to go somewhere with someone – сопровождать
Ø We accompanied her back to her hotel.
b) to happen or exist at the same time as something else - сопровождать(ся)
Ø The teachers' book is accompanied by a video cassette.
c) to play a musical instrument with someone else who is playing or singing – аккомпанировать
Ø I accompanied her on the piano
7. Accumulate –a) to increase in amount over a period of time, or to make something increase over a period of time - накапливать(ся)
Ø The chemicals accumulate in your body.
Ø In this manner the field plates accumulate charges of opposite sign.
Ø When a number of such characters accumulate, we further honour them by assigning a new generic name.
8. Accurate - a) correct or exact – точный
Ø She was able to give police a fairly accurate description of the man.
Ø Annual rings gives an accurate result.
Ø Obtaining accurate and timely information continued to be our Achilles heel.
9. Achieve – a) to succeed in doing something good, usually by working hard – достигать
Ø I've achieved my ambition
Ø I've been working all day but I feel I've achieved nothing.
Ø She would be helping them achieve a miracle and they would be helping her with a financial problem.
10. Acknowledge –a) to accept that something is true or exists – признавать
Ø He acknowledged that there was a problem.
b) to tell someone, usually in a letter, that you have received something they sent you – подтверждать
Ø Send a letter acknowledging receipt of his application.
c) to let someone know that you have seen them, usually by saying hello – приветствовать
Ø She didn't even acknowledge my presence.
11. Acquire – a) to get something – приобретать
Ø I managed to acquire a copy of the report.
Ø His poor vision was acquired as the result of a head injury.
b) to learn something – усваивать
Ø His newly-acquired skills were tested!
Ø His knowledge of the sport was acquired gradually, enjoyably and largely informally in the course of an active life.
12. Adapt – a) to change your behaviour so that it is suitable for a new situation – приспосабливаться
Ø It takes time to adapt to a new working environment.
b) to change something so that it is suitable for a different use or situation – адаптировать
Ø Courses have to be adapted for different markets.
c) to change a book or play so that it can be made into a film or television programme – инсценировать
Ø Both novels have been adapted for television.
13. Adequate – a) enough – достаточный
Ø I didn't have adequate time to prepare.
Ø The money we have put aside should be adequate for your first year of university.
b) good enough, but not very good – достаточный
Ø The sound quality isn't exceptional but it's adequate for everyday use.
Ø The prince's character was not attractive, and the king refused to make him an adequate allowance.
14. Adjacent - a) if two things are adjacent, they are next to each other.- примыкающий
Ø The fire started in an adjacent building.
Ø They live in a house adjacent to the railway.
Ø Adjacent pixels creates smooth, natural curves.
15. Adjust – a) to change something slightly so that it works better, fits better, or is more suitable - регулировать, подгонять
Ø You can adjust the heat using this switch here.
Ø The figures need to be adjusted for inflation.
b) to change the way you behave or think in order to suit a new situation – приспосабливаться
Ø They found it hard adjusting to life in a new country.
Ø I'm just trying to adjust to being alone again.
16. Administrate – a) to manage or direct (the affairs of a business, institution, etc) – управлять
Ø The government will try to administrate and the administrators will want to govern, and so it will go on.
Ø Personally, although this is looking some way ahead, I would like to see the English take over and administrate the Congo.
Ø Don't Amazon and Rackspace require you to administrate things?
17. Adult – a) a person or animal that has finished growing and is not now a child - взрослый
Ø I've now located and examined three different homes that list five adult occupants.
Ø Fifteen grains constitute an exceedingly dangerous dose for an adult male of average weight
Ø He's an adult, or nearly so
18. Advocate – a) to express support for a particular idea or way of doing things – поддерживать
Ø I certainly wouldn't advocate the use of violence.
Ø When you have visited a place, you will find it harder to advocate its destruction.
19. Affect - a) to influence someone or something, or cause them to change-
Влиять, затрагивать
Ø It's a disease which affects many older people
b) to cause a strong emotion, especially sadness- волновать, трогать
Ø I was deeply affected by the film.
20. Aggregate – a) a total - совокупность, целое
Ø UK Liverpool won 2-0 on aggregate (= in total).
21. Aid – a) money, food, or equipment that is given to help a country or group of people - помощь
Ø Emergency aid was sent to the flood victims.
aid workers
n aid of sb/sth UK
b) in order to collect money for a group of people who need it - в помощь кому-либо/чему-либо
Ø a concert in aid of famine relief
with the aid of sth
c) using something to help you - при помощи чего-либо
Ø She can walk with the aid of a stick.
come/go to sb's aid
d) to go to someone and help them - приходить кому-либо на помощь
Ø Luckily a policeman came to my aid.
22. Albeit – a) although- хотя
Ø He tried, albeit without success.
Ø Once again, we abided by his wishes, albeit reluctantly
23. Allocate –a) to give some time, money, space, etc to be used for a particular purpose - выделять
Ø The government has promised to allocate extra money for health care.
Ø More police time should be allocated to crime prevention.
24. Alter – a) to change, or to make someone or something change - изменять(ся)
Ø We've had to alter our plans.
Ø He pronounced the words that would forever alter her life.
25. Alternative – a) one of two or more things that you can choose between -
Альтернатива
Ø It's a low-fat alternative to butter.
Ø After the public protests the government had no alternative but to change its policy.
26. Ambiguous – a) having more than one possible meaning - двусмысленный
Ø an ambiguous statement
Ø Her songs are intentionally ambiguous.
Ø The classification is ambiguous on this point.
Ø This is a morally ambiguous world yet he never lets us forget that the other side is worse
27. Amend – a) to slightly change the words of a document - вносить изменения
Ø The contract has now been amended.
Ø Some people want to amend the constitution.
Ø We'll need to amend the contract so that we can pay you more.
28. Analogy – a) a comparison that shows how two things are similar - аналогия
Ø She draws an analogy between life's events and a game of chance.
29. Analyse – a) to examine the details of something carefully, in order to understand or explain it - анализировать
Ø To analyse information
Ø Blood samples were analysed in the laboratory.
30. Annual - a) happening or produced once a year- ежегодный
Ø an annual meeting/report
Ø Our annual meeting has been canceled this year.
Ø The Winter Festival is an annual event at our school
b) measured over a period of one year - годовой
Ø annual rainfall
Ø He has an annual income of over $100,000
31. Anticipate – a) to expect something, or to prepare for something before it happens - предвидеть
Ø We anticipate that prices will fall next year.
Ø t was uncanny the way he could anticipate trouble
32. Apparent – a) obvious or easy to notice - очевидный, видимый
Ø It soon became apparent that she had lost interest in the project.
Ø Suddenly, for no apparent reason (= without a reason) he started screaming and shouting.
b) seeming to exist or be true - явный
Ø I was a little surprised by her apparent lack of interest.
33. Append – to add something to the end of a piece of writing - добавить,присеодинять
Ø The secretary appended a note at the end of the memo, asking people to verify reception.
Ø The director's name is appended to all official documents.
34. Appreciate – a) to understand how good something or someone is and be able to enjoy them – ценить
Ø There's no point buying him expensive wines - he doesn't appreciate them.
b) to feel grateful for something - быть признательным
Ø I'd really appreciate your help.
c) to understand something about a situation, especially that it is complicated or difficult - понимать
Ø I appreciate that it is a difficult decision for you to make.
d) to increase in value - повышаться в цене
Ø Houses and antiques generally appreciate with time.
35. Approach – a) a way of doing something - подход
Ø Liam has a different approach to the problem.
Ø We've decided to adopt/take a new approach.
b) when you speak or write to someone, often asking to buy something or offering them work – обращение
Ø
c) when something or someone gets nearer, in distance or time- - приближение
Ø the approach of winter
Ø The approach of the crisis was heralded by many signs.
d) a path or route that leads to a place – подступ
Ø A harbor seal is capable of maximum dive depths approaching 1000 feet.
36. Appropriate – a) suitable or right for a particular situation or person -
- подходящий
Ø Is this film appropriate for young children?
37. Approximate – a) not completely accurate but close - приблизительный
Ø Do you have an approximate idea of when he's arriving?
38. Arbitrary – a) not based on a system or principles and often seeming unfair -
- произвольный
Ø an arbitrary decision
Ø The assumption was arbitrary, based on no valid evidence.
Ø And the farther we go back in examining events the less arbitrary do they appear
39. Area – a) a region of a country or city - район
Ø an industrial area
Ø a mountainous area
Ø the London area
Ø This area is ten square miles, though.
Ø She avoided looking in the area where she had seen the color, and tried to look undisturbed.
b) a part of a building or piece of land used for a particular purpose -
- площадка, место
Ø a play/picnic area
c) a part of a subject or activity - область
Ø Software is not really my area of expertise.
d) the size of a flat surface calculated by multiplying its width by its length - площадь
Ø See also catchment area, no-go area
40. Aspect – a) one part of a situation, problem, subject, etc - аспект
Ø His illness affects almost every aspect of his life.
41. Assemble – a) to join other people somewhere to make a group, or to bring people together into a group - собирать(ся) (в группу)
Ø They assembled in the meeting room after lunch.
b) to build something by joining parts together- собирать (из частей)
Ø I believe that if we could assemble a number of homogeneous elements, we would obtain excellent results.
42. Assess – a) to make a judgment about the quality, size, value, etc of something - оценивать
Ø The tests are designed to assess a child's reading skills.
43. Assign – a) to give someone a particular job or responsibility - поручать
Ø UN troops were assigned the task of rebuilding the hospital.
Ø The case has been assigned to our most senior officer.
44. Assist - a) to help - помогать
Ø The army arrived to assist in the search.
Ø He's assisting the police with their investigation.
45. Assume – a) to think that something is likely to be true, although you have no proof - предполагать
Ø Everything was quiet when I got home so I assumed that you had gone out.
b) to take a position of control/power/responsibility, etc - - брать на себя управление/руководство/ответственность и т. д.
Ø He has assumed the role of spokesman for the group.
c) to pretend to have a feeling that you do not have -
притворяться, напускать на себя
Ø
d) to pretend to be someone else - принимать чужое обличье/вымышленное имя и т. д.
Ø an assumed name
46. Assure – a) to tell someone that something is certainly true, especially so that they do not worry - заверять
Ø She assured them that she would be all right.
b) to make something certain to happen - обеспечивать
Ø This loan should assure the company's future.
47. Attach – a) to join or fix one thing to another- прикреплять, присоединять
Ø She attached a photograph to her letter.
b) to think that someone or something has importance/value, etc -
- придавать значение/значимость и т. д.
Ø You attach too much importance to money.
c) to include something as part of something else - включать, прилагать
Ø There were too many conditions attached to the deal.
48. Attain – a) to achieve something, especially after a lot of work - достигать
Ø She's attained a high level of fitness.
49. Attitude – a) how you think or feel about something and how this makes you behave - отношение
Ø a positive attitude
Ø He has a very bad attitude to/towards work.
50. Attribute – a) a quality or characteristic that someone or something has
-отличительная черта
Ø Her hair is her best attribute.
51. Author – a) someone who writes a book, article, etc - автор
Ø a popular author of children's fiction
52. Authority – a) the official power to make decisions or to control other people - власть
Ø a position of authority
Ø The investigators have the authority to examine all the company's records.
Ø We need the support of someone in authority.
b) an official group or government department with power to control particular public services - власти
Ø the local housing authority
c) the quality of being confident and being able to control people - авторитет
Ø She has an air of authority.
An authority on sth
d) someone who has a lot of knowledge about a particular subject - авторитет
Ø She is an authority on seventeenth-century English literature.
53. Automate – a) to control something using machines and not people – автоматизировать
Ø A modern factory is totally automated
54. Available – a) If something is available, you can use it or get it - доступный, имеющийся в продаже
Ø This information is available free on the Internet.
Ø The new drug is not yet available to the public.
b) If someone is available, they are not busy and so are able to do something - способный уделить время
Ø No one from the company was available to comment on the accident.
55. Aware – a) be aware of/that
to know about something - сознавать
Ø Are you aware of the risks involved?
Ø She was well aware that he was married.
b) interested in and knowing a lot about a particular subject -
- осведомленный
Ø politically/socially aware
56. Behalf – a) on sb's behalf
If you do something on someone's behalf, you do it for them or instead of them - от чьего-либо имени
Ø We are campaigning on behalf of thousands of refugees.
Ø Will you accept the prize on my behalf?
57. Benefit – a) something that helps you or gives you an advantage - привилегия, преимущество
Ø I've had the benefit of a happy childhood.
b) money that the government gives to people who are ill, poor, not working, etc - пособие
Ø unemployment benefit
c) for sb's benefit
in order to help someone - ради кого-либо
Ø We bought the piano for the children's benefit.
58. Bias – a) when you support or oppose someone or something in an unfair way because you are influenced by your personal opinions - предубеждение, пристрастие
Ø a bias towards/against private education
Ø The news channel has been accused of bias in favour of the government.
59. Bond – a) an interest, experience, or feeling that makes two people feel connected - узы, связь
Ø A love of opera created a bond between them.
b) an official document from a government or company to show that you have given them money that they will pay back with a certain amount of extra money - долговое обязательство
Ø All documented contracts and loan agreements are bonds.
60. Brief – a) lasting only for a short time - краткий
Ø a brief visit
Ø There was a brief pause
Ø In her brief absence I described how Howie squirmed and twisted while sleeping.
b) using only a few words - краткий
Ø a brief description/statement
c) in brief
using only a few words - вкратце
Ø world news in brief
61. Bulk – a) in bulk
in large amounts - оптом
Ø to buy in bulk
b) the bulk of sth
the largest part or most of something - основная часть
Ø He spends the bulk of his money on rent.
c) the large size of something or someone – масса
62. Capable – a) able to do things effectively and achieve results - способный
Ø She's a very capable young woman.
b) capable of sth/doing sth
having the ability or qualities to be able to do something - способный на что-либо
Ø She was capable of great cruelty.
63. Capacity – a) the largest amount or number that a container, building, etc can hold - вместимость
Ø The restaurant has a capacity of about 200.
Ø The stadium was filled to capacity (= completely full).
b) the amount that a factory or machine can produce -
Производительность
Ø The factory is operating at full capacity (= producing as much as possible).
c) the ability to do, experience, or understand something -
Способность
Ø She has a great capacity for love.
d) a position or job - должность
Ø He attended over 100 events last year in his capacity as mayor.
64. Category – a) a group of people or things of a similar type - категория
Ø Our customers fall into two main categories: retired people and housewives.
65. Cease – a) to stop - прекращать
Ø He ordered his men to cease firing.
Ø Her behaviour never ceases to amaze me.
66. Challenge – a) something that is difficult and that tests someone's ability or determination - испытание, сложная задача
Ø Finding a decision that pleases everyone is the challenge which now faces the committee.
b) an invitation to compete in a game or a fight - вызов (на состязание)
Ø I'm sure Paul will race you. He never refuses a challenge.
c) an expression of disagreement with ideas, rules, or someone's authority - постановка под сомнение, оспаривание
Ø a challenge to the authority of the President
67. Channel – a) a television or radio station (= broadcasting company) – канал
Ø
b) a long, narrow passage for water or other liquids to flow along -
- канал
Ø an irrigation channel
c) a way of communicating with people or getting something done -
- путь, источник, канал
Ø a channel of communication
d) the Channel
(also the English Channel) the narrow area of water between England and France - Ла-Манш
e) a part of a river or sea that is deep and wide enough for ships to
travel along - фарватер
Ø a navigable channel
68. Chapter – a) one of the parts that a book is divided into – глава
Ø If the story evolves into a book, the chapters will have titles.
Ø Rather than building up the connection behind the idea in the title, the ten chapters in this book dwell with secondary hypotheses whose arguments are haphazardly repeated.
b) a period of time when something happens in history or in someone's life - страница истории
Ø an interesting chapter in Spanish history
Ø They might be able to consign the civil war to a tragic chapter of history
Ø Last year marked a new chapter in the history of information security.
69. Chart – a) a drawing which shows information in a simple way, often using lines and curves to show amounts - схема, план
Ø a sales chart
Ø He dropped her chart on the table.
b) the charts
an official list of the most popular songs each week - список наиболее популярных песен
Ø
c) a map of the sea or the sky - морская или аэронавигационная карта
Ø She has explored seas and archipelagoes which had no chart, where no Cook or Vancouver had ever sailed.
70. Chemical – a) relating to chemistry or chemicals - химический
Ø a chemical reaction
Ø chemical weapons
71. Circumstances – a) facts or events that make a situation the way it is - обстоятельства
Ø I think they coped very well under the circumstances.
Ø We oppose capital punishment in/under any circumstances.
b) under no circumstances
used to say that something must never happen - ни при каких обстоятельствах
Ø Under no circumstances should you approach the man.
72. Cite – a) to mention something as an example or proof of something else - ссылаться, приводить пример
Ø The doctor cited the case of a woman who had died after taking the drug.
b) to order someone to go to court because they have done something wrong - вызывать в суд
Ø A local farmer was cited for breaking environmental standards.
73. Civil – a) relating to the ordinary people or things in a country and not to military or religious organizations - гражданский, штатский
Ø They married in a civil ceremony.
b) relating to private arguments between people and not criminal cases - гражданский
Ø a civil court
c) polite in a formal way - вежливый
Ø He and his ex-wife can't even have a civil conversation.
74. Clarify – a) to make something easier to understand by explaining it - разъяснять
Ø The law aims to clarify building regulations.
75. Classic – a) A classic book, film, etc is one that has been popular for a long time and is considered to be of a high quality - классический
Ø the classic film 'Gone with the Wind'
b) having a traditional style that is always fashionable - классический
Ø a classic black jacket
c) typical – классический
Ø Her beauty was cool and classic.
76. Clause – a) a part of a legal document - статья, пункт
Ø a clause in a contract
b) a group of words containing a subject and a verb, that is usually only part of a sentence - предложение (часть сложного предложения)
Ø The basic unit of English grammar is the clause.
77. Code – a) a set of letters, numbers, or signs that are used instead of ordinary words to keep a message secret - код, шифр
Ø It was written in code.
Ø They were trying to break (= understand) the enemy's code.
b) a set of numbers used at the beginning of all the telephone numbers in a particular area – код
Ø
c) a set of rules on how to behave or how to do things - свод правил, кодекс
Ø a code of conduct/practice
Ø The club has a strict dress code (= rules about what you wear).
78. Coherent – a) A coherent argument, plan, etc is clear, and each part of it has been carefully considered - связный, логичный, последовательный
Ø I fail to see how that provides a logical, coherent argument for the increase.
Ø Today the politics of these countries become more and more populist: appeals to public opinion rather than to reasoned concepts of coherent policy
b) understand
If someone is coherent, you can understand what they say -