Future-in-the-past
The future in the past Use to express future action that is viewed from the perspective of the past.
There are four forms of Future in the Past for active voice and two forms for passive voice.
| Tense | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Future Simple in the Past | I thought you would come.Я думал, что ты придешь. | I thought the glass would be broken.Я думал, что стакан разобъется. |
| Future Continuous in the Past | I wished we would be working next Monday.Я хотел, чтобы мы работали в следующий понедельник. | ---нет |
| Future Perfect in the Past | I hoped we would have finished the work by Friday.Я надеялся, что мы закончим работу к пятнице. | He knew the work would have been finished by Friday.Он знал, что работа будет выполнена к пятнице. |
| Future Perfect Continuous in the Past | I knew they would have been working herefor 10 years next month.Я знал, что к следующему месяцу они проработают тут 10 лет. | ---нет |
+ An affirmative sentence with Future in the Past is formed using the auxiliary verb would. Пример: I thought I should buy that dress. – Я думала, что куплю то платье.
- To form a negation in Future in the Past, it is necessary after the auxiliary verb would (rarely should) put the negative particle not. Пример: I knew we should not be working next Saturday. – Я знала, что мы не будем работать в следующую субботу.
·? The general question in Future in the Past is formed by transposing the auxiliary verb would (rarely should) to the beginning of the sentence before the subject. Пример: Should I buy this dress? – Купила бы я это платье?
3. Possessive adjectives (mine, yours, ours, his, her, his, their) use only in conjunction with nouns. Any possessive adjective always stands before the noun to which it relates:
Примеры: My parents are very kind. Where is my red scarf?
Personal pronouns are noun-pronouns, indicating persons or non-persons from the point of view of their relations to the speaker.
a) We use personal pronouns to refer to people, things or animals.
I have bought a paper. It’ s on the table.
Mary is as old as me.
b) We use I, you, she, they etc. before verbs as subjects and me, him, her etc. after verbs as objects.
He gave her a book as a present but she didn’t like it.
4.Prepositions of place describe the position of a person or thing in relation to another person or thing.
For example:
· Ram sat beside Tara.
- There is a cup on the table.
- He put the key under the doormat.
Prepositions of movement are used to show movement from one place to another. These prepositions are most often used with verbs of motion and are found after the verb.
For example:
· I go to school by bus.
· He’s walking along the path.
· We went into the shop on the corner.
· We get off the train at the next stop.
In English there is a special form of expression of the location of things. For these purposes, turns are used there is and there are.
There is one chair in the room. - В комнате (есть) один стул.
There are some chairs in the room. - В комнате (есть) несколько стульев.
5.Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places and things that can be counted.
For example, books, houses, Americans, cats, dogs, cars, etc.
Uncountable nouns
Uncountable or mass nouns are substances, concepts, information, materials, etc.
which are not individual objects and cannot be counted. They have no plural form.
Some examples: wood, plastic, glass, paper
Ordinal and cardinal numbers. Articles
We use cardinal numbers to count people or things. They indicate a quantity of people or objects. Пример:There are seven people in my family.
Ordinal numbers tell order. Пример: Nick's sister was tenth.
In English there are two kinds of article: definite - the; indeterminate - a (an)
The definite article shows that we are talking about a familiar subject.
Please give me the nail.
Uncertain indicates the more generalized meaning or the subject matter
The girl has a dog.
7.Indefinite pronouns (Indefinite Pronouns) indicate unknown objects, signs, quantity.
Pass me some bread, please.
If you need any information, tell me
One must always be in time for classes.
Which one is correct?
8.Much, many, a lot (of), few/a few, little/a little:
Much and Many are used to express that there is a large quantity of something.
Much and Many are used in negative sentences and questions.
Many is used with countable nouns
Much is used with uncountable nouns.
. I don't have many CDs in my collection. (Countable noun)
. They don't have much money to buy a present. (Uncountable noun)
b) A few is used with countable nouns. It means some, a small number. It has a positive meaning. “ Few” has a negative meaning. “ Few” means not many, almost none.
He received a few letters yesterday.
He is not sociable. He has few friends.
c) A little is used with uncountable nouns. It means some, a small amount. “ Little ” has a negative meaning. It means not much, almost none.
She has got a little time so she can help you.
John has little knowledge of mathematics. He can't do the sums.
d) A lot (of)/lots (of) are used with countable or uncountable nouns and are normally used in positive sentences. A lot of can be used in questions or negative sentences in informal English.
We spent a lot of money.
A lot of people drive too fast.
Do you know a lot of people at this party?
9.Demonstrative pronouns: this (these), that (those), such point to persons or non-persons or their properties.
This is my brother Rob.
That is very kind of you.
This house is too large just for one person.
She is such a silly little thing.
10. In English, qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison:
positive degree is the basic form of the adjective;
comparative degree;
superlative degree;
The degrees of comparison of adjectives can be formed in three ways:
by adding the endings -er, -est;
| positive degree | comparative degree; | superlative degree; |
| old старый | older старее | oldest самый старый |
| tall высокий | taller выше | tallest самый высокий |
by adding the words more, most to the basic form;
| Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень |
| active энергичный | more active более энергичный, энергичнее | most active самый энергичный |
| interesting интересный | more interesting более интересный, интереснее | most interesting самый интересный |
by forming the degrees of comparison from different roots
| Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень |
| good хороший | better лучший, лучше | best самый лучший, наилучший |
| bad плохой | worse худший, хуже | worst самый плохой, наихудший |
| much/many много | more больше | most наибольшее |
| little мало | less меньше | least наименьшее |
| far далекий | farther более далекий, более дальний, | farthest самый дальний |