Выполните упражнения письменно.

Группа 1ПРПИ-18 Дата: 29.10.2020г. Тема: Профессиональная лексика.

Срок сдачи: 04.11.2020г.

Lesson 4. Professional vocabulary

Ознакомьтесь и запишите правило Passive Voice (Пассивный залог).

В английском языке глаголы употребляются в активном и пассивном залоге. Если подлежащим предложения является субъект действия (лицо или предмет, который производит действие), то глагол-сказуемое употребляется в активном залоге: The director and the accountant sign financial documents. Если подлежащим предложения является объект действия (лицо или предмет, на которые направлено действие), то глагол-сказуемое употребляется в пассивном залоге: Financial documents are signed by the director and the accountant.

Все временные формы пассивного залога в английском языке образуются из соответствующих времен вспомогательного глагола to be и причастия прошедшего времени основного глагола: to be Participle II

Следовательно, в пассивном залоге употребляются четыре временные формы группы Indefinite, две временные формы группы Continuous и четыре временные формы группы Perfect:

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол стоит перед подлежащим: Where were new deposits of oil discovered?

В отрицательной форме частица not стоит после вспомогательного глагола: The telegram was not sent there.

Пассивный залог употребляется тогда, когда в центре внимания собеседников есть лицо или предмет, на которые направленное действие (объект действия). Субъект действия при этом по большей части не указывается: Our company was founded 150 years ago. При необходимости субъект действия может быть выражен с помощью дополнения с предлогом by или with: The equipment was tested by our experts.

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст устно. Read and translate the text

Over 6185 million tonnes (Mt) of hard coal is currently produced worldwide and 1042 Mt of brown coal/lignite. The largest coal producing countries are not confined to one region - the top five hard coal producers are China, the USA, India, Australia and South Africa. Much of global coal production is used in the country in which it was produced; only around 15% of hard coal production is destined for the international coal market.

Coal is mined by two methods:

- surface or 'opencast' mining

- underground or 'deep' mining

Surface Mining. Surface mining - also known as opencast or opencut mining - is only economic when the coal seam is near the surface. This method recovers a higher proportion of the coal deposit than underground mining as all coal seams are exploited - 90% or more of the coal can be recovered.

Underground Mining. There are two main methods of underground mining: room-and-pillar and longwall mining.

Room and Pillar Mining. In room-and-pillar mining, coal deposits are mined by cutting a network of 'rooms' into the coal seam and leaving behind 'pillars' of coal to support the roof of the mine. These pillars can be up to 40% of the total coal in the seam - although this coal can sometimes be recovered at a later stage.

Longwall Mining (очистной метод). Longwall Mining involves the full extraction of coal from a section of the seam, or 'face' using mechanical shearers (комбайны). A longwall face requires careful planning to ensure favourable geology exists throughout the section before development work begins. The coal 'face' can vary in length from 100-350m. Self-advancing, hydraulically-powered supports temporarily hold up the roof while coal is extracted. When coal has been extracted from the area, the roof is allowed to collapse. Over 75% of the coal in the deposit can be extracted from panels of coal that can extend 3km through the coal seam.

Выполните упражнения письменно.

Exercise 1. Find the following words and words combinations in the text.

Exercise 2. Find the sentences in Passive voice and write them down. Выпишите из текста предложения в пассивном залоге.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions. Письменно ответьте на вопросы

1. How many million tonnes (Mt) of hard coal is currently produced worldwide?
2. What are the largest coal producing countries?
3. How many per cent of hard coal production is destined for the international coal market?

Exercise 4. Read the statement. Decide whether that sentence is true or false. Напишите, правдиво или нет высказывание.

1. Over 7185 million tonnes of hard coal is currently produced worldwide.
2. Much of global coal production is used in the country in which it was produced.
3. Coal is mined by two methods.
4. Surface mining - also known as opencast or opencut mining - is only economic when the coal seam is near the surface.
5. There are three main methods of underground mining
6. Longwall mining involves the full extraction of coal from a section of the seam.

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences. Закончите предложение

1. Over 6185 million tonnes (Mt) of hard coal is …
2. The top five hard coal producers are …
3. Much of global coal production is used …
4. Coal is mined by …
5. Surface mining - also known as …
6. There are two main methods of underground mining: …