Text C
ANDREI SAKHAROV
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, an outstanding scientist and public figure, was born on the 21st of May, 1921, into a family of teachers. He graduated from Moscow University in 1942. In 1947 he defended his thesis for the degree of Candidate of Science. In 1953 he defended his Doctorate thesis and was elected member of the Academy of Sciences.
Sakharov played a decisive role in developing the Soviet hydrogen bomb. While working on the bomb he came to the conclusion that any atomic and nuclear weapons should be banned.
In 1966 he took part in his first human rights demonstration, a one-minute silent protest in Pushkin Square. A year later, he wrote a letter to Communist Party leader Leonid Brezhnev defending imprisoned dissidents.
He fought courageously for human rights in the former USSR and in 1975 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
His international repute as a scientist kept him out of jail, but in 1980 he was deprived of all his titles and orders and exiled to the city of Gorky. In Gorky he continued to work for peace, justice and human rights.
It was Michail Gorbachev who helped A. Sakharov to return to Moscow. He was given back all his titles and 3 years later he was elected deputy of the Supreme Soviet.
Sakharov died in 1989. He is remembered by everybody as an outstanding humanist, one of the best representatives of humankind who could teach and inspire and who foresaw the changes that are taking place now.
Names
| Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov - Андрей Дмитриевич Сахаров | Nobel Peace Prize - Нобелевская премия мира |
| the Academy of Sciences - Академия наук | Gorky - г. Горький |
Vocabulary
| outstanding - выдающийся | |||
| public figure - общественный деятель | |||
| to defend one's thesis - защищать диссертацию | |||
| degree of Candidate of Science - ученая степень кандидата наук | |||
| atomic and nuclear weapons - атомное и ядерное оружие | |||
| jail - тюрьма | |||
| to ban - запрещать | |||
| title - зд. титул, звание | |||
| protest - протест representative - представитель | |||
| to exile - ссылать, изгонять to inspire - вдохновлять, воодушевлять | |||
| to allow - позволять, разрешать | |||
| courageously - мужественно | humanist [hju:manist] — гуманист | ||
| to award - награждать, присуждать to elect - выбирать, избирать | humankind [,hju:men'kaindj — человечество | ||
| decisive - решающий | |||
| develop - зд. разрабатывать | |||
| hydrogen bomb - водородная бомба | |||
| human rights - права человека | |||
| to defend - защищать | |||
| dissident - диссидент | |||
| former - бывший | |||
| repute - репутация | |||
| to imprison - заключать в тюрьму, лишать свободы justice - правосудие humanist - гуманист | |||
| to smb's credit - благодаря кому-либо humankind - человечество to foresee - предвидеть | |||
Ex.1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. When was Andrei Sakharov born?
2.What were his parents?
3.What university did he graduate from? When?
4.What is Sakharov famous for as a scientist?
5.When did he defend his Doctorate thesis?
6 What conclusion did he come to while working on the bomb?
7. When did he take part in his first human rights demonstration?
8. What kind of prize did he receive?
9. Why was he exiled to Gorky?
10 Who helped him to come back to Moscow?
11. Was he given back all his titles?
12. Why is Sakharov known all over the world?
Ex.2. Переведите на русский язык слова и словосочетания:
An outstanding scientist; public figure; graduate from; defend member; a decisive role; hydrogen bomb; come to the conclusion; atomic weapon; nuclear reactor; to ban; to defend; imprisoned dissidents; to fight for human rights; to fight courageously; to deprive of all titles; to exile to; justice.
Ex.3. Подберите соответствующие значения:
1. graduate from a. защищать
2. thesis b. предвидеть
3. defend c. закончить
4. decisive role d. диссертация
5. hydrogen bomb e. решающая роль
6. ban f. заключенный в тюрьму
7. imprisoned g. водородная бомба
8. award h. запрещать
9. jail l. лишать
10. deprive m. тюрьма
11. humankind n. награждать
12. inspire o. вдохновлять
13.foresee p. человечество
Ex.4. Переведите слова в скобках:
1. A.D. Sakharov (выдающийся учёный и общественный деятель) was born on the 21 of May, 1921.
2. He (закончил) Moscow University in 1942.
3. Sakharov played a (решающую роль) in developing the Soviet (водородную бомбу).
4. He fought (мужественно) for human rights in the former USSR
5. In Gorky he continued to work (за мир, справедливость и права человека).
Ex.5. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму:
1. A. D. Sakharov was born on the 21 of May, 1921.
2. He played a decisive role in developing the Soviet hydrogen bomb.
3. In 1975 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
4. In Gorky he continued to work for peace, justice and human rights.
Ex. 6. Расскажите, что вы знаете о А.Д.Сахарове.
UNIT 6
Text A
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man's interference in nature began to increase.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.
The pollution of air and the world's ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man's careless interaction with nature, a sign of ecological crises.
The most horrible ecological disaster befell Belarus and Ukraine, their people in the result of the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. About 18 per cent of the territory of Belarus was polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the republics' agriculture, forests and people's health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station are tragic for the Belarusian and Ukrainian nations.
Environmental protection is a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.
Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries — members of the UNO — have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss questions of ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl. The international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organization Greenpeaceis also doing much to preserve the environment. But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried forward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.
Vocabulary:
nature - природа
source - источник
environment - окружающая среда
interference - вмешательство
interaction - взаимодействие
increase - возрастать
by-product - побочный продукт
power-station - электростанция
pollute - загрязнять
breathe - дышать
harmful - вредный
careless - небрежный
substance - вещество
upset - нарушать
oxygen - кислород
prevent - предотвращать
dry up - высыхать
rare - редкий
animal - животное
destruction - разрушение
disaster - несчастье, беда
damage - вред
consequence - последствие
explosion - взрыв
protection - защита, охрана
concern - забота
security - безопасность
research centre - научно-исследовательский институт
save - спасать
measure - мера
to take measures - принимать меры
to take care of - заботиться
carry forward - проводить, продолжать дальше
Ex. 1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Is nature the source of people's life? 2. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with nature, didn't they?
3. Has man's interference in nature increased with the development of civilization?
What has it led to?
4. Why did some species of animals, birds, plants disappear from the Earth?
5. What is the result of man's careless interaction with nature?
6. What do you know about the Chernobyl ecological disaster?
7. What are the consequences of this tragedy?
8. Environmental protection is a universal concern of everyone, isn't it?
9. Has anything been done to solve ecological problems?
10. Is international cooperation necessary to create a system of ecological security? Whydo you think so?
Ex. 2. Cоставьте предложения, используя выделенные слова и словосочетания:
1. The protection of nature is a subject that concerns everybody.
2. Environmental problems are very acute in densely populated regions.
3. Air pollution in this city is the worst.
4. Many cities suffer from smog.
5. Urgent measures to protect environment should be taken.
Ex. 3. Спросите своего друга:
· знает ли он что-либо об экологических проблемах нашей республики;
· что является источником загрязнения окружающей среды;
· какие последствия небрежного вмешательства человека в природу
можно наблюдать сейчас;
· что он знает об экологической обстановке в зоне Чернобыльской
аварии;
· какова экологическая обстановка в районе Аральского моря (Белого
моря, озера Байкал, Кузбасса, Донбасса).
· почему охрана окружающей среды является всеобщим делом;
· какие меры принимаются для предотвращения экологической
катастрофы.
Ex.4. Переведите предложения:
1. Взаимодействие человека и природы неотделимо от самой истории
человечества.
2. Экологические изменения - одна из важнейших проблем, с которой столкнулось человечество.
3. Загрязнение воды и воздуха является результатом небрежного
отношения человека к природе.
4. Планета Земля наш общий дом, поэтому охрана окружающей среды
должна стать нашей общей заботой.
5. Международное сообщество предпринимает конкретные меры для
охраны природы.
Ex.5. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы: